Direct Current Motors

Introduction

Most of the power is generated, transmitted and distributed in AC form.

A dc motor is a machine that converts dc power into mechanical power. The horsepower is used to represent the unit of a dc motor.

The applications of dc motor are aeroplanes, computers, printers, robots, toys, video and DVD players, mining industry, printing presses, etc. Its operation is based on electromagnetic force. This force plays an important role to produce a powerful torque. Its magnitude is given by, F=BIL

Working Principle

The armature terminal of a 2-pole direct current (dc) motor are connected to a dc voltage source. As a result, dc current flows through the motor armature which creates the alternate magnetic poles. Armature conductors under N-pole are assumed to carry current upward (dots) and those under S-poles to carry current downwards (crosses).

Fig : 4.1

It is found that due to lorentz force produces by each conductor under the poles produces a torque which tends to rotate the armature in a clockwise direction. All these forces add together to produce a powerful torque, which sets the armature rotating. The direction of the current will be reversed when the conductor passes from one pole to another pole. This process helps to develop a continuous and unidirectional torque of the motor.

Back or Counter EMF

When the armature of the motor rotates, the conductors also rotate in the magnetic field. According to laws of electromagnetic induction, an emf will be induced in the conductors. By Lenzs Law, the direction of this induced emf is opposite to applied voltage. This induced voltage is known as back emf (Eb). Vnet = Ia Ra = Vt - Eb

Necessity of Back EMF

The back emf plays an important role to control the additional load in a dc motor. At the time of motor starting, the back emf is zero. At this stage, the armature current is very high and it can damage the fuses or can accelerates the armature rapidly. The back emf increases with the speed of the motor, hence decreasing the net voltage and in result armature current of the motor.

Classification of DC Motor

Shunt Motor In a shunt motor, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature circuit. V t = E b + Ia R a IL = Ia + Ish

Fig: 4.3

Series Motor In a series motor, the field winding is connected in series with the armature circuit.
Ia = IL Vt = Eb + Ia (Rse + Ra)

Fig 4.4

Compound Motor There are two field windings in the compound motor. When the field is connected in parallel with the armature then it is called short shunt compound motor. When the field is connected in series with the armature then it is called long shunt compound motor.

Fig 4.5

Mechanical Power of a DC Motor

The voltage equation of the dc motor, V t = E b + Ia R a The power equation, 2 Vt Ia = Eb Ia + Ia Ra Vt Ia = electric power supplied Eb Ia = Pmd = mechanical power developed by armature 2 Ia Ra = armature copper loss

The power developed by the motor depends on the armature current. For the maximum power, the differentiation of the mechanical power developed with respect to armature current should be zero.
d / dIa (EbIa) = Vt 2IaRa = 0 IaRa = Vt / 2 Vt = E b + V t / 2 Eb = V t / 2

Example : 4.1
A shunt motor takes a total current of 20A from 250V supply. The shunt field and armature resistances are 200 and 0.3 respectively. Determine the (i) value of back emf and (ii) mechanical power developed in the motor armature.

Example 4.2
A shunt motor has an armature circuit resistance of 0.7 and applied voltage 240V. The no-load and full load armature current is 5A and 30A respectively. Determine the change in back emf from no load to full load,

Practice Problem 4.1

A 230V shunt motor takes a total current of 25A. The shunt field and armature resistances are 55 and 0.5 respectively. Find the (i) value of back emf and (ii) mechanical power developed in the motor armature,

Practice Problem 4.2

A 4-pole shunt motor is energized by 450V supply and takes an armature current of 55A. The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.4. The armature winding is wave-connected by 650 conductors and useful flux per pole is 0.025Wb, Calculate the speed of the motor.

Torque of DC Motor
The tendency to produce the rotation of the conductor is known as torque. T=F*r Fig : 4.6

Types of Torque

Armature Torque The torque produced by the all conductors of the armature is known as armature torque (Ta). The power is, Pmd = Ta * EbIa = Ta * 2N/ 60 Ta = 9.55 (EbIa /N)

Example 4.4
A shunt motor takes a current of 40A from 230V supply and runs at a speed of 1100rpm. Find the torque developed by armature, if the armature and the shunt field resistances are 0.25 and 230 respectively.

Example 4.5
A 6-pole shunt motor is energized by 230V dc supply. The motor has 450 conductors that are wound in lap configuration. It takes 30A current from the supply system and develops output power of 5560W. The current through the field windings is 3A and the flux per pole is 25mWb. The armature circuit resistance is 0.8. Find the speed and the shaft torque.

Practice Problem 4.3

A shunt motor takes a current of 45A from 220V do supply and runs at a speed of 1500rpm. Find the torque developed by the armature, if the armature and the shunt field resistances are 0.5 and 65 respectively.

Practice Problem 4.4

A 6-pole shunt motor is energized by 230V dc supply. The motor has 500 conductors that are connected in lap wound. It takes 40A from the supply system and develops output power of 5.9kW. The current through the field windings is 4A and the flux per pole is 0.04Wb. The armature circuit resistance is 0.4 . Calculate the shaft torque.

Speed of a DC Motor

The speed of dc motor changes slightly with change in the load. According to generator action of the motor, the back emf can be written as, Eb = PZN / 60A The expression for speed becomes, N = 60A (Vt IaRa) = K (Vt IaRa)= KEb PZ

The speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and inversely proportional to the flux per pole. Let N1, 1 and Eb1 be the initial values and N2, 2 and Eb2 be the final values. Then by combining the equations for initial and final speed, we have N1 = Eb1 * 2 N2 Eb2 * 1 The flux in the shunt motor is constant with the change in voltage. So, 1 = 2

For shunt motor, equation becomes, N1 = Eb1 N2 Eb2

For a series motor, the flux is directly proportional to the armature current prior to saturation. N1 = Eb1 * Ia2 N2 Eb2 * Ia1

Example: 4.5
A dc shunt motor takes a current of 5A at no load with terminal voltage 230 V and runs at 1000 rpm. The armature and Field resistances are 0.2 and 230 respectively. Under load condition motor takes a current of 30 A. Determine the motor speed under load condition.

Practice Problem 4.5

A dc shunt motor takes a current of 3A at no load with terminal voltage 240 V and runs at 1200 rpm. The armature and Field resistances are 0.25 and 135 respectively. Under load condition motor takes a current of 45 A. Determine the motor speed under load condition.

Example: 4.6
A dc series motor takes a current of 56A from a 230 V supply and runs at a speed of 900 rpm. The armature and Field resistances are 0.2 and 0.25 respectively. Find the speed of the motor when the line current is 15 A. Consider the flux for 15A current is 40 percent of the flux for the line current of 56A.

Practice Problem 4.6

A 220 V dc series motor takes a current of 120 A and runs at a speed of 1000 rpm. The armature and Field resistances are 0.15 and 0.25 respectively. Find the speed of the motor when the line current is 35 A. Consider the flux for 35A current is 70 percent of the flux for the line current of 120A.

Speed Regulation

The speed regulation of a dc motor is the change in speed from full load to no load and it is expressed as a percentage of the speed at full load. %speed reg = NL speed FL speed * 100 FL speed

Losses in a DC Motor

A small amount of power will be lost due to I*I*R for the armature and the shunt field resistances. The remainder power will be converted into mechanical power that becomes available in armature. A small amount of the developed power in armature will be lost due to rotational losses. The remainder becomes available at shaft as useful work.

Fig 4.8

Efficiency of a DC Motor
= (Po / Pin )*100 Pin = Po + losses

The efficiency of a dc motor will be maximum when variable losses are equal to constant losses.

Example 4.7
At no load condition, a shunt motor takes 5A current from a 230 V supply. The resistances of the armature and field circuit are 0.25 and 115 respectively. Under load condition the motor can carry 40A current. Calculate the iron and friction losses and efficiency.

Example 4.8
A shunt motor takes a current of 80 A from 220 V supply and runs at 800 rpm. The shunt field and armature resistances are 50 and 0.1 respectively. The iron and friction losses are 1600 W. Determine the (i) copper losses (ii) armature torque (iii) shaft torque and (iv) efficiency

Practice Problem 4.7

At no load condition, a shunt motor takes 4A current from a 220 V supply. The resistances of the armature and field circuit are 0.15 and 155 respectively. Under load condition the motor can carry 36A current. Calculate the iron and friction losses and efficiency.

Practice Problem 4.8

A shunt motor takes a current of 75 A from 220 V supply and runs at 1100 rpm. The shunt field and armature resistances are 65 and 0.2 respectively. The iron and friction losses are 900 W. Determine the (i) copper losses (ii) armature torque (iii) shaft torque and (iv) efficiency

DC Motor Characteristics
1.

2.

3.

Torque and armature current characteristic: It is the curve that is obtained from the variation of torque with the armature current. Speed and armature current characteristic: It is the curve that is obtained from the variation of speed with the armature current. Torque and speed characteristic: It is the curve that is obtained from the variation of speed with the torque. It is also known as mechanical characteristic.

Shunt Motor Characteristic

The general torque equation of shunt motor, T Ia As flux is constant, T Ia

The speed of the shunt motor can be expressed as, N Eb /

The speed of the motor decreases with variation of torque.

Series Motor Characteristics

The general torque equation of series motor, T Ia As flux is directly proportional to current, Ia The final expression for torque, T Ia2 After saturation current the flux remain constant and equation of torque will become, T Ia

The torque-current characteristic of series motor, N Eb / N [Vt - Ia (Rse + Ra)] / Since flux is proportional to current, N [Vt - Ia (Rse + Ra)] / Ia

Under no load condition the value of the armature current is small. Under loaded condition, the armature current is high.

The increasing armature current decreases the speed of the motor.

Comparison Between Generator and Motor

The generator is driven by mechanical machine and generates voltage. As a result, a current will flow through the electrical circuit. The motor is connected across the supply. The armature of the motor takes a current which in turn produces a force. This force produces a driving torque. As a result of this torque, the motor rotates.

In the generator, the direction of armature current and hence direction of generated voltage is determined by the Flemings right hand rule. In the motor, the direction of force on a conductor and hence the direction of rotation is determined by Fleming's left hand rule.

In the generator, the generated voltage and the armature current are in the same direction.
In the dc motor, these are in opposite direction.

Applications of DC Motor

Shunt Motor The characteristics of shunt motor is an approximately constant speed. It has medium starting torque. This motor is used in the lathe machine, drill machine, shaper machine, blower and fan, etc.

Series Motor This motor is known as variable speed motor and it has high starting torque. This motor is used in the trolley car, crane, electric traction, elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, hair drier and conveyor machines etc.

Compound Motor The differential compound motor has poor torque characteristics. As a result, this motor is rarely used. However, cumulative compound motor has high starting torque and it is used in the printing presses, ice machines, air compressors and rolling mils etc.

In the generator, the relationship between the generated voltage, current and speed are considered as main characteristics.
In the motor, these are considered between the speed, torque and current.