A II Thermodynamique

Physique Fondamentale
Thermodynamique
THERMODYNAMIQUE:
DILATATION THERMIQUE (Thermal Expansion).
Thermal Expansion of a Solid Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Dilatation Thermique Des Solides Coefficient De Dilatation linaire

Method:
Steam is passed through a hollow, metal tube to increase the temperature of the tube. The side of the tube is pressed against a special adapter pin on the Rotary Motion Sensor. As the metal tube expands, the pin rotates the sensor and the change in length is accurately measured. In addition, the temperature of the tube is measured real-time using a 10 K thermistor directly connected to the tube. DataStudio is used to create graphs of temperature vs. time and change in length vs. time. A graph of change in length vs. change in temperature can also be created, the slope of which equals L.
Advantage
By using probeware to take measurements for the thermal expansion of a solid, students more clearly understand the relationship between change in temperature and change in length. The traditional method can lead to confusion, since students often use a multimeter to measure the resistance of a thermistor for their calculation of temperature change. The resistance of the thermistor actually decreases as its temperature increases, therefore students could mistakenly believe that change in length and change in temperature are inversely related.
Experiment Includes:
Computer-based Thermal Expansion Temperature Sensor Rotary Motion Sensor Steam Generator Thermal Expansion Experiment Manual DataStudio File for Thermal Expansion Experiment DataStudio Lite Software
Scientific workshop 500 interface :

Ports: 2 Digital, 3 Analog Connection: Serial (also USB compatible with USB/Serial Converter) Data logging: Collect up to 17,000 Analog (force, voltage, etc.) data points or 7,000 Motion Sensor data points Portable: Built-in battery compartment
ESLI, Tel : 021 85 60 65 Fax : 021 85 58 88 E-mail : info@esli.com.dz Site web : www.esli.com.dz
A.2. 1
Created by Neevia Personal Converter trial version
Thermodynamique
APPAREIL DE DILATATION THERMIQUE (THERMAL EXPANSION APPARATUS)
Easier, More Sophisticated and More Simple, plus Sophistiqu et Plus Accurate than Traditional Equipment Prcis que Lquipement Traditionnel Steel, Copper and Aluminum Tubes L'acier, Cuivre et Tubes Aluminiums Included ont Inclus
With PASCOs Thermal Expansion Apparatus, students can accurately and easily investigate the expansion of metals with increasing temperature.
How It Works
Measure the length of a metal tube at room temperature. Then vary the temperature of the tube and remeasure its length to determine the coefficient of linear expansion. The concept is simple (L = LT).
Features
Built-in Dial Gauge: While some thermal expansion units only give single point readings of expansion, the PASCO dial gauge measures continuously as the rod expands and gives an accurate measure of the rod expansion (0.01 mm resolution). Built-in Thermistor: Temperature measurement is simple and accurate. Rather than measuring the temperature of the steam or water moving through the tubes, a 100 K thermistor is placed in direct contact with each tube. Equilibrium is quickly reached, and the temperature can be determined using a digital ohmmeter. (Resistance-to-temperature conversion table is permanently affixed to the base.) Heat with Steam or Water: Since the fluid moves through the tube, there is no troublesome water jacket. The fluid used may be steam or water at any temperature. Students dont need to know the temperature because the thermistor measures the tube temperature directly. This feature allows not only the calculation of the coefficient of linear expansion, but also the determination of the linearity of the relationship between L and T 3 Drop-in Metal Tubes: Each tube snaps neatly onto the rigid base. The other two can be simultaneously mounted on the base for convenient storage.
A.2. 2
Thermodynamique
APPAREIL DE LA CONDUCTIVITE THERMIQUE (THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS)
Measure Heat Flow Through 5 Different Materials Constant Temperature Differential Makes Calculations Easy Easy to Use, No Mess
Mesurez le Courant de la Chaleur travers 5 Matires Diffrentes La Diffrentielle de la Temprature constante Rend des Calculs Facile Facile Utiliser, Aucun Dsordre
One of the most important considerations for buildings in the modern world is their ability to provide good thermal insulation. This apparatus provides students a means of observing and quantifying heat flow across a constant temperature differential. Students use 5 common materials as test samples glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite and Sheetrock.
How It Works
A block of ice is placed against one side of the test material. The other side is clamped against a steam chamber, establishing a constant 100C temperature differential. The rate at which the ice is converted to water is a measure of the rate at which heat passes from the steam, through the test material and into the ice.
Features
No Mess: the water from the melting ice runs off into the measuring cup not on the lab table. Durable Test Materials: the wood, Masonite and Sheetrock are covered with a thin aluminum sheet for waterproofing and to ensure good thermal contact. Elevated Steam Reservoir: the hot reservoir is well above thelab table to eliminate heat damage. Includes:
Stand with insulating pads Steam chamber Ice molds (2) Materials; 12.7 cm square: glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite, Sheetrock Plastic tubing for connecting steam generator Instruction manual and experiment guide Recomanded: Stream Generateur. Graduated Cylinder.
A.2. 3
Thermodynamique
APPAREIL DE LEFFECACITE THERMIQUE (THERMAL EFFICIENCY APPARATUS)
Typical Experiments:
1. Real Efficiency vs. Temperature Difference 2. Carnot Efficiency 3. Heat Pump Coefficient of Performance 4. Thermal Conductivity 5. Load for Optimum Performance
Expriences Typique :
1. Efficacit Rel en fonction de La Diffrence De Temprature 2. Efficacit De Carnot. 3. Coefficient de Performance de La Pompe a Chaleur 4. Conductivit Thermique. 5. Chargez pour Performance Optimum
The Thermal Efficiency Apparatus is a real heat engine that can be used to investigate and clarify the principles at work in Carnots ideal heat engine. Like Carnots model, it can be operated as a heat engine, converting heat into work, or operated in reverse as a heat pump, transferring heat from a cold source to a hot source. Results are typically accurate to better than 5%.
How it Works
The key element is a Peltier device, a semiconductor that turns thermal energy into electrical energy. The device is sandwiched between 2 blocks of aluminum which act as the hot and cold reservoirs (see the diagram). One block is water-cooled using the built-in pump. The other is electrically heated. A 100 k thermistor is implanted in each block so temperatures can be measured with a digital ohmmeter. The energy supplied to this heat engine is the electrical energy used to heat the aluminum block. The heat engine does work by running a current through the load resistor. Both the energy in and the work out are easily determined by measuring currents and voltages. Then its simple to calculate the real efficiency of the engine (power out/power in) as a function of the operating temperatures. By investigating other modes of operation, energy losses can be measured. Students can use these results to determine the Carnot efficiency and to compare it with the theoretical value for each set of operating temperatures.
A.2. 4
As a Heat Engine . . .
A heat engine converts thermal energy into work. First, heat is extracted from a hot reservoir. Part of that heat is used to perform work, and the rest is exhausted into a cold reservoir.
Thermodynamique
As a Heat Pump . . .
A heat pump is just a heat engine run in reverse. Normally, heat flows from hot to cold. But a heat pump uses work to pump heat from a cold reservoir into a hot reservoir.
Diagram of Heat Engine Operation: both real and Carnot efficiency can be determined for each set of operating temperatures
Diagram of Heat Pump Operation: the actual coefficient of performance and the theoretical maximum coefficient of performance can be determined.
Recommended
Basic Digital Multimetre (4 needed) Triple Output Power Supply
A.2. 5
Thermodynamique
LA LOI DES GAZ IDEAL (Ideal Gas Law)
Ideal Gas Law Boyle's Law Gay-Lussac's Law Loi des gaz idal Loi de Boyle Loi de Gay-Lussac
The temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas are measured simultaneously to show that they change according to the Ideal Gas Law. Two special cases of the Ideal Gas Law are also examined: Constant volume (Gay-Lussac's Law) and constant temperature (Boyle's Law). A syringe is used to vary the volume at constant temperature. A sphere of constant volume is immersed in different temperature water baths to show the change in pressure. Experiment Includes:
Ideal Gas Law Syringe Absolute Zero Apparatus Plastic Containers (3L, 2 pack) Pressure Sensor Thermistor Temperature Sensor Pressure/Temperature Sensor Ideal Gas Law Experiment Manual DataStudio File for Ideal Gas Law Experiment DataStudio Lite Software

A.2. 6
Thermodynamique
RAPPORT SPECIFIQUE DES TEMPERATURE (Ratio of specific Heats)
Cp/Cv for a Gas Ruchhardt's Method of Measuring the Ratio of Specific Heats Adiabatic Process Le Rapport Cp/Cv Mthode de Ruchhard Pour Mesurer Le Rapport Spcifique Des Gaz Processe Adiabatique
In this experiment, the ratio of specific heat capacities for air is determined using Ruchhardt's Method of measuring the period of oscillation of the piston in a cylinder filled with air. A cylinder is filled with air and a Pressure Sensor is attached. The piston is plucked by hand and allowed to oscillate. The oscillating pressure is recorded as a function of time and the period is determined. The ratio of specific heat capacities is calculated using the period of oscillation, according to Ruchhardts method. Advantage Since the oscillations are plotted, it is easy to accurately measure the period of oscillation.
Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus TD-8572 Large Rod Stand ME-8735 45 cm Steel Rod ME-8736 Low Pressure Sensor CI-6534A Ratio of Specific Heats Experiment Manual DataStudio File for Ratio of Specific Heats ExperimentDataStudio Lite Software

A.2. 7
Thermodynamique
CYCLE THERMIQUE (Heat Engine Cycle)
Heat Engine Efficiency Isothermal Processes Isobaric Processes Ideal Gas Law
Efficacit Du Moteur Thermique Le Processe Isothermique Le Processe Isobarique Loi Des Gaz Idale
A P-V diagram is generated as a heat engine is taken through a cycle. From this diagram, the heat added to the gas and the work done by the engine is measured to determine the efficiency of the engine. This actual efficiency is compared to the theoretical maximum efficiency. This heat engine consists of air inside a cylinder which expands when the attached can is immersed in hot water. The expanding air pushes on a piston and does work by lifting a weight. The heat engine cycle is completed by immersing the can in cold water, which returns the air pressure and volume to the starting values. The cycle is performed as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. With the can in the cold bath, the 200 g mass is placed on the platform. The can is moved from the cold bath to the hot bath. The 200 g mass is removed from the platform. The can is moved from the hot bath to the cold bath.
The change in pressure is measured with a Low Pressure Sensor. The change in piston height is measured by the attached string over the Rotary Motion Sensor pulley. The change in volume is calculated by multiplying the change in piston height by the piston cross-sectional area. Experiment Includes:
Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus Large Rod Base Slotted Mass Set Plastic containers (3 L, 2 pack) Thread 699-011 90 cm Steel Rod Rotary Motion Sensor Temperature Sensor Low Pressure Sensor Mass Hanger Drilled Mass (10g) Drilled Mass (20g) Heat Engine Cycle Experiment Manual DataStudio File for Heat Engine Cycle Experiment

A.2. 8
Thermodynamique
LOI DES GAZ ADIABATIQUE (ADIABATIQUE GAS LAW)
Investigate the Compression of Gases Computer Monitors Temperature, Pressure and Volume Measure the Work Done on a Gas
Etude de La Compression Des Gaz Contrle de Temprature Volume et Pression Par Ordinateur Mesure De Travail fait Sur le Gaz
Adiabatic and isothermal processes are difficult for beginning physics students to understand. Adiabatic Gas Law apparatus provides the ideal demonstration.
Accurate Data
Pressure, volume and temperature are monitored by highly sensitive transducers with fast response times.
Transducer Features
Volume Transducer: A linear potential divider is mounted on the side of the piston. A 5-Volt source from the computer is applied across the potentiometer element. The voltage from the commutator brush on the cylinder is used to indicate the position of the piston and the volume of the confined gas . Pressure Sensor: A solid-state, piezoresistive device that forms part of a bridge circuit is mounted at the base of the cylinder. Temperature Sensor: Mounted in the cylinder on the top of the base. The active element is fine nickel wire with a high surface-to-mass ratio. The wires temperature changes rapidly as the gas compresses or expands
A.2. 9
A Versatile Lab Tool
Thermodynamique
Compare the final pressure and temperature: values predicted by the Adiabatic Gas Law. Measure the work done on the gas: compare it to the change in internal energy and the theoretical work performed. Determine : the ratio of specific heats for the gas (-Cp/Cv). Use monatomic, diatomic and polyatomic gases: determine the effects of molecular structure on . Investigate isothermal compression and expansion.
Experiments
Adiabatic Gas Law can be used with the Science Workshop Interface. The computer functions as a 3-channel Storage oscilloscope, plotting graphs of Pressure, temperature and volume as well as integrating the area under a pressure Versus volume curve to determine the work done on the gas.
Includes:
Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus Instruction manual, experiment guide and the fully documented experiment, Measurement of Work to Compress Gases Adiabatically (sample data included).
Scientific workshop 500 interface : Ports: 2 Digital, 3 Analog Connection: Serial (also USB compatible with USB/Serial Converter) Data logging: Collect up to 17,000 Analog (force, voltage, etc.) data points or 7,000 Motion Sensor data points Portable: Built-in battery compartment Recommended: Gases: argon (monatomic), air or nitrogen (diatomic), carbon dioxide (triatomic).
A.2. 10
Thermodynamique
CAVITY RADIATION
Thermal Radiation from Different Colored Surfaces Cavity Radiation
Radiation Thermique Pour Diffrentes Couleur De Surface Cavity Radiation

The amounts of thermal radiation from different colored Surfaces and a cavity, all at the same temperature, are Compared. An aluminum cube has sides that are black, white, polished aluminum and matte aluminum with a hole. The cube is heated to approximately 90C and an Infrared Light Sensor is moved across the face with the hole in it to show that the hole emits more infrared radiation than the surrounding surface. A Rotary Motion Sensor on a Linear Translator keeps track of the light sensors position and the light intensity versus position is plotted. The scan in the visible spectrum is made with a Light Sensor to confirm that the hole is darker than the surrounding surface. Also, the intensity of radiation from the different colored surfaces is compared. Advantage
The temperature of the cavity is controlled by the 750 Interface and measured using a Thermister Temperature Sensor, which reads in degrees rather than resistance, eliminating confusion about the resistance decreasing as the temperature increases. The temperature is used to calculate the theoretical wavelength of maximum intensity emitted by the cavity.
Thermal Cavity TD-8580 Banna Plug Cord-Red (5 Pack) SE-9750 60 cm Optics Bench OS-8541 Linear Translator OS-8535 Aperture Bracket OS-8534 Light Sensor CI-6504A Infrared Sensor CI-6628 Rotary Motion Sensor CI-6538 Thermistor Temperature Sensor CI-6527A Power Amplifier II CI-6552A Cavity Radiation Experiment Manual DataStudio File for Cavity Radiation Experiment

A.2. 11
Thermodynamique
RADIATION DU CORPS NOIR (Blackbody Radiation).
Blackbody Spectrum Peak Wavelength Versus Temperature

Spectre Du Corps Noir Langueur D'onde Maximale En Fonction De La Temprature The spectrum of an incandescent light bulb is scanned by hand using a prism spectrophotometer, which measures relative light intensity as a function of angle. A Broad Spectrum Light Sensor is used with a prism so the entire spectrum from approximately 400 nm to 2500 nm can be scanned without the overlapping orders caused by a grating.
The wavelengths corresponding to the angles are calculated using the equations for a prism spectrophotometer. The relative light intensity can then be plotted as a function of wavelength as the spectrum is scanned, resulting in the characteristic Blackbody curve. The intensity of the light bulb is reduced, reducing the temperature, and the scan is repeated to show how the curves nest with a shift in the peak wavelength. The temperature of the bulbs filament can then be measured indirectly by determining the resistance of the bulb from the measured voltage and current. From the temperature, the theoretical peak wavelength can be calculated and compared to the measured peak wavelength. Experiment Includes:
Prism Spectrophotometer Kit OS-8544 Educational Spectrophotometer System OS-8539 Broad Spectrum Light Sensor CI-6630 Voltage Sensor CI-6503 Power Amplifier II CI-6552A Replacement Bulb (10 pack) SE-8509 Banana Plug Cord-Black (5 Pack) SE-9751 Blackbody Radiation Experiment Manual DataStudio File for Blackbody Radiation Experiment

A.2. 12

A II Thermodynamique

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A II Thermodynamique

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Physique Fondamentale

Thermal Expansion of a Solid Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Dilatation Thermique Des Solides Coefficient De Dilatation linaire

Scientific workshop 500 interface :

Created by Neevia Personal Converter trial version

APPAREIL DE DILATATION THERMIQUE (THERMAL EXPANSION APPARATUS)

APPAREIL DE LA CONDUCTIVITE THERMIQUE (THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS)

APPAREIL DE LEFFECACITE THERMIQUE (THERMAL EFFICIENCY APPARATUS)

LA LOI DES GAZ IDEAL (Ideal Gas Law)

Scientific workshop 500 interface :

RAPPORT SPECIFIQUE DES TEMPERATURE (Ratio of specific Heats)

Scientific workshop 500 interface :

CYCLE THERMIQUE (Heat Engine Cycle)

Scientific workshop 500 interface :

LOI DES GAZ ADIABATIQUE (ADIABATIQUE GAS LAW)

Thermal Radiation from Different Colored Surfaces Cavity Radiation

Radiation Thermique Pour Diffrentes Couleur De Surface Cavity Radiation

Scientific workshop 500 interface :

RADIATION DU CORPS NOIR (Blackbody Radiation).

Blackbody Spectrum Peak Wavelength Versus Temperature

Scientific workshop 500 interface :

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