Numerical Methods to Predict Characteristics of Oscillating Water Column

for Terminator Type of Wave Energy Converter

Masami Suzuki
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan

Chuichi Arakawa
Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies Graduate School of The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan


ABSTRACT

The numerical methods for analyzing a terminator type wave energy
conversion device are described under the condition that the linear
water wave theory is applicable. Two methods are proposed to
calculate the device characteristics of an Oscillating Water Column
(OWC) type. One uses the flow rate and the gauge pressure in the air
chamber directly, because in this system the interaction between the
OWC and the turbine is found to be controlled only by the flow rate
and the pressure drop through the turbine. The other method uses the
equation of the floating body motion in a manner similar to the
equivalent floating body approximation. The relations between these
two methods are also examined. The hydrodynamic performance with
frequency from zero to infinity is required in the simulation of irregular
waves. However, resonance occurs when the air chamber breadth is
equal to multiples of half a wavelength. Therefore the impulse response
function is modified in order to eliminate the effects of the resonance
frequency. Finally, it is confirmed that these solutions give good
agreement with the experimental results.

KEY WORDS: Oscillating water column, wave energy converter,
wave power generating system, air chamber, fluid machinery

NOMENCLATURE

a : amplitude of incident wave
W
A : water surface area in air chamber (OWC) BW =
B : breadth of air chamber
c : hydrostatic restoring force coefficient
W
gA =
d : front wall submergence depth on the OWC
,
p
D D : load damping coefficient of OWC( )
p W
D D A =
0
( ) f k h :
2
0 0 0
2cosh ( )/(2 sinh(2 )) k h k h k h +
g : gravitational acceleration
h : water depth
H : wave height
k : wave number
K : wave number at infinite water depth
2
/g =
( ) K t : unit impulse response function depending on heaving
velocity
( )
p
K t : unit impulse response function depending on pressure
a
m : added mass
N : wave damping coefficient or number of terms
( , ) p x z : complex pressure
( , , ) P x z t : ( , )
i t
p x z e


R : opening ratio of orifice ( or air chamber )
t : time
U : x component of complex velocity
V : y component of complex velocity
W : width of air chamber
i
W : incident regular wave power
OWC
W : output of OWC in regular water wave
: wave excitation coefficient
( , ) x z : complex velocity potential
( , , ) x z t : ( , )
i t
x z e


: efficiency of OWC for regular wave
: water density
: angular frequency

Superscripts
* : conjugate complex number
: / d dt
:
2 2
/ d dt

Subscripts
I : domain I
II : domain II

INTRODUCTION

A wave-power-generating system of Oscillating Water Column
(OWC) type is composed of a turbine-generator and an air chamber in
which OWC converts wave energy into oscillating airflow
Proceedings of The Thirteenth (2003) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, May 2530, 2003
Copyright 2003 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers
ISBN 1880653-605 (Set); ISSN 10986189 (Set)
333
(Raghunathan, 1995; Washio et al., 2000). A Wells type turbine is used
for the air turbine because it is suitable for the operation in oscillating
airflow. The Wells turbine will always rotate in the same direction
irrespective of the direction of the oscillating airflow. Furthermore the
Wells turbine has a simple configuration and structure. This is why it is
very commonly used for conversion of wave energy. The Wells turbine
has a special characteristics for the OWC which has a linear pressure
drop over the blade against the flow rate under the constant rotational
speed, that is, the load damping coefficient of OWC has linear
characteristics (Suzuki, et al., 2000).
The numerical methods for analyzing a wave energy conversion
device of OWC type are described under the condition that the linear
water wave theory is applicable (Brito-Melo, et al., 1999). The
numerical predictions may be available to coincide with the
experimental results. The methods used are a simple method (Ojima, et
al., 1984), an equivalent floating body approximate method (Maeda, et
al., 1985, 1986) and an exact solution of the water free surface under
the linear water wave theory (Takai, et al., 1977; Ohyama, et al., 1984).
This research proposes to solve the characteristics of the fixed type
OWC device. The method is based on Takai, et al. (1977) and treats the
water free surface in the air chamber without approximation, and
without complex equations arithmetically. Though it is limited to a
simple air chamber profile, it may be a practical calculation method
with the advantage of obtaining an exact solution with little
computational effort.

GOVERNING EQUATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITION

Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the air chamber. A calculation
domain is divided into a domain I and a domain II at
1
x l = where the
domain I and II are described by subscript I and II, respectively. The
calculation is performed for a Wave power generating system installed
at Sakata Port on the coast of the Sea of Japan (Ohno, et al., 1993;
Takahashi, et al., 1992). The dimensions are water depth, 11 h m = ,
breadth, 6.5 B m = , front wall submerged depth, 3 d m = ,
respectively. We take a Cartesian co-ordinate system with x horizontal
and z positive upwards, and the origin on the mean free surface, as
shown in Fig.1.
The basic equations are the linearized Bernoulli equation which
omits the convection term by assuming the slow motion
0
P
gz
t

+ + =

(1)
and the Laplace equation

2 2
2 2
0
x z

+ =

(2)
where ( ) , , x z t is the complex velocity potential, ( ) , , P x z t is the
complex pressure, is the water density and g is the gravitational
acceleration. Here ( ) , , x z t and ( ) , , P x z t are resolved with the
method of separation of variables:
( , )
i t
x z e

= (3)
( ) ( , )
i t
P t p x z e

= (4)
where ( ) , x z is the complex amplitude of oscillatory velocity
potential and ( , ) p x z is the complex amplitude of oscillatory pressure,
where the harmonic time dependence,
i t
e

have been omitted. Here
is the angular frequency.

Boundary Condition

The boundary conditions used are the Free surface condition, the
Hull surface condition, Bottom condition and the far field condition.
Laplace equation is solved with the boundary conditions. The boundary
conditions and Laplace equation are shown in [F], [H], [B], [] and [L],
respectively.

Decomposition of Domain

In Fig. 1 the velocity potential of each domain satisfies the Laplace
equation and the boundary conditions, is considered with the following
equations.

Domain I:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
0 1
0 1
2
( ) 0
0
0
( ) 0
0
0
0
0, 0
0,
cosh ( )
[ ]
cosh
cosh ( )
,
cosh
I
I
I
I
ik x l
I
ik x l
L
F K on z
z
B on z h
z
k z h
e
k h
k z h
Ae x
k h

= =

= =

+
=
+
+
(5)
where K and
0
are following as:

2
0 0
2
0
tanh
tan
n n
k k h K
g
k k h K
g
i a
g

= =
= =
=
(6)
The solution is given by the following expression:

0 1
0 1
1
( ) 0
0
0
( ) 0
0
0
( )
1
cosh ( )
cosh
cosh ( )
cosh
cos ( )
cos
n
ik x l
I
ik x l
k x l n
n
n n
k z h
e
k h
k z h
Ae
k h
k z h
Ae
k h

=
+
=
+
+
+
+

(7)

Domain II:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
2
2
0
, 0
0,
0
II
II
II
II
II
L
i p
F K on z
z g
H on x l
x
on z h
z

= =

= =

= =

(8)
where K and
0
are defines as follows:

2
0 0
2
0
tanh
tan
n n
k k h K
g
k k h K
g
i a
g

= =
= =
=
(9)
334
The solution is given by following expression:

0 2 0
0 0
0 2 1 0
2
1 2 1
cos ( ) cosh ( )
( )
sin ( ) cosh
cosh ( ) cos ( )
sinh ( ) cos
II
n n
n
n n n
i k x l k z h
A
k l l k h
k x l k z h
A
k l l k h
i p
gK

=
+
= +

(10)
The heaving velocity on the mean water surface within the chamber is
represented by

2
1
2
1
2 1
0
2 1
0
1
1
( )
l
l
z
l
l
z
z dx
l l z
i p
K dx
l l g

=
=

=

=

(11)
where
0
k and
n
k are the root of Eqs. 6 and 9, and
0
A and
n
A are the
complex coefficients of the series. The complex coefficients are solved
by satisfying the following connecting boundary conditions.

Connecting Boundary Condition between Domains

The connecting boundary condition between the domains I and II
ensures that the velocity potential and the velocity in the x-direction are
equal on the connecting boundary between the domains I and II,
excepting for the front wall surface. Since the velocity potentials on the
connecting boundary between the domains I and II are equal, the
velocities in the z-direction are equal too. The relation between the
velocity potential and the pressure are derived by the Bernoulli
equation, Eq. 1. If the velocity potentials are the same the pressure are
also the same on the connecting boundary. Therefore the boundary
conditions ensure that velocity and pressure are equal between the
domains I and II, except on the front wall surface as follows:

, ( )
I II
I II
x x
on h z d



=

=
(12)
The surface of the front wall is as follows:
0, ( 0)
I II
on d z
x x

= =

(13)
The relation means that
0
A and
n
A are equal between the domain I
and II and that the number of the unknown values (
0
A and
n
A ) is
halved. Therefore, if the infinite series is approximated by the finite
series of the Nth order then the number of the unknown values is N+1.
Thus the following simple connecting boundary condition is
imposed:

, ( )
0, ( 0)
I II
I
on h z d
on d z
x

(14)

NUMERICAL RESOLUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
OWC

In order to solve for the unknown values,
0
A and
n
A , both sides of
Eq. 14 are multiplied by ( )
0
coshk z h + and ( ) cos
n
k z h + , and
integrated from z h = to 0 . In this way the N+1th order linear
simultaneous equations are derived. The linear simultaneous equations
can be solved when that the complex amplitude of the incident wave
and of the pressure within the chamber are given. Although we can
solve the equations directly, it is more convenient to solve them by
decomposing the potential into the incident potential, the diffraction
potential and the radiation potential, because the equations and the
boundary condition discussed here all are linear. In the radiation
problem we assume the motion that the air pressure oscillates inside the
chamber in otherwise calm waters, and in the diffraction problem we
assume the motion that the pressure are released into the atmosphere in
the incident water wave.
Then the mean heaving velocities are as follows:

0
1
a
p p
z z
=
=
= (15)

1
0
a
a p
z z
=
=
= (16)

Relation between Radiation Problem and Diffraction
Problem for OWC

The important relationship between the radiation problem and the
diffraction problem for the OWC is found in the same way as for the
floating body. For the radiation problem the output of OWC and the
energy of the radiation wave are equal. Thus the following equation is
derived.

( )
2
2
0
2 4 ( )
p
p
e z
g
B a
f k h

(17)
where the left hand side is output per unit pressure amplitude, and the
right hand side is wave power of the radiation wave, e is the real part
of the complex value, and m is its imaginary part of the one.
0
( ) f k h
is

2
0
0
0 0
2cosh ( )
( )
2 sinh(2 )
k h
f k h
k h k h
=
+

Therefore the relation between the mean heaving velocity,
p
z , and the
absolute amplitude of radiation wave,
p
a , is obtained from Eq. 17. A
time-reversed velocity potential is helpful to derive the relations as
shown firstly by Bessho(1975). We have considered the reversed time
motion to derive the relation between the radiation problem and the
diffraction problem. Figure 2 shows the time-reversed motion to be
performed at the time t=0. The relation between the radiation motion
and the time-reversed motion is obtained. The phase
a
and
represent the phases against the pressure in the chamber. In Fig. 2 (1) is
the pressure oscillating the water surface in the chamber, (2) is the
elevation of the radiation wave, (3) is the mean heaving velocity of
water surface in the chamber, and (4) is the time-reversed mean
heaving velocity of water surface in the chamber driven by the inverse
pressure. The radiation wave in (2) becomes the incident wave in the
reversed time. For the diffraction problem we obtain a pressure value of
0 because we add the inverse pressure to the time-reversed motion.
Here by adding the heaving velocity in (3) and in (4), the solution
a
z
of the diffraction problem to transform the radiation wave in (2) into
the incident wave is obtained. The relation between the radiation
problem and the diffraction problem is as follows:

( )
0
*
2
p
p
a
p
a A
ig
e z
z
a

(18)
where the superscript, *, represents conjugate complex number.
We derive the radiation potential under the condition ( ) 1, 0 p a = = ,
and we obtain the complex coefficient,
0
A , of the velocity potential of
Eq. 7 and 10. The
p
a is derived by the far field condition in the domain
I and the Bernoulli equation. Two methods are considered to solve the
characteristics of OWC. The first method is to solve them directly
335
using Eqs. 15 and 16. The other method is to solve the equation of the
floating body motion to transform the
p
z and
a
z into the wave
damping coefficient, N , the added mass,
a
m and the wave excitation
coefficient, .

Method to Solve Directly

The moving dynamics are dealt with by superposing the radiation
problem and the diffraction problem. The mean heaving velocity, z , in
the air chamber is derived by:

a p
z z a z p = + (19)
Setting the linear load damping coefficient,
p
D , on the OWC device,
and substituting
p
p D z = , the mean heaving velocity is rewritten in
the following equation.

1
a
p p
z a
z
z D
=

(20)
The time average output of OWC,
OWC
W is derived as follow:

2
2
OWC W
D z
W A =

(21)
The power of the incident wave,
i
W is

2 2
0
4 ( )
i
g a
W W
f k h

= (22)
The efficiency of OWC, is

OWC
i
W
W
= (23)
Substituting
a
z of Eq. 18 into Eq. 20, and substituting
p
a of Eq. 17
into Eq. 21, and further setting
i
p p
z z e

= , the following simple
equation is obtained:

2
2
4 cos
1
cos sin
p
p
D z
D z

=
' '
1 1 1
1 1
1 1

+ ! !

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +

(24)
The maximum efficiency of OWC is 100% when
1, 180
p p
D z = =
D
. Only the phase, and
p p
D z for the pressure
in the air chamber determine the OWC efficiency of Eq. 24, and it is
the value which is uniquely decided without being dependent on the
individual air chamber profile. Fig. 3 shows the efficiency of Eq. 24. It
shows the relation between
p p
D z and . The efficiency is the same
for inverse values of
p p
D z .
Figure 4 shows the efficiency of OWC. The mean heaving
velocity,
p
z and the phase, against the angular frequency, are shown.
The efficiency of OWC about the load damping coefficient,
p
D is
calculated using Fig. 3.

Method to Apply Equation of Floating Body Motion

The motion of the floating body is calculated by using the solution
of the radiation problem and the diffraction problem. In consequence
the hydrodynamics forces are solved using the wave damping
coefficient, N , the added mass,
a
m and the wave excitation
coefficient, . The analysis of the motion is performed by the equation
of motion as follows:
( ) ( )
i t
a
M m z N D z cz ae

+ + + + = (25)
where z is the displacement, M is the mass of the floating body, D is the
load damping coefficient,
W
c gA = is the hydrostatics restoring force
coefficient.
W
A BW = is the water plane area of OWC, B is the
breadth of OWC, W is the width of OWC. The wave damping
coefficient, N , the added mass,
a
m , and the mass of the floating body,
M are derived by the radiation problem of OWC as follows:

( )
( )
1
1
0
p
p
p W
p
p W
a
p
z
z
i
gz A
N e
z
gz A
m e
i z
M

=
l

l
=
l
l
l
l

l
=
l
l
l
=

(26)
The wave excitation coefficient, is derived by substituting 0 z = into
Eq. 19 as follows:

W
a
p
A
z
z
=

(27)
Solving Eq. 25 with
i t
z Ze

= , the time averaged output of OWC is
derived as follows:

( )
( ) ( )
{ }
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
OWC
a
D Z
W
D a
c m N D

=
=
+ +
(28)

MODIFICATION OF CONNECTING BOUNDARY CONDITION

The edge under the front wall submergence, the position of
1
x l =
and z d = , is the singularity point. Thus velocity is infinite and the
flow cannot be represented. The results for the oscillating velocities, U
and V, and the velocity potential, are shown along the connecting
boundary such as Fig. 5. In the previous section the velocity potential is
solved by the integration along the connecting boundary between the
domains I and II. Thus the integral factors, i.e.
p
z and
a
z , coincide
with the domains I and II. However the velocity and the velocity
potential at individual points along the connecting boundary cannot
coincide with the domains I and II.
In order to settle the above problem, the interval around the
edge, d z d < < + is eliminated for the integral range.
Reasonable results are obtained when is twice the minimum
wavelength, 4 / 4 /
N
k h N = , where N is the number of terms
of the series in Eqs. 7 and 10. Actually the edge under the front wall
submergence has a finite roundness and produces a finite velocity, and
the flow around the roundness is U . This assumption
corresponds to considering the effect of roundness approximately. Fig.
6 shows that the velocity and the velocity potential along the boundary
are shaped smoothly and coincide well with the domains I and II. Fig. 7
shows the variation of the velocity and velocity potential distribution
for different numbers of the term of the series. By increasing the
number of terms the distribution has a sharper profile, and it is not
influenced above 128 terms.
Table 1 shows the effect of the oscillating solution and the number
of terms using the results of 0 = in Fig. 5 and 4 /
N
k = in Fig. 6,
where the non-dimensional angular frequency is / / 1 g B = .
Increasing the number of term, N, the results of 0 = and of
336
4 /
N
k = were found to be consistent with each other. Therefore we
may obtain the correct hydrodynamic forces even by using the solution
of 0 = . Furthermore the solution converges for fewer terms than for
4 /
N
k = . The phase of
p
z , , produces a larger error than the
modulus. However the effect on the efficiency of OWC is small, i.e. the
error of is about 5 for N=128, but the efficiency calculated by Eq.
24 has about 1% error.

NON-HARMONIC WAVE PROBLEM IN THE FREQUENCY
DOMAIN

In the real sea field the characteristics of OWC in the irregular wave
is needed. Kinoshita, et al (1986) tried the simulation of the time
domain using the equivalent floating body approximation and its
impulse response function (Takagi, et al., 1988). Here two methods,
which are a direct method and a method corresponding to the equation
of motion about a floating body, may be also proposed corresponding
to the previous section as follows.

Direct Method

The unit impulse response function, ( )
p
K t depends on the unit
impulse of pressure and is given as follows:

1
( ) ( )
2
i t
p p
K t z e d

(29)
since ( )
p
K t is the causal function, it is replaced as:

( )
( )
0
0
2
( ) ( ) cos
2
( ) sin
p p
p
K t e z t d
m z t d

=
=

(30)
Using ( )
p
K t the mean heaving velocity of the water surface in the
chamber, z is represented by convolution integral and the equation of
motion is obtained as follows:

0
0
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
t
a p
i t
a a
z z t K P t d
z t e z a e d

= +
l
= l
l
l

(31)
where the pressure, P is determined by z and the characteristics of
the turbine installed outlet of the chamber.

Method Corresponding to Equation of Motion about
Floating Body

The impulse response function, ( ) K t , is used for the treatment of
the motion of the floating body about the heaving velocity of the OWC.
Since ( ) K t is the causal function,

( ) { }
0
0
2
( ) ( )cos
2
( ) ( ) sin
a a
K t N t d
m m t d

=
=

(32)
The unsteady equation of motion about OWC is derived by convolution
integral as follows:

0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
a
i t
m z K z t d AP t cz E t
E t e a e d

+ + + =
l
= l
l
l

(33)

Problem of Non-Harmonic Motion
The non-harmonic motion must be treated with frequency from zero
to infinite as shown Eq. 29 and Eq. 32. Here the issue is that the
resonance occurs when the breadth, B corresponds to multiples half a
wavelength, and it is impossible to do the integration. However the first
resonant mode is around twice the frequency of the maximum
efficiency, and the flow around the edge of the front wall submergence
separates, and the elevation of the water surface in the chamber is kept
at finite value. Taking account of the phenomena, the eliminating
around the resonance points and the smoothing between the eliminating
points may be reasonable and practical.
Figure 8 shows the wave damping coefficient, N and the added
mass,
a
m . Fig. 9 shows that the impulse response functions of Eq. 29
and 32 are calculated by using the data of the circle points eliminated
an interval of 0.25 of the angular frequency around the resonant
frequency. In Fig. 8 the solid lines are the original wave damping
coefficient and the added mass, and the dashed lines are calculated by
performing the inverse Fourier transforms of the impulse response
functions in Fig. 9. The relation between the solid line and the dashed
lines are good agreement, eliminating around the response frequency.
Figure 9 shows the comparison between the impulse response
functions of the pressure, ( )
p
K t and the heaving velocity, ( ) K t . The
impulse response function of the heaving velocity, ( ) K t converges
faster for the memory effect than the one for pressure, ( )
p
K t . The non-
dimensional memory effect time is about 8 for ( ) K t and about 25 for
( )
p
K t . The expression of ( ) K t is available for calculation time. While
the expression of ( )
p
K t treats the pressure and the velocity directly
which are the input condition of the turbine installed outlet of the air
chamber, the expression is suitable to concisely understand the
equation of motion for the OWC and the air turbine.

VALIDATION WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The numerical method validated the reliability by a comparison of
the present code with the experimental data of the fixed type OWC
(RIOE,1981) and the floating type OWC (Washio, 1993).
These experiments installed the orifice which is the non-linear load
for the OWC. The experimental results and the calculation are analyzed
by linearizing the damping coefficient, D , from the pressure drop, p ,
of the orifice following as:

2
1
2
1
2
p a
e p a W
p C z
D C C Z A

=
=

(34)
where

3
0
2
0
sin
8
3
sin
1 2.75
1 1.56
e
p
t dt
C
t dt
C
R R

= =
1 1

=



( )( )

(35)
a
is the air density,
e
C is the equivalent linearized coefficient,
p
C is
the pressure drop coefficient of the orifice derived by Oki (JSME,
1979) and R is the opening ratio of the orifice ( or the air chamber ).
Figure 10 shows the comparison of the numerical prediction with
the experimental data for the fixed type OWC. The orifices on the air
chamber use four kinds of opening ratios, respectively, 1/50, 1/75,
1/100 and 1/150. The breadth of chamber is B=24cm, the front wall
submergence depth is 6cm, and the wave height of incidence is 4cm.
For example we show the result for the opening ratio of the orifice,
1/50, in Fig. 10. The calculation results are in very good agreement
337
with all experimental results against the wavelength, , that is, the
elevation of water surface, the pressure in the air chamber, and the
efficiency of OWC.
The Mighty Whale is the floating type wave power device
developed by JAMSTEC (Washio, et al., 2000). The experimental data
of the scale model is represented in Fig.11. The profile of the scale
model is shown in Fig.11 and there is an air chamber at the front of the
floating device. The breadth of chamber is B=16cm, the length of
floating device is 96cm. The data is of the non-moving condition fixed
the body on the water surface. The wave height of incidence is 6cm,
that is, the ratio of wave amplitude is / 0.094
i
a B = . The orifices on
the air chamber use three kinds of opening ratios, respectively, 1/120,
1/150 and 1/200. Here the using code is developed by extending to
combine the present method, Takai, et al (1977) and Ijima, et al (1972).
For example we show the result for the opening ratio of the orifice,
1/120, in Fig. 11. The calculation results are in very good agreement
with all experimental results against the wavelength, , that is, the
pressure in the air chamber, the efficiency of OWC, the reflected waves
and the transmitted waves.

FURTHER WORK
The field experiments (Takahashi, et al., 1992) are being analyzed
at present. The analysis results will be published in the next report. The
analysis includes the time domain analysis using the impulse response
function, ( ) K t , in Eq. 32. The results of the experimental analysis and
the simulations agree well.
A wave power generating system with Wells turbines is possible to
been designed by methods (e.g. Suzuki, 2002) using the hydrodynamic
force of the OWC.

CONCLUSION

This study shows the method to exactly solve the fixed type OWC
system, i.e. installed on the breakwater, within the linear wave theory.
The present method has a singularity at the corner under the front wall
submergence, and yields the oscillating solution. Thus the smooth
solution can be obtained by the modification method. However the
influence of the oscillating solution has a negligible effect on the fluid
force.
Two solution methods are shown by means of superposition, which
are the direct method and the method corresponding to the motion
equation of the floating body.
We derive the concise expression for the efficiency of OWC by means
of the direct method, and the characteristics of OWC can be made
easily understood. The problem of non-harmonic wave is solved by
eliminating around the resonant point and interpolating smoothly. The
inverse Fourier transform of this function is in very good agreement
with the added mass and the wave damping coefficient avoiding around
the resonant point. The results confirm the practical applicability of the
present method. The performance of OWC agree well with
experimental result and the reliability of the numerical method is
validated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge Dr. Washio, Y. from Japan Marine Science
and Technology Center for the providing the experimental data on the
scale model.

REFERENCES

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th
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st
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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of air chamber
Fig. 2 Relations between radiation and reversed time motion
Fig. 3 Efficiency of air chamber for the phase of heaving
0 1 2 3
/ g/B
90
180
270

0
1
2
3
|
.
z
p
|

g
/
B
Fig. 4 Heaving velocity and its phase for the angular frequency
-10 -5 0 5 10
e(U g/p)
-h
-d
0
z
-10 -5 0 5 10
e(V g/p)
V1
V2
-2 -1 0 1 2
e( / p)
1
2
Fig. 6 Distributions of velocity U, V, and potential along the
connecting boundary line z ( 32, 4 / )
N
N k = =
-15 -10 -5 0 5
e(U g/p)
-h
-d
0
z
/
B
-2 -1 0 1 2
e( / p)
1
2
256
128
64
N=32
N=256
128
64
32
Fig. 7 Distributions of velocity, U, and potential along the
connecting boundary line for numbers of terms in series
Table 1 Accuracy of calculation through the increase of series term
N
0 1.6457 140.75 0.0000 270.00 11.8841
1 1.8211 131.80 0.0767 270.00 8.3170
2 2.0780 141.80 0.4119 271.13 3.5392
4 2.2146 145.12 0.0399 81.51 1.7107
8 2.1945 152.91 2.1951 151.57 0.8484
16 2.2144 157.39 1.7076 195.65 0.4233
32 2.2189 160.66 2.0239 182.32 0.2115
64 2.2174 162.64 2.1424 174.13 0.1057
128 2.2149 163.82 2.1849 169.89 0.0528
256 2.2129 164.52 2.2004 167.56 0.0264
512 2.2116 164.92 2.2046 166.40 0.0132
1024 2.2108 165.14 2.2077 165.88 0.0066
/ 1 g B =
0 = 4 4
N
k h N =
p
z

p
z
B
-10 -5 0 5 10
e(U g/p)
-h
-d
0
z
-10 -5 0 5 10
e(V g/p)
V1
V2
-2 -1 0 1 2
e( / p)
1
2
Fig. 5 Distributions of velocity U, V, and potential along the
connecting boundary line z ( 32, 0) N = =
x=l x=l
1 2

1
h
d
h
B
chm P=pe
it
Domain I Domain II
a e
it
z=0
z=-h
z
x
90 180 270

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

Dp|
.
zp|=1
2 or 1/2
4 or 1/4
8 or 1/8
16 or 1/16
pe pe
i t
z
.
i t + ) (
e e
i t ) (
a
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
t
t = 0
Radiation
Motion
Reversed Time
Motion
i t + ) (
a
i t
-
-
-
a
p
pe
a
p
z
.
i t ) (
pe
z
.
i t + ) (
pe
-
339
































































































































Fig. 9 Comparison with the impulse response function
of pressure ( )
p
K t and heaving velocity ( ) K t against
the time
B=240mm, d=60mm
h=400mm, Hchm=240mm
ai=20mm, R=1/50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
p

/

w
g

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
z

/

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
K
B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
a
r

/

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

(
%
)

h
Hchm
d
B
Exp., RIOE(1982)
Cal.
Fig. 10 Pressure in the air chamber, elevation of the water
surface, KB, refracted wave and efficiency of OWC against the
wavelength,
Fig. 11 Pressure in the air chamber, elevation of the water
surface in the air chamber, reflected waves, transmitted waves,
efficiency of OWC against the wavelength,
Fixed condition
ai / B0.094, R1/120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.1
0.2
a
i

/

B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
p

/

w
g

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
z

/

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
a
r

/

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
a
t

/

a
i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
/ B
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

,

1

-

(
a
r

2

+

a
t

2
)

/

a
i

2

(
%
)
Exp. Cal.

1 - (ar
2 + at
2) / ai
2
Exp. : Washio(1993)
0 10 20 30
t/B/g
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
K
(
t
)

/

g
B
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
K
p
(
t
)

g
B
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
/ g/B
0
2
4
6
m
a

/

A
d
Original
from Impulse
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
N

/

g
B
Fig. 8 Wave damping coefficient and added mass for the
condition of free surface in air chamber against the angular
frequency
340