Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy & Its Forms
Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. Energy is available in different forms heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. There are two types of energy stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. For example, in case of an Internal Combustion Engine the chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted in the form of mechanical energy. 1. Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). It exists in following forms. 2. Chemical Energy Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. 3. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that holds the nucleus together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear energy. 4. Stored Mechanical Energy Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy. 5. Gravitational Energy Gravitational energy is the energy of place or position. Water in a reservoir behind a hydropower dam is an example of gravitational energy. When the water is released to spin the turbines, it becomes motion energy. 6. Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules and substances. It exists in following forms. 7. Radiant Energy Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar energy is an example of radiant energy. 8. Thermal Energy Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy. 9. Electrical Energy Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity are examples of electrical energy.

1.2 Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is not generally referred to as electrical energy for the layperson, and is most commonly known as electricity. Electrical energy is the scientific form of electricity, and refers to the flow of power or the flow of charges along a conductor to create energy. Electrical energy is known to be a secondary source of energy, which means that we obtain electrical energy through the conversion of other forms of energy. These other forms of energy are known as the primary sources of energy and can be used from coal, nuclear energy, natural gas, or oil. The primary sources from which we create electrical energy can be either non-renewable forms of energy or renewable forms of energy. Electrical energy however is neither non-renewable nor renewable. Electrical energy is a standard part of nature, and today it is our most widely used form of energy. Many towns and cities were developed beside waterfalls which are known to be primary sources of mechanical energy. Wheels would be built in the waterfalls and the falls would turn the wheels in order to create energy that fuelled the cities and towns. Before this type of electrical energy generation was developed, homes would be lit with candles and kerosene lamps, and would be warmed with coal or woodburning stoves. Benjamin Franklin and the famous story of a kite on a stormy evening was the first to discover the initial principles of electrical energy. Thomas Edison came along to perfect these principles with the invention of the light bulb. Following this, Nikola Tesla developed the notion of AC electrical energy, which referred to as alternating current electrical energy. With AC energy, electrical energy could be transmitted over much larger distances. With this discovery, electrical energy could then be used to light homes and to power machines that would be more effective at heating homes as well. It is important to understand that electrical energy is not a kind of energy in and of itself, but it is rather a form of transferring energy from one object or element to another. The energy that is being transferred is the electrical energy. In order for electrical energy to transfer at all, it must have a conductor or a circuit that will enable the transfer of the energy. This is what Benjamin Franklin discovered when the electrical energy was transferred from the lightning to his kite, with the kite acting as his conductor or circuit. Electrical energy will occur when electric charges are moving or changing position from one element or object to another. When the electrical energy is moved, it is frequently stored in what we know of today as batteries or energy cells.

1.3 Grades of Energy

High-grade energy Electrical and chemical energy are high-grade energy, because the energy is concentrated in a small space. Even a small amount of electrical and chemical energy can do a great amount of work. The molecules or particles that store these forms of energy are highly ordered and compact and thus considered as high grade energy. High-grade energy like electricity is better used for high grade applications like melting of metals rather than simply heating of water. Low-grade energy Heat is low-grade energy. Heat can still be used to do work (example of a heater boiling water), but it rapidly dissipates. The molecules in which this kind of energy is stored (air and water molecules) are more randomly distributed than the molecules of carbon in a coal. This disordered state of the molecules and the dissipated energy are classified as low-grade energy.

1.4 Energy through Global View

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. From the Global view the energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

Primary and Secondary Energy Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). The primary energy sources can be converted into secondary energy sources like coal, gas are converted into steam and electricity.

Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy Commercial Energy The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population. Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc. Non-Commercial Energy The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price, used especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting. Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas, lifting water for irrigation, wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power (See Figure 1.2). The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants. Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

(Fig 1.1 Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy)

5

Chapter 2

ENERGY CRISIS

2.1 Global Energy Crisis

Energy is the lifeblood of modern era. Oil is necessary for almost all machines to move and we live in an era where oil is necessary to produce, transport food, for movement of vehicles, airplanes etc. We live in the age of oil. Oil is the most important ingredient for our lives, for industry, for economic development, for our prosperity but unfortunately, we are facing a global energy crisis with natural reserves being depleted fast due to over consumption. The reasons for global energy crisis are many. It can be the aging infrastructure, the disrupting activities at oil refineries, over consumption during the cold winters. In certain cases, accidents and pipeline failures also caused a crisis in energy supplies. Unforeseen attacks by terrorists, or certain political events like change in government regime, coup, etc, may cause disruption in oil and gas production. Dependence on nonrenewable sources of energy instead on utilizing the renewable sources of energy is also one major cause of this global energy crisis. Abundantly available non-renewable sources of energy like coal, petroleum that can be used immediately results in not exploiting the non-renewable sources of energy like wind, water. Now, with the global energy crisis, nations are aware of the threat of the current situation and new technologies and developments are carried out to exploit the renewable source of energy. The US is heavily dependent on oil imports for its ever-increasing needs of energy. With its huge companies and growing economy, the US also requires a growing energy base that has not been feasible. Instead, the US is depending on imports and petroleum imports have grown steadily and is said to be at record levels. The growing energy scare is evident from the high rise of oil that has gone over $30 per barrel and is still on the increase.

2.2 Causes of crisis

Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters due to increased consumption of energy. Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies. A crisis could possibly emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather. Attacks by terrorists or militia on important infrastructure are a possible problem for energy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility potentially causing global shortages. Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas production and create shortages.

2.3 World Energy consumption and Reserves

World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism. Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. On the one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand, China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[ This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (4741018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.5041013 W). The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh). More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. According to IEA world statistics in four years (20042008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.

CRUDE OIL

(Fig 2.1 Crude Oil) The total estimated amount of oil in an oil reservoir, including both producible and non-producible oil, is called oil in place. However, because of reservoir characteristics producible and limitations in petroleum extraction technologies, only a fraction of this oil can be brought to the surface, and it is only this producible fraction that is considered to be reserves. The ratio of producible oil reserves to total oil in place for a given field is oducible often referred to as the recovery factor. Recovery factors vary greatly among oil fields. The recovery factor of any particular field may change over time based on operating history and in response to changes in technology and economics. The recovery factor sponse may also rise over time if additional investment is made in enhanced oil recovery techniques such as gas injection, surfactants injection, water-flooding, or microbial water flooding, enhanced oil recovery. Based on data from OPEC at the beginning of 2011 the highest proved oil reserves including non-conventional oil deposits are in Venezuela (20% of global reserves), conventional Saudi Arabia (18% of global reserves), Canada (13% of global reserves), Iran (9%). Because the geology of the subsurface cannot be examined directly, indirect techniques must be used to estimate the size and recoverability of the resource. While new technologies have increased the accuracy of these techniques, significant uncertainties still remain. In general, most early estimates of the reserves of an oil main. field are conservative and tend to grow with time. This phenomenon is called reserves growth.

(Fig 2.2 Distribution of proved reserves) Oil price were $79.50 per barrel in 2010, an increase of 29% from the 2009 but still nearly $18 per barrel below the 2008 record level. Other benchmark crudes registered similar increases. Very strong consumption growth and continuing OPEC production restraint helped to push prices higher late in the year, with prices reaching a peak near $94 at year-end. After falling for two consecutive years, global oil consumption grew by 2.7 million barrels per day (b/d), or 3.1%, to reach a record level of 87.4 million b/d. This was the largest percentage increase since 2004 but still the weakest global growth rate among fossil fuels. OECD consumption grew by 0.9% (480,000 b/d), the first increase since 2005. Outside the OECD, consumption growth was a record 2.2 million b/d, or 5.5%. Growth remained robust in China and Middle Eastern countries, with Chinese consumption growing by 860,000 b/d or 10.4%. Driven by the economic recovery, middle distillates (+4.4%) were the fastest-growing refined product category globally. Global oil production increased by 1.8 million b/d, or 2.2%, but did not match the rapid growth in consumption. The gains in production were shared between OPEC and non-OPEC producers. OPEC production cuts implemented late in 2008 were maintained throughout 2010, although relaxed production discipline and rising output not subject to production allocations resulted in an increase of 960,000 b/d, or 2.5%. The largest increases were in Nigeria (+340,000 b/d) and Qatar (+220,000 b/d). Oil production outside OPEC grew by 860,000 b/d, or 1.8%, the largest increase since 2002. Growth was led by China which recorded its largest production increase ever the US, and Russia. Continued declines in Norway which saw the worlds largest decline and the UK partly offset growth elsewhere. Non-OPEC countries accounted for 58.2% of global oil production in 2010, roughly the same share as in 2000. Global crude runs increased by 1.8 million b/d, or 2.4%. Non-OECD countries accounted for 85% of the increase, and for the first time accounted for a majority of global throughput. Chinese throughput grew by 1 million b/d, or 13.4%. Global refinery capacity utilization rose to 81.5%. Refining capacity increased by 720,000 b/d last year, the slowest growth since 2003. However, the aggregate growth
10

figure hides net reductions in the OECD markets of Europe, Japan, the US and Canada. Capacity additions were concentrated in the non-OECD, with growth in China (640,000 b/d) accounting for almost 90% of the global total. Installed refining capacity in the non-OECD now exceeds that of the OECD by 1.5 million b/d. After two consecutive declines, global oil trade grew by 2.2%, or 1.2 million b/d, with net Asia Pacific imports accounting for nearly 90% of the growth. Net imports grew robustly in China (+14.6%, 680,000 b/d) and Japan (+7.1%, 280,000 b/d). Net export growth was largely from the Former Soviet Union (+7.2%, 570,000 b/d) and the Middle East (+2.6%, 470,000 b/d). The growth in global trade was roughly split between crude and refined products, though crude still accounts for 70% of global oil trade.

(Fig 2.3 Reserves to production) World proved oil reserves in 2010 were sufficient to meet 46.2 years of global production, down slightly from 2009 R/P ratio because of the large increase in the world production; global proved reserves rose slightly last year . An increase in Venezuelan official reserve estimates drove Latin Americas R/P ratio to 93.9 years the worlds largest, surpassing the Middle East.

11

NATURAL GAS

(Fig 2.4 Natural Gas) Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, with up to 20 percent concentration of other hydrocarbons as well as impurities in varying amounts such as carbon dioxide. Natural gas is widely used and is urities an important energy source in many applications including heating buildings, generating electricity, providing heat and power to industry and vehicles and is also a feedstock in the manufacture of products such as fertilizers. ock Natural gas is found in deep underground natural rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs, in coal beds, and as methane clathrates. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material. World natural gas consumption grew by 7.4%, the most rapid increase since 1984. Consumption growth was above average in all regions except the Middle East. The US had the worlds largest increase in consumption (in volumetric terms), rising by 5.6% and to a new record high. Russia and China also registered large increases the largest volumetric increases in the countrys history in each case. Consumption in other Asian countries also grew rapidly (+10.7%), led by a 21.5% increase in India. Global natural gas production grew by 7.3%. Production grew rapidly in Russia (+11.6%, with the worlds largest volumetric increase), the US (+4.7%) and Qatar (+30.7%). The US remained the worlds largest producer, with supply of unconventional gas continuing to grow despite weak North American natural gas prices (which traded at record pite discounts to crude oil in 2011) while Canadian production saw the worlds largest decline, falling for a fourth consecutive year.
12

(Fig 2.5 Global Natural Gas scenario)

Global natural gas trade increased by a robust 10.1% in 2010. A 22.6% increase in LNG shipments was driven by a 53.2% increase in Qatari shipments. Among LNG importers, the largest volumetric growth was in South Korea, the UK and Japan. LNG now accounts for 30.5% of global gas trade. Pipeline shipments grew by 5.4%, led by growth in Russian exports.

13

COAL

(Fig 2.6 Coal mining) Throughout history, coal has been a useful resource for human consumption. It is primarily burned as a fossil fuel for the production of electricity and/or heat, and is also used for industrial purposes such as refining metals. Coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over a long period of ves place time Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more oxide than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas. Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits. Top hard and brown coal producers in 2010 (2009) were (Mt): China 3,162 (2,971), United States 997 (985), India 571 (571), Australia 420 (399), Indonesia 336 (301), Russia 324 (297), South Africa 255 (247), Poland 134 (135), Kazakhstan 111 (101), and Colombia 74 (73)

14

(Fig 2.7 Production by Region)

(Fig 2.8 Consumption by Region)

Coal consumption grew by 7.6% in 2010, the fastest global growth since 2003. Coal now accounts for 29.6% of global energy consumption, up from 25.6% 10 years ago. Chinese consumption grew by 10.1%; China last year consumed 48.2% of the worlds coal and accounted for nearly two-thirds of global consumption growth. But consumption growth was robust elsewhere as well: OECD consumption grew by 5.2%, the strongest growth since 1979, with strong growth in all regions. Global coal production grew by 6.3%, with China (+9%) again accounting for two-thirds of global growth. Elsewhere, coal production grew robustly in the US and Asia but fell in the EU, helping to explain the relative strength of coal prices in Europe.

15

WIND ENERGY

(Fig 2.9 Wind Energy) Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers , are usually built together on wind farms. Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 158 gigawatts (GW) in 2009, and is n widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States. , At the end of 2010, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was powered 197 gigawatts (GW). Energy production was 430 TWh, which is about 2.5% of worldwide electricity usage. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of lev wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis. Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in the USA. As of November located 2010, the Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, with a capacity of 781.5 MW of power, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735.5 MW). As of November 2010, the Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followed by Horns , Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark. Renewable energy used in power generation grew by 15.5%, driven by continued robust growth in wind energy (+22.7%). The increase in wind energy in turn was driven by China and the US, which together accounted for nearly 70% of global growth. These forms of renewable energy accounted for 1.8% of global energy consumptio up from consumption, 0.6% in 2000.

16

HYDROELECTRIC

(Fig 2.10 Hydroelectric) (The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an hydro installed capacity of up to 430 MW.) In hydro energy, the gravitational descent of a river is compressed from a long run to a itational single location with a dam or a flume. This creates a location where concentrated . pressure and flow can be used to turn turbines or water wheels, which drive a , mechanical mill or an electric generator generator. In some cases with hydroelectric dams, there are unexpected results. One study shows dams ne that a hydroelectric dam in the Amazon has 3.6 times larger greenhouse effect per kWh than electricity production from oil, due to large scale emission of methane from decaying organic material, though this is most significant as river valleys are initially flooded, and are of much less consequence for more boreal dams. This effect applies in particular to dams created by simply flooding a large area, without first clearing it of o vegetation. There are however investigations into underwater turbines that do not require a dam. And pumped-storage hydroelectricity can use water reservoirs at pumped different altitudes to store wind and solar power. Global hydroelectric and nuclear output each saw the strongest increases since 2004. each Hydroelectric output grew by 5.3%, with China accounting for more than 60% of global growth due to a combination of new capacity and wet weather.

17

SOLAR ENERGY

(Fig 2.11 Solar Energy) (Nellis Solar Power Plant, the third largest photovoltaic power plant in North America) , Americ Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight , hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air, using sunlight hitting a parabolic mirror to heat water (producing steam), or using sunlight entering ), windows for passive solar heating of a building. It would be advantageous to place solar panels in the regions of highest solar radiation. At the end of 2009, cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 21 GW[6][7][8] and PV power stations are popular in Germany and Spain.[9] Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (MW) SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. China is increasing worldwide silicon wafer capacity for photovoltaics to 2,000 metric tons by July 2008, and over 6,000 metric tons by the end of 2010 Significant 6,000 international investment capital is flowing into China to support this opportunity. China is building large subsidized off-the-grid solar-powered cities in Huangbaiyu and off Dongtan Eco City. Much of the design was done by Americans such as William McDonough. Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of December 2011, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Ukraine, 80 MW), Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 70 t MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 60 MW), and the Strasskirchen Solar Park (Germany, 54 MW).

18

AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS & BIOFUEL

(Fig 2.12 Agricultural biomass and biofuel) Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as corn or other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, the methane , produced is captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. fuel.[11] Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA. y Vegetable oil is generated from sunlight, H2O, and CO2 by plants. It is safer to use and store than gasoline or diesel as it has a higher flash point. Straight vegetable oil works in diesel engines if it is heated first. Vegetable oil can also be transesterified to make biodiesel, which burns like normal diesel. , For India, biomass has always been an important energy source. Although the energy scenario in India today indicates a growing dependence on the conventional forms of dicates energy, about 32% of the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and more than 70% of the country's population depends upon it for its energy needs. Global biofuels production in 2010 grew by 13.8%, or 240,000 b/d, constituting one of duction the largest sources of liquids production growth in the world. Growth was driven by the US (+140,000 b/d, or 17%) and Brazil (+50,000 b/d, or 11.5%).

19

2.4 Conclusion:
Energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. One thing is clear: the era of easy oil is over. What we all do next, will determine how well we meet the energy needs of the entire world in this century and beyond. Because of our numbers and our technology, we humans greatly influence the ecology of Earth. We humans qualified or not, are at the controls. Earth does not come with an operating manual. We humans need to look to science to create one. The coming era of limited and expensive energy will be very difficult for everyone on Earth but it will be even more difficult if it is not anticipated. It is of utmost importance that the public and especially policymakers understand the global energy crisis and the underlying science.

20

Chapter no -3

INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO

21

3.1Energy Reserves in India

Crude oil Most of Indias crude oil reserves are located offshore, in the west of the country, and onshore in the northeast. Substantial reserves also exist in the Bay of Bengal and in Rajasthan state. Indias largest oil field is the offshore Mumbai High field, located north-west of Mumbai and operated by ONGC. Block D6 in the Krishna-Godavari basin, a major gas play operated by Reliance Industries, began oil production in September 2008.

Natural gas Despite major new natural gas discoveries in recent years, India continues to plan on gas imports to meet its future needs. According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011. EIA estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010, a 63 percent increase over 2008 production levels. The bulk of Indias natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High complex, though fields in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) are increasingly important.

Electricity In 2008, India had approximately 177 gigawatts (GW) of installed electric capacity and generated 761 billion kilowatt hours. Conventional thermal sources produce more than 80 percent of Indias electricity. Hydroelectricity, nuclear power, and other renewable sources account for the remainder. India also imports marginal amounts of electricity from Bhutan and Nepal and has signed an agreement to begin importing power from Bangladesh.

Conventional thermal power generation Conventional thermal-generated power accounted for more than 80 percent of electricity in India in 2008. Coal predominates, generating roughly 70 percent Indias power. India is both the third-largest consumer and third-largest producer of coal in the world. Indias domestic coal is low in quality this renders coal-fired power generation relatively inefficient and necessitates imports of metallurgical coal for steelmaking. The country imports considerable quantities of coal (83 million tons or 11 percent of total consumption in 2010). Natural gas, which was primarily to offset the seasonality of hydroelectricity, is now becoming an increasingly important power generation fuel. Capacity additions and increasingly abundant domestic natural gas are causing this expansion. In the IEO2011, EIA projects that the share of natural gas in Indias power generation mix will expand from 11 percent in 2008 to 16 percent in 2035.

22

Nuclear power generation The Indian government continues to focus on the development of nuclear power to meet its power generation targets. Although India is not a party to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), its 2005 nuclear cooperation deal with the United States, known as the 123 Agreement, allows for civil nuclear trade between the U.S. and India. This agreement will facilitate Indias goal of increasing Indias installed nuclear power generation capacity to 20 GW by 2020. India currently operates 20 nuclear reactors, which represent 4.4GW of generation capacity. The country is building another six reactors that will more than double this.

Hydropower As part of Indias goal of diversifying its sources of electric power generation and increasing the countrys capacity, the government also plans to increase the use of hydroelectric power. International organizations such as the World Bank are providing funding for a variety of hydroelectric projects around the country. However, lack of reliability and environmental and land-use concerns surrounding construction may make it difficult to capitalize fully upon this domestic energy resource. While India holds the potential for developing other renewable power sources, such as geothermal, solar, and wind power, cost concerns and an underdeveloped transmission and distribution network will likely hinder their expansion.

23

3.2 Energy Requirement in India

Indias rapid economic growth has made it the second fastest growing energy market in the world. Its domestic strategy for dealing with this raises painful questions about efficiency and fiscal soundness. Its international strategy involves a relentless push to diversify suppliers, increase Indias equity stake overseas, and try to avoid destructive commercial competition with China. In some cases, this has produced foreign policy differences with the United States that will require careful management on both sides. The Indian economy has clocked an average growth rate of 7 percent in the last decade. To maintain this pace, experts believe that the country will have to increase its energy consumption by at least 4 percent annually. This relentlessly increasing demand is a massive challenge for India, affecting not only the domestic economy but Indias foreign policy. India is the worlds eleventh-largest energy producer, with 2.4 percent of energy production, and the worlds sixth-largest consumer, with 3.5 percent of global energy consumption. Domestic coal reserves account for 70 percent of Indias energy needs. The remaining 30 percent is met by oil, with more than 65 percent of that oil being imported. Demand for energy is expected to double by 2025; by then, 90 percent of Indias petroleum will be imported. Many observers believe that the most effective way to meet this growing demand is to reform the energy sector.

3.3 Need for alternate energy sources

Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels. The term "alternative" presupposes a set of undesirable energy technologies against which "alternative energies" are contrasted. As such, the list of energy technologies excluded is an indicator of which problems the alternative technologies are intended to address. Controversies regarding dominant sources of energy and their alternatives have a long history. The nature of what were regarded alternative energy sources has changed considerably over time, and today, because of the variety of energy choices and differing goals of their advocates, defining some energy types as "alternative" is highly controversial. In a general sense in contemporary society, alternative energy is that which is produced without the undesirable consequences of the burning of fossil fuels, such as high carbon dioxide emissions, which is considered to be the major contributing factor of global warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Sometimes, this less comprehensive meaning of "alternative energy" excludes nuclear energy (e.g. as defined in the Michigan Next Energy Authority Act of 2002).

24

Common types of alternative energy:

Solar energy The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth and provides renewable sources of energy like wind, tidal energy, biomass etc. With the rapid advances in technology, direct conversion of solar energy into electricity has gathered momentum.
Solar energy is generating of electricity from the sun. It is split up into two types, thermal and electric energy. These two subgroups mean that they heat up homes (and water) and generate electricity respectively.

Wind energy Wind power has been recognized, globally, as one of the most affordable clean energy solutions. With more than 65 GW of onshore generation potential and 15 GW of operating capacity, wind already contributes to more than 90% of installed renewable energy asset base and provides less than 4% of all the electricity produced in India. With the emergence of IPPs, such as GIL, and the strong regulatory policy and fiscal incentive support provided by the Government of India through tax benefits and Generation Based Incentives (GBI), REC's etc., wind is expected to remain the mainstay of Indian renewable energy generation over the next few years.
Growth in wind energy sector in India has been tremendous. The Indian wind energy sector has an installed capacity of 14158.00 MW (as on March 31, 2011). In terms of wind power installed capacity, India is ranked 5th in the World. Today India is a major player in the global wind energy market. Indian government plans to add 5,000 MW of capacity in the 12th Five-Year Plan in addition to the 15,000 MW planned through new projects. In India, Tamil Nadu is the most aggressive and leading state seeking quantum leap in harnessing power through both wind and solar energy over next five years. India's total wind power installed capacity is about 14,000 MW, with Tamil Nadu accounting for 43%. The state is preparing to announce a separate renewable energy policy with a goal to add about 8,000mw of capacity through wind and solar in the next five years. India is among the fastest growing renewable energy countries in the world after China, Brazil and United States, said a UN report on green economy released. Investment from countries such as India, China and Brazil has increased by five times between 2005 and 2010 and it surpassed that of the developed countries in 2010.

25

Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is using hot water or steam from the Earths interior for heating buildings or electricity generation.

(Fig 3.2 geothermal energy) Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Two wells are drilled. One well injects water into the ground to provide water. The hot rocks heat the water to produce steam. The steam that shoots back up the other hole(s) is steam purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. When the water temperature is below the boiling point of water a binary system is used. A low boiling point liquid is used to drive a turbi and generator in a closed system similar to a turbine refrigeration unit running in reverse. There are also natural sources of geothermal energy: some can come from volcanoes, geysers, hot springs, and steam vents. vents.[30] The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW.

26

Tidal energy

(Fig 3.3 Tidal energy generation generation) Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water Moon powered turbine in a tidal current, or by building impoundment pond dams that admit-oradmit release water through a turbine. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of or, clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy. Fossil fuels Fossil fuels sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical heating energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical power generation. Greenhouse gas emissions result from fossil fuel-based electricity generation. fuel based Currently governments subsidize fossil fuels by an estimated $500 billion a year. an

27

Nuclear

(Fig 3.4 Diablo Canyon Power Plant Nuclear power station) Fission Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission to generate energy by the reaction of uranium-235 inside a nuclear reactor. The reactor uses uranium rods, the atoms of 235 which are split in the process of fission, releasing a large amount of energy. The process continues as a chain reaction with other nuclei. The energy heats water to ntinues create steam, which spins a turbine generator, producing electricity. Fusion Fusion power could solve many of the problems of fission power (the technology mentioned above) but, despite research having started in the 1950s, no commercial fusion reactor is expected before 2050 many technical problems remain unsolved. Proposed fusion reactors commonly use deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, as fuel mmonly and in most current designs also lithium. Assuming a fusion energy output equal to the . current global output and that this does not increase in the future, then the known increase current lithium reserves would last 3000 years, lithium from sea water would last 60 million years, and a more complicated fusion process using only deuterium from sea water would have fuel for 150 billion years.

28

Electricity

(Fig 3.5 Electric Grid: Pilons and cables distribute power) power Electricity grids are the networks used to transmit and distribute power from production source to end user, when the two may be hundreds of kilometers away. Sources include electrical generation plants such as a nuclear reactor, coal burning , power plant, etc. A combination of sub-stations, transformers, towers, cables and sub cables, piping are used to maintain a constant flow of electricity. Grids may suffer from transient blackouts and brownouts, often due to weather damage. During certain brownouts, extreme space weather events solar wind can interfere with transmissions. Grids also have a predefined carrying capacity or load that cannot safely be exceeded. When power requirements exceed what's available, failures are inevitable. To prevent r problems, power is then rationed. Industrialized countries such as Canada, the US, and Australia are among the highest per capita consumers of electricity in the world, which is possible thanks to a widespread electrical distribution network. The US grid is one of the most advanced, although infrastructure maintenance is becoming a problem. Current Energy provides a real-time overview of the electricity supply and demand for California, Texas and the Texas, Northeast of the US. African countries with small scale electrical grids have a correspondingly low annual per capita usage of electricity. One of the most powerful power grids in the world supplies power to the state of Queensland, Australia. ,

29

3.4 Energy Reserves

Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are production. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon based fossil energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas provided 79.6% of primary energy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe)) (34.9+23.5+21.2). Levels (proved reserves) during 20052007 Coal: 997,748 million short tonnes (905 billion metric tonnes) 4,416 billion barrels (702.1 km3) of oil equivalent Oil: 1,119 billion barrels (177.9 km3) to 1,317 billion barrels (209.4 km3) Natural gas: 6,1836,381 trillion cubic feet (175181 trillion cubic meters), 1,161 billion barrels (184.610^9 m3) of oil equivalent Flows (daily production) during 2006 Coal: 18,476,127 short tonnes (16,761,260 metric tonnes),[15] 52,000,000 barrels (8,300,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day Oil: 84,000,000 barrels per day (13,400,000 m3/d)[16] Natural gas: 104,435 billion cubic feet (2,960 billion cubic meters) 19,000,000 barrels (3,000,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day Years of production left in the ground with the current proved reserves and flows above Coal: 148 years Oil: 43 years Natural gas: 61 years Years of production left in the ground with the most optimistic proved reserve estimates (Oil & Gas Journal, World Oil) Coal: 417 years Oil: 43 years Natural gas: 167 years

30

3.5 Sector wise energy consumption:

(Fig 3.6 Sector wise energy consumption) The energy consumption by various stake-holders contributes towards the GDP growth and, therefore, the energy consumption in various sectors like domestic, commercial, agriculture, industry, railways, public lighting, public water works etc. has been considered State-wise to work out the demand for each sector of electricity consumption. India has been facing electricity shortages in spite of appreciable growth in electricity generation. The demand for electrical energy has been growing at the faster rate and shall increase at higher growth rate to match with the projected growth of Indian economy. The forecast of electricity demand is done on short and long term basis using internationally well- know n methodologies of time series analysis and end use method duly validated by the results obtained from economic and electricity growth indicators. The short term electricity demand has been made after compensating electricity shortages in the assumed base year. The T&D loss reduction targets were assumed based on consultation with the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions w ho furnished the plans of T&D loss reduction for 11th Plan. Wherever such program was not available for full period of 11th Plan, extrapolated data has been considered. The inter- regional diversity factor w as also applied for peak demand for the first time in view of the program for format ion of a strong National Grid during the 11th Plan. The Rural-Urban division of the forecast of electricity consumption has been done for the first time to account for accelerated rural electrification and development in line with National Electricity Policy. With all these features the utility of the Report would improve over previous edit ions of Electric Power Survey of India. The growth rates of forecast of electrical energy consumption and energy requirement prepared by the 17th Electric Power Survey Committee worked out to about 1 0% & 8% respectively for the period t ill 11th Plan end against the actual growth rate of less than 5% during 9 th & initial years of 10th Plan. The corresponding peak demand growth works out to 9% for period upto 11th Plan end against actual achievement of 5.3%.

31

The energy consumption by various stake-holders contributes towards the GDP growth and therefore, the energy consumption in various sectors like domestic, commercial, agriculture, industry, railways, public lighting, public water works etc. has been considered State-wise to work out the demand for each sector of electricity consumption. The report has projected electrical energy demand of 969 Tera Watt Hours for 2011 12 and peak electric demand of 153 Giga Watts entailing capacity addition of 78000 MW by 2011-12 . The electrical energy demand for 2021 - 22 has been estimated as 1915 Tera Watt Hours and peak electric demand of 2 9 8 Giga Watts. The demand project ions have been made assuming that the utilities would be able to make rigorous efforts in containing T&D losses and adopting Demand Side Management Techniques to achieve high load factors.

32

33

34

Chapter 4

ENERGY CONSERVATION

35

4.1 Energy Security

The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported energy sources for its economic growth. India will continue to experience an energy supply shortfall throughout the forecast period. This gap has widened since 1985, when the country became a net importer of coal. India has been unable to raise its oil production substantially in the 1990s. Rising oil demand of close to 10 percent per year has led to sizable oil import bills. In addition, the government subsidizes refined oil product prices, thus compounding the overall monetary loss to the government. Imports of oil and coal have been increasing at rates of 7% and 16% per annum respectively during the period 199199. The dependence on energy imports is projected to increase in the future. Estimates indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of total oil consumption requirements and coal imports will meet 22% of total coal consumption requirements in 2006. The imports of gas and LNG (liquefied natural gas) are likely to increase in the coming years. This energy import dependence implies vulnerability to external price shocks and supply fluctuations, which threaten the energy security of the country. Increasing dependence on oil imports means reliance on imports from the Middle East, a region susceptible to disturbances and consequent disruptions of oil supplies. This calls for diversification of sources of oil imports. The need to deal with oil price fluctuations also necessitates measures to be taken to reduce the oil dependence of the economy, possibly through fiscal measures to reduce demand, and by developing alternatives to oil, such as natural gas and renewable energy. Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future challenges to their energy security are

Diversification of energy supply sources Increased capacity of fuel switching Demand restraint Development of renewable energy sources Energy efficiency Sustainable development

Although all these options are feasible, their implementation will take time. However, out of all these options, the simplest and the most easily attainable is reducing demand through persistent energy conservation efforts.

36

4.2 Importance of Energy Conservation

Coal and other fossil fuels, which have taken three million years to form, are likely to deplete soon. In the last two hundred years, we have consumed 60% of all resources. For sustainable development, we need to adopt energy efficiency measures. Today, 85% of primary energy comes from non-renewable and fossil sources (coal, oil, etc.). These reserves are continually diminishing with increasing consumption and will not exist for future generations. Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts. Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in physical terms. Energy Conservation can, therefore, is the result of several processes or developments, such as productivity increase or technological progress. On the other hand Energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of production or consumption is reduced without affecting output, consumption or comfort levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation and is therefore an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies. Energy efficiency is often viewed as a resource option like coal, oil or natural gas. It provides additional economic value by preserving the resource base and reducing pollution. e.g. replacing traditional bulbs with CFLs means you will use only one fourth of the energy to light a room. Pollution levels are also reduced by same amount. Nature sets some basic limits on how efficiently the energy can be used, but in most cases our products and manufacturing processes are still a long way from operating this theoretical limit. Very simply, energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same function. Although, energy efficiency has been in practice ever since the first oil crisis in 1973, it has today assumed even more importance because of being the most cost-effective and reliable means of mitigating the global climatic change. Recognition of that potential has led to high expectations for the control of future CO emissions through even more energy efficiency improvements than have occurred in the past. The industrial sector accounts for some 41 per cent of global primary energy demand and approximately the same share of CO emissions.

37

4.3 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and its Features

Policy Framework Energy Conservation Act 2001 With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits, bridging the gap between demand and supply, reducing environmental emissions through energy saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act 2001. The Act provides the much-needed legal framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency drive. Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has been established with effect from 1 March 2002 by merging erstwhile Energy Management Centre of Ministry of Power. The Bureau would be responsible for implementation of policy programmes and coordination of implementation of energy conservation activities. Important features of the Energy Conservation Act are:Standards and Labeling Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity for energy efficiency improvement. The S & L program, when in place would ensure that only energy efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the consumers. The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are: Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified equipment and appliances. Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not conform to the standards. Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment appliances to enable consumers to make informed choices. Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers. Designated Consumers The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are: The government would notify energy intensive industries and other establishments as designated consumers; Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered basically energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector, Power Stations, Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial buildings or establishments; The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor; Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be appointed or designated by the designated consumers; Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of energy consumption as prescribed by the central government.

38

Certification of Energy Managers and Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms The main activities in this regard as envisaged in the Act are: A cadre of professionally qualified energy managers and auditors with expertise in policy analysis, project management, financing and implementation of energy efficiency projects would be developed through Certification and Accreditation program. BEE to design training modules, and conduct a National level examination for certification of energy managers and energy auditors. Energy Conservation Building Codes The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy Conservation Building Codes are: The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC). These would be notified to suit local climate conditions or other compelling factors by the respective states for commercial buildings erected after the rules relating to energy conservation building codes have been notified. In addition, these buildings should have a connected load of 500 kW or contract demand of 600 kVA and above and are intended to be used for commercial purposes; Energy audit of specific designated commercial building consumers would also be prescribed. Central Energy Conservation Fund: The EC Act provisions in this case are: The fund would be set up at the centre to develop the delivery mechanism for largescale adoption of energy efficiency services such as performance contracting and promotion of energy service companies. The fund is expected to give a thrust to R & D and demonstration in order to boost market penetration of efficient equipment and appliances. It would support the creation of facilities for testing and development and to promote consumer awareness.

39

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy efficiency services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of economy. The primary objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the Indian Economy. The general superintendence, directions and management of the affairs of the Bureau is vested in the Governing Council with 26 members. The Council is headed by Union Minister of Power and consists of members represented by Secretaries of various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical agencies under the Ministries, members representing equipment and appliance manufacturers, industry, architects, consumers and five power regions representing the states. The Director General of the Bureau shall be the ex-official member-secretary of the Council. The BEE will be initially supported by the Central Government by way of grants through budget, it will, however, in a period of 5-7 years become self-sufficient. It would be authorized to collect appropriate fee in discharge of its functions assigned to it. The BEE will also use the Central Energy Conservation Fund and other funds raised from various sources for innovative financing of energy efficiency projects in order to promote energy efficient investment.

Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of appliances and equipment, develop a list of designated consumers, specify certification and accreditation procedure, prepare building codes, maintain Central EC fund and undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center and state level agencies. The role would include development of Energy service companies (ESCOs), transforming the market for energy efficiency and create awareness through measures including clearing house. Role of Central and State Governments: The following role of Central and State Government is envisaged in the Act Central - to notify rules and regulations under various provisions of the Act, provide initial financial assistance to BEE and EC fund, Coordinate with various State Governments for notification, enforcement, penalties and adjudication. State - to amend energy conservation building codes to suit the regional and local Climatic condition, to designate state level agency to coordinate, regulate and enforce provisions of the Act and constitute a State Energy Conservation Fund for promotion of energy efficiency.

40

Enforcement through Self-Regulation: E.C. Act would require inspection of only two items. The following procedure of self-regulation is proposed to be adopted for verifying areas that require inspection of only two items that require inspection. The certification of energy consumption norms and standards of production process by the Accredited Energy Auditors is a way to enforce effective energy efficiency in designated Consumers. For energy performance and standards, manufacturers declared values would be checked in Accredited Laboratories by drawing sample from market. Any manufacturer or consumer or consumer association can challenge the values of the other manufacturer and bring to the notice of BEE. BEE can recognize for challenge testing in disputed cases as a measure for self-regulation.

Penalties and Adjudication: Penalty for each offence under the Act would be in monetary terms i.e. Rs.10, 000 for each offence and Rs.1, 000 for each day for continued non Compliance. The initial phase of 5 years would be promotional and creating infrastructure for Implementation of Act. No penalties would be effective during this phase. The power to adjudicate has been vested with state Electricity Regulatory Commission which shall appoint any one of its member to be an adjudicating officer for holding an enquiry in connection with the penalty imposed.

Features Extracted from The Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Energy Strategy for the Future The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate, medium-term and long-term strategy. The various components of these strategies are listed below: Immediate-term strategy: Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products. Optimum utilization of existing assets Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including those in traditional energy sources. Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for environmentally sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy sources.

41

Medium-term strategy: Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum fuel mix, structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in the transport sector, i.e. greater dependence on rail than on road for the movement of goods and passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes for passenger transport; changes in design of different products to reduce the material intensity of those products, recycling, etc. There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This would include measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads, better design of vehicles, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc. Similarly, better urban planning would also reduce the demand for energy use in the transport sector. There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources viz. solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.

Long-term strategy: Efficient generation of energy resources Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas Reduction of natural gas flaring Improving energy infrastructure Building new refineries Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production. Building new coal and gas fired power stations.

Enhancing energy efficiency Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-economic, and environmental priorities Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards Labeling programs for products and adoption of energy efficient technologies in large industries

Deregulation and privatization of energy sector Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency Investment legislation to attract foreign investments. Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation in power generation, transmission and distribution.

42

Chapter 5

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDIT

43

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDIT

5.1 Energy Management The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect. Energy Management is defined as The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions Another comprehensive definition is The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems A home energy management system includes set of devices that can be installed in home to help owner monitor their energy usage and therefore advise them on how to reduce both energy wastage and money on energy bills.

Objectives of Energy Management:-

To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality To minimize environmental effects.

5.2 Benefits of home energy management:The benefits of owning a home energy management system are advantageous, not only to the homeowner, but also the environment as a whole. Not only can homeowners see for themselves just how much energy they are using on each individual appliance, as well as on average, but they can also take active measures to reduce the amount of energy they are using unnecessarily in order to save money and cut energy bills. They will also no longer have to provide electricity or gas meter readings to energy suppliers. This will have considerable benefits for the environment.

44

5.3 Types of houses in India

Slums A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. The United Nations characterizes slums/informal settlements by one or more of the following: Poor structural quality and durability of housing Insufficient living areas (more than three people sharing a room) ,Lack of secure tenure Poor Lack tenure, access to water & Lack of sanitation facilities (

Chawl A chawl is a name for a type of building found in India. They are often 4 to 5 stories with . about 10 to 20 tenements, referred to tenements as kholis, which literally mean 'rooms' on each floor. Many chawls can be found r. in Mumbai where they were constructed in abundance to house the people migrating to Mumbai because of its booming cotton mills and overall strong economy. A usual tenement in a chawl consists of one all ement purpose room that functions both as a living and sleeping space and a kitchen that also serves as a dining room. Families on a rves floor have to share a common block of latrines, each block containing typically 4 to 5 latrines.

Row house One of a series of houses, often of similar or identical design, situated side by side and joined by common walls.

45

Flat A flat or apartment is self contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. Such a building may be called an apartment building, apartment house block of apartment flats, tower block. Flats usually consist of hall, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. Depending upon the numbers of bedrooms the flat can be classified as 1bhk 2bhk 3bhk and so on.

Bungalow A house or cottage usually having a single storey and sometimes an additional attic storey. Bungalows are generally small in terms of square footage, but it is not uncommon to see very large bungalows. Bungalows were originally designed to provide affordable, modern housing for the working class.

46

5.4 Ways of managing electricity consumption at home Unplugging devices when theyre not in use is a simple way to cut your energy costs. See for star rating while buying appliances. These ratings can help you make purchasing decisions about energy-efficient appliances, heating and cooling energy efficient equipment, and even vehicles. Tips to efficiently manage the electricity consumption for various appliances in iciently household are as follows Lightning: Turning off lights while moving from one room to another room of the house. Use CFCL bulbs instead of Incandescent light bulb which consumes less power. Turn off your lights while leaving the house and while going from one room to another. Take advantage of daylight by using lightlight colored, loose-weave curtains on your weave windows to allow daylight to penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colors that color reflect daylight.

Fans: Make use of 5 star rated fans fans. Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling fans. Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans.

Iron: Use appropriate regulator position for ironing Do not put more water on clothes while ironing Do not iron wet clothes As iron consumes more power make quick and proper use of it.

47

Washing machines: Always wash only with full loads. Use optimal quantity of water. Use timer facility to save energy. Always use cold water in the rinse cycle

Refrigerator: Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and manual freezers; frost buildup increases the amount of energy needed to keep the motor running. Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily circulate around the refrigerator. Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold. Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture and make the compressor work harder. Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold air will escape. Use smaller cabinets for storing frequently used items. items Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge. fridge Switch off the refrigerator at night for 5-6 hrs since at night it is rarely used and the 56 temperature is almost maintained within it. Vacuum clean the condenser coils at the back or underneath your fridge freezer. Accumulated dust reduces their efficiency by up to 25% adding that cost to your 25% electricity bill.

48

Air conditioner: Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off. Keep regulators at low cool position. Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher temperature. Seal the doors and windows properly. properly Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer. The less difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be energy consumption. Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat. The thermostat air stat. senses heat from these appliances, which can cause the air conditioner to run longer than necessary.

Computer: If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses more than half the system's energy. Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use helps cut energy mode costs by approximately 40%. Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras, draw power whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and save. fficient. Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra ups energy, nor are they hard on your computer components. In fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using them actually reduces actua system wear and saves energy.

49

5.5 Energy Audit Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of decision making energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme. As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.

Need for Home Energy Audit The first step toward increasing your homes energy efficiency and comfort is to conduct whole house energy audit. It is very essential for every individual to make efficient utilization of electricity considering its present shortage. Energy audit helps people know how much efficient their electric appliance are and how much energy is being utilized by them daily. This can be d done by proper assessment of the time hours for which the electric appliances are running.

Various audit gadgets like lux meter, anemometer, thermo hygrometer, etc can be used to check the efficiency of the household appliances. This data will help us to repair faulty appliance and will put in the picture the concept of energy conservation. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways electricity is being used in residential buildings and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists. By knowing the time hours for which the appliances are running and the energy consumed by each appliance total energy consumed in kwh can be calculated which can help household for determining exact cost of energy they are consuming. Such an audit program will help to keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, decide identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit fo energy conservation equipment. for y

50

In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time frame. Energy Audit provides a bench-mark (Reference point) for managing energy in the household and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the residential areas.

Types of audit
Preliminary Audit:The preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walkthrough audit, is the simplest and quickest type of audit. It involves minimal interviews with site operating personnel, a brief review of facility utility bills and other operating data, and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building operation and identify glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency. Typically, only major problem areas will be uncovered during this type of audit. Corrective measures are briefly described, and quick estimates of implementation cost, potential operating cost savings, and simple payback periods are provided. This level of detail, while not sufficient for reaching a final decision on implementing proposed measures, is adequate to prioritize energy efficiency projects and determine the need for a more detailed audit.

General Audit:The general audit alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit or complete site energy audit expands on the preliminary audit described above by collecting more detailed information about facility operation and performing a more detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures identified. Utility bills are collected for a 12 to 36 month period to allow the auditor to evaluate the facility's energy/demand rate structures, and energy usage profiles. Additional metering of specific energyconsuming systems is often performed to supplement utility data. In-depth interviews with facility operating personnel are conducted to provide a better understanding of major energy consuming systems as well as insight into variations in daily and annual energy consumption and demand. This type of audit will be able to identify all energy conservation measures appropriate for the facility given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure based on detailed implementation cost estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and the customer's investment criteria. Sufficient detail is provided to justify project implementation.

51

Investment-Grade Audit:In most corporate settings, upgrades to a facility's energy infrastructure must compete with non-energy related investments for capital funding. Both energy and non-energy investments are rated on a single set of financial criteria that generally stress the expected return on investment (ROI). The projected operating savings from the implementation of energy projects must be developed such that they provide a high level of confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings. The investment-grader audit alternatively called a comprehensive audit, detailed audit, maxi audit, or technical analysis audit, expands on the general audit described above by providing a dynamic model of energy use characteristics of both the existing facility and all energy conservation measures identified. The building model is calibrated against actual utility data to provide a realistic baseline against which to compute operating savings for proposed measures. Extensive attention is given to understanding not only the operating characteristics of all energy consuming systems, but also situations that cause load profile variations on both an annual and daily basis. Existing utility data is supplemented with sub metering of major energy consuming systems and monitoring of system operating characteristics.

Objectives of Energy audit: To get an idea about the consumption of Electricity in our houses /organizations. To find out whether there is a misuse Electricity. To Find out and suggest measures to reduce power consumption. To make the public aware about the conservation of electricity.

Benefits of Energy audit: Will increase the comfort of home. Will save money up to 20%-30% or more on your heating & cooling costs. Will help you make a substantial savings on electricity bills. Will improve the air quality of home. Will increase the resale value of home. Will reduce your homes impact on the environment. Helps the economy and our nation by reducing overseas energy imports.

52

5.6 Energy saving tips by various electricity suppliers

Make maximum use of natural daylight. Add a skylight to bring more sunshine to dark areas. Decorate your home keeping lighting in mind. Light colored walls and ceilings reflect more light, making the room brighter. Make sure to turn off the lights while leaving the room. When decorating your home, install clean lighting fixtures, lampshades and reflectors. A cleaner lamp gives brighter output. If you are using multibulb fixtures, always use fewer bulbs. You save energy if one brighter bulb is used instead of lowerwattage bulbs. Install motionsensors: they turn the lights off when there is no motion and hence are ideal for passages, corridors and porch lighting. Use solar powered lights for outdoor lighting. You can change the light intensity by using dimmers that prevent energy wastage. Use task lighting instead of illuminating the whole room. Always ensure that a refrigerator is installed in a well-ventilated room. Dont keep a refrigerator near heat sources such as heating equipment, windows, gas stoves or ovens Keep a sufficient gap between the walls and the refrigerator for air circulation. This improves the cooling efficiency. Change the temperature setting according to the seasons Keep automatic ice maker in OFF mode. Whenever required, turn it on. Avoid frequently opening the refrigerator. Dont keep refrigerator the door open for longer time. Allow hot foods to cool before putting them in the refrigerator. Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the fridge. Uncovered foods release moisture, which puts pressure on the compressor. Look for a capacity thats appropriate for your requirement. Choose the capacity of washing machine depending upon your family size and how often you wash your clothes. Do not run the machine for multiple half loads; use it for full loads only. The machine uses same amount of electricity for half loads and full loads. Run cold water washing cycles instead of hot water cycles. It saves up to 90% of energy that is otherwise used by the machine to heat up the water. Always switch off the washing machine from the plug point switch as a safety precaution and to prevent any standby power loss. Dry your clothes under sun or in natural air instead of drying them in the washing machine. It saves the power otherwise being used for the drying cycle. Help the utility to control peak power demand by using non essential appliances before 10am or after 9pm.

53

Avoid overflow of hot water through buckets. Turn off the water taps in washbasin and shower when not in use even for a short time to save energy supplied to water heater. Repair leakages in the water heater connectors and water taps immediately. Do not keep the storage type water heater ON once your hot water requirement is over to avoid any standby heat loss. Always use water heaters with in-built thermostat to control the temperature of water. Carry out periodic maintenance to check the electrical connections, heating element and thermostat operation periodically. For your next purchase pick BEE star labeled water heater. More the stars in RED, more the savings. Use Gas water heaters or Solar water heaters in place of electrical ones Solar water heaters also produce hot water during rainy season and winter. Allow adequate space for the installation, maintenance, and repairs of AC system. Place the condensing unit in a shady spot. Get the installation done by authorized personnel. Follow the manufacturers instructions. Use fan instead of AC whenever possible. They use much less energy. Do not set temperature setting too low: 24C comfortable for human body and is recommended. Keep the room doors, windows and vents tightly shut when the AC is running, to prevent leakage of cooled air. Check the air conditioner settings. Make sure the fresh air vent is closed. Open this vent once every day for fresh air intake. Draw the curtains and drapes of the room during summer months to prevent solar heat gain. Clean the AC filter every month. The AC condenser should be cleaned periodically by seeking professional help. Recycle or recharge the air conditioner refrigerant every few years. Turn on the computer, monitor and printer only when you need them. On an average 50% of the power taken by a desktop is converted into heat: switch it ON only when you need it. Screen savers are NOT energy savers. Automatic switching to sleep mode or manually turning monitors off is always a better energysaving strategy. Select the rightsized monitor/TV to meet your needs. The bigger the monitor, the more energy it uses. Consider using flat panel liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors/TVs instead of conventional CRT monitors or TVs. LCD monitors provide up to 70%power savings and last twice as longs as CRT monitors. Switch on an appliance only when you are done with the preparation and are ready to operate it. Defrost the frozen food before heating it in a microwave oven The energy needed to cook many dishes together is less than cooking one dish at a time.
54

Every time you open the oven door, the oven temperature is lowered by around 25 degrees. Select ovens with window that allow you to check food without opening the door. Use glass or ceramic pans that reduce the energy requirement. Turn off the oven a little before the food is ready. This utilizes the left over heat in the oven. To maximize the heat generation always use flat bottom pans on hot plates and electric stoves. Use gas stoves rather than using electric ovens/microwave ovens or electric stoves to save on electricity consumption. Turn off the appliances from plug point switch as a safety precaution and to avoid any Stand by Power Loss.

55

Switch off lights and fans when not required. Replace bulbs with tube lights & CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamps). Utilize natural light by using electronic chokes & regulators. Optimize use of lights in malls, multiplexes & hotels. Turn off the lights when not in use. Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight to penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colours that reflect daylight. De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination. Use task lighting; instead of brightly lighting an entire room, focus the light where you need it. Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs and provide the same lighting. Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper chokes. Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cutoff. Use appropriate regulator position for ironing. Do not put more water on clothes while ironing. Do not iron wet clothes. Do not open door frequently. Set thermostat in medium cooling position. Keep adequate space from wall. Do not overload the refrigerator. Defrost your refrigerator regularly. Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; frost buildup increases the amount of energy needed to keep the motor running. Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily circulate around the refrigerator. Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold. Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight. Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture and make the compressor work harder. Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently. Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold air will escape. Use smaller cabinets for storing frequently used items. Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge. Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans. Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling fans. Run washing machine only with full load. Use the shortest cycle time. Always wash only with full loads. Use optimal quantity of water.
56

Use timer facility to save energy. Use the correct amount of detergent. Always use cold water in the rinse cycle. Prefer natural drying over electric dryers. Reduce thermostat setting from 60 to 50 C. Use Solar Water Heater - a good replacement for an electric water heater. Avoid dry grinding in your food processors (mixers and grinders) as it takes longer time than liquid grinding. Consumes 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves. Do not bake large food items. Unless you're baking breads or pastries, you may not even need to preheat. Don't open the oven door too often to check food condition as each opening leads to a temperature drop of 25C. Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the specified cooking time. Use flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil. When cooking on a gas burner, use moderate flame settings to conserve LPG. Remember that a blue flame means your gas stove is operating efficiently. Yellowish flame is an indicator that the burner needs cleaning. Use pressure cookers as much as possible. Use lids to cover the pans while cooking. Bring items taken out of refrigerators (like vegetable, milk etc.) to room temperature before placing on the gas stove for heating. Ensure proper sealing of doors and windows. Set thermostat at 26 C for optimum cooling. Clean AC filter every month. Use film / tinted glass on windows. Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off. Keep regulators at "low cool" position. Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher temperature. Seal the doors and windows properly. Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air circulation. A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner. Use windows with sun films / curtains. Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer. The less difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be energy consumption. Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal when you turn on your air conditioner. It will not cool your home any faster and could result in excessive cooling. Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat. Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the airflow. A unit operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity than the same one operating in the sun.
57

Turn off the lights when not in use. Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight to penetrate the room, use with lighter colors on wall that reflect daylight. De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination. Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFL) are four times more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs and provide the same for lighting. Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper chokes. Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans. Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling fans. Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cutoff. Use appropriate regulator position for ironing. Do not put more water on clothes while ironing. Do not iron wet clothes. Avoid dry grinding in your food processors (mixers and grinders) as it takes longer time than liquid grinding. Consumes 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves. Do not bake large food items. Don't open the oven door too often to check food condition as each opening leads to a temperature drop of 25C. Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the specified cooking time. Use flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil. When cooking on a gas burner, use moderate flame settings to conserve LPG. Remember that a blue flame means your gas stove is operating efficiently. Yellowish flame is an indicator that the burner needs cleaning. Use pressure cookers as much as possible. Use lids to cover the pans while cooking. Bring items taken out of refrigerators (like vegetables, milk etc) to room temperature before placing on the gas stove for heating. Use Solar Water Heater a good replacement for an electric water heater. Do not switch on the power when TV and Audio Systems are not in use. Idle operation leads to an energy loss of 10 watts /device. Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses - more power than an energy-efficient refrigerator. If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses more than half the system's energy. Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use helps cut energy costs by approximately 40%. Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras, draw power whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and save.

58

Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on your computer components. In fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using them actually reduces system wear and saves energy. Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; frost buildup increases the amount of energy needed to keep the motor running. Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily circulate around the refrigerator. Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold. Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight. Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture and make the compressor work harder. Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently. Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold air will escape. Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge. Always wash only with full loads. Use optimal quantity of water. Use timer facility to save energy. Use the correct amount of detergent. Use hot water only for very dirty clothes. Always use cold water in the rinse cycle. Prefer natural drying over electric dryers. Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off. Keep regulators at low cool position. Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher temperature. Seal the doors and windows properly. Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air circulation. Use windows with sun films/curtains.

59

Switch off lights and fans when not required. Replace bulbs with tube lights & CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamps). Utilize natural light by using electronic chokes & regulators. Optimize use of lights in malls, multiplexes & hotels. Turn off the lights when not in use. Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight to penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colours that reflect daylight. De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination. Use task lighting; instead of brightly lighting an entire room, focus the light where you need it. Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs and provide the same lighting. Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper chokes. Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cutoff. Use appropriate regulator position for ironing. Do not put more water on clothes while ironing. Do not iron wet clothes. Do not open door frequently. Set thermostat in medium cooling position. Keep adequate space from wall. Do not overload the refrigerator. Defrost your refrigerator regularly. Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; frost buildup increases the amount of energy needed to keep the motor running. Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily circulate around the refrigerator. Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold. Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight. Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture and make the compressor work harder. Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently. Clean AC filter every month. Use film / tinted glass on windows. Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off. Keep regulators at "low cool" position. Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher temperature. Seal the doors and windows properly. Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air circulation. A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner.
60

Use windows with sun films / curtains. Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer. The less difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be energy consumption. Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal when you turn on your air conditioner. It will not cool your home any faster and could result in excessive cooling. Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat. The thermostat senses heat from these appliances, which can cause the air conditioner to run longer than necessary. Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the airflow. A unit operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity than the same one operating in the sun.

61

5.7 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR HOME ENERGY AUDIT

ANEMOMETER

(Fig 5.1 Anemometer)

62

Anemometer Instrument Specification: Make: Lutron Model: AM4201

63

Introduction
The word anemometer comes from the Greek word for wind, "anemos." meaning wind, and is used to describe any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics in 1450; the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer. This instrument consisted of a disk placed perpendicular to the wind. It would rotate by the force of the wind, and by the angle of inclination of the disk the wind force momentary showed itself. The same type of anemometer was later re-invented by Englishman Robert Hooke who is often mistakenly considered the inventor of the first anemometer. The Mayans were also building wind towers (anemometers) at the same time as Hooke. Anemometers can be divided into two classes: those that measure the wind's speed, and those that measure the wind's pressure; but as there is a close connection between the pressure and the speed, an anemometer designed for one will give information about both.

Use in project It consist of an vane probe which is to be held by hand against the wind force to measure the wind speed A meter is provided to which measures and displays the wind speed. The meter unit is also used to convert the mechanical responses to digital signals The apparatus is also provided with an on off switch and an switch to display the readings in m/sec or km/hr or ft/min as per the users requirement The anemometer was used for measuring the speed of the air coming out of the air conditioner. The air was measured at three different points at the outlet of the AC vent and then an average figure was taken. Air speed was measured for calculating the C.O.P of the air conditioner. It was also additionally also to measure the wind speed of the incoming wind during day time when windows were open which was helpful in considering that weather the ceiling fan was necessary or not during that time of the day. For taking the readings the vane probe was held in front of the AC vent and the anemometer was turned on and the readings were taken in m/s by keeping the readings button on the m/s side.(refer appendix 4)

64

MULTIFUNCTION METER

(Fig 5.2 Multifunction Meter)

65

Multifunction meter Instrument Info: Make: MECO Model: EM-08 Technical Specifications Display: 4 digit LCD display (20mm height) with 8 LED indicators for 10 parameter indication. Key Pads: 5 function keys to toggle the display pages and to set programming Parameters. Measuring Interval: 1.0 sec Operating Temp/Humidity: 0C to 50C, <75% RH. Dimension (mm) : Front 96 x 96 mm, Depth 90 mm Panel Cutout 92 x 92 mm Weight: 305 gms (approx) Electrical Specifications System: Single Phase Auxiliary Power Supply Nominal (Range): 230V AC (185 to 260V AC) Frequency: 50Hz Maximum Current: 10mA Voltage Input Nominal Measurement: 240V AC (Phase - Neutral) Range: 10V ~ 300V AC Max. Current Input Nominal Measurement: 1A or 5A AC (Line isolated) (Any one) Range: 50mA to 1.2A or 250mA to 6A (AC Max) Burden : < 0.1VA Accuracy Range: 10% ~ 120% of full Scale

66

Working:Single Phase multifunction meter is a microcontroller based Single phase electrical analyzer indicating TRMS Values of all electrical parameters. It measures 10 parameter on 10 display pages. It has large LCD display (20mm). It is equipped with 5 key pad for toggling display pages. The equipment can be used for measurement of following electrical parameters: Voltage ~ V Voltage, otherwise known as electrical potential difference or electric tension (denoted V and measured in volts, or joules per coulomb) is the potential difference between two points or the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points. Voltage is equal to the work which would have to be done, per unit charge, against a static electric field to move the charge between two points Current ~A Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium. This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons in plasma. The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere, which is charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Frequency ~ Hz For an oscillating or varying current, frequency is the number of complete cycles per second in alternating current direction. The standard unit of frequency is the hertz, abbreviated Hz. If a current completes one cycle per second, then the frequency is 1 Hz; 60 cycles per second equals 60 Hz Active Power ~KW Power in an electric circuit is the rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductance and capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power that averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as Active power. Apparent Power VA The combination of Reactive power and Active power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital letter S. Apparent power is the product of the root-mean-square of voltage and current.
67

Reactive Power KVAr. Reactive power flow on the alternating current transmission system is needed to support the transfer of real power over the network. In alternating current circuits energy is stored temporarily in inductive and capacitive elements, which can result in the periodic reversal of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power flow remaining after being averaged over a complete AC waveform is the real power, which is energy that can be used to do work (for example overcome friction in a motor, or heat an element). On the other hand the portion of power flow that is temporarily stored in the form of electric or magnetic fields, due to inductive and capacitive network elements, and returned to source is known as the reactive power.

Power Factor The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.

Active Energy KWh Apparent Energy KVAh Reactive Energy KVarh.

Use in project The multifunction meter was primarily used check current consumption in amperes and the active power (KW) and power factor of the appliance under inspection. The data collected from this instrument was also used in C.O.P calculation of the air conditioner. (Refer appendix 3)

68

The general procedure of using this apparatus is as follows 1. The multifunction meter used is housed in a wooden box with two different type of plugs and two MCB switches 2. First the plug of the instrument under inspection is plugged in the plug point given on the apparatus then the suitable wire is selected from the wires available to be plugged into the plug available at the point. 3. Once all the wires are plugged and the apparatus is ready for use one is suppose to turn on the main supply on the switch board and wait for apparatus to turn on, once the multifunction meters display is turned on the apparatus is ready to use. 4. The two MCB Switches are turned on and the apparatus starts displaying the supply voltage 5. Then the respective buttons are to be pressed and the required values of various parameters are obtained from the display and noted down as required.

(Fig 5.3 Picture of the meter after fabricating it for proper use)

69

THERMO HYGROMETER

(Fig 5.4 thermo Hygrometer)

70

THERMO HYGROMETER Specifications Zero: Automatic. Low battery indication: The " the operating level. " is displayed when the battery voltage drops below

Measurement rate: 2.5 times/second. Operating environment: 0oC to 50oC, <70% R.H. Storage environment: -20oC to 60oC, 0 to 80% R.H. with battery removed from meter. Accuracy: Stated accuracy at 23oC 5oC, <75% R.H. Dimensions: 178mm (H) x 65.5mm (W) x 35mm (D) Weight: Approx. 320g. (Including probe and battery)

71

Introduction A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the environmental air, or humidity. Most measurement devices usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. From calculations based on physical principles, or especially by calibration with a reference standard, these measured quantities can lead to a measurement of humidity. Modern electronic devices use temperature of condensation, or changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure humidity changes. Applications Besides greenhouses and industrial spaces, hygrometers are also used in some incubators (egg), saunas, humidors and museums. They are also used in the care of wooden musical instruments such as guitars and violins which can be damaged by improper humidity conditions. In residential settings, hygrometers are used to aid humidity control (too low humidity damages human skin and body, while too high humidity favours growth of mildew and dust mite). Hygrometers are also used in the coating industry because the application of paint and other coatings may be very sensitive to humidity and dew point. With a growing demand on the amount of measurements taken the psychrometer is now replaced by a dew point gauge known as a Dew check. These devices make measurements a lot faster but are often not allowed in explosive environments.

Use in project: The thermo hygrometer used has a probe which is placed in the testing area where humidity and temperature is to be measured It also consist of meter which is used for measuring and displaying the result The probe has a protection cap which is to be removed before testing The probe and the meter are connected to each other with a spiral wire It was use to measure the humidity and temperature of the air coming out of the air conditioner vents. The readings recorded were further used to calculate the efficiency or COP of the air conditioner. (Refer appendix 4)

72

LUX METER

(Fig 5.5 Lux Meter)

73

Lux Meter Specifications: Make: Model-indi-6172 Model: LX1010BS

Parameters Range Accuracy Display Power Range Accuracy Resolution Sampling time Dimensions: Body Sensor Weight

: Light Intensity : 0 - 100000 Lux : 5% : LCD : 9V Battery

: 0- 2,000/20,000/100,000 Lux ( 5%+2D); : 5.0%; : 1 Lux; : 0.4 second; : 4 1/2" X 2 3/4" X 1 1/8"; : 3 1/4" X 2" X 3/4"; : 160 grams.

A lux meter is a device used to measure the amount of light. In photography, a light meter is often used to determine the proper exposure for a photograph. Typically a light meter will include a computer, either digital or analog, which allows the photographer to determine which shutter speed and f-number should be selected for an optimum exposure, given a certain lighting situation and film speed. Light meters are also used in the fields of cinematography and scenic design, in order to determine the optimum light level for a scene. They are used in the general field of lighting, where they can help to reduce the amount of waste light used in the home, light pollution outdoors, and plant growing to ensure proper light levels. Luxmeter LX1010BS can measure up to 100,000 lux, approximately 5,000 foot candles. It's used for checking the level of luminance; luminance is a measure of the amount of light falling on a surface. It is defined as: 'the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface'. It is the quotient of the luminous flux by the area of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated. - (E = df / dA). This convenient gadget is widely used in many areas such as construction, inspection, photography and etc.

74

Use in project: The lux meter consist of a receiver which is light intensity sensor it senses the intensity of the light falling on it and sends the response to the metering unit The cap of the sensor is to be removed before taking the readings It is to be held horizontally at one place to measure the light intensity at the corresponding space The meter displays the light intensity readings and also has two switchs one is for on off and the other is for shifting the decimal point by 2000, 20000 & 100000. (Refer appendix 2)

75

Chapter 6

SCOPE & OBJECTIVE

76

6.1 SCOPE
India is a Developing nation. Its per capita Energy Consumption is very low. To achieve Economic Growth, we need to & have to use more & more energy to increase the pace of development. There is a lot of scope for energy management systems & home energy audit in near future in India and around the world.

In fact these concepts have gain importance by leaps and bound in foreign nations like USA & Japan. The inventions are very efficiently conserving energy thereby reducing its wastages. Various organizations are now tending to adopt this systems to improve energy consumption.

Any amount of energy saved is significant. Even small changes are worthwhile, as they spark our awareness.

There is no dispute in the fact that electricity is playing an increasingly important role in our personal lives and in the economy that feeds us. People will become aware of the fact that though Electricity powered computer and communication systems are more and more important parts our lives and our economy, but Because we are demanding more electricity service we must avoid increasing the damage to our environment by using electricity efficiently and also make the efficient usage of the available electric energy.

Thus in the due course, though not fully but to some extent people will understand that they have a huge responsibility on their shoulders and would try and make an effort to make the proper usage of the available energy.

77

6.2 OBJECTIVE
By this project we are making an effort to know the present awareness about the issue of ENERGY CONSERVATIION among the common masses and we are trying to create the seriousness of this issue by letting them know how even a little effort toward energy conservation can make a huge difference globally.

We would educate the people about how to make optimum use of electricity for doing normal household work. How to check whether the appliances are energy efficient, etc.

The analysis of the survey would give a clear picture of awareness among the people in quantitative terms and would make us understand consumers behavior.

By this project survey we would try to inculcate among the masses the thought that making energy conservation a part of our daily awareness is essential to the goal of reducing global warming.

The list of questionnaire is itself prepared in such a way that during the course of asking questions the individuals attention would be drawn toward this issue and the purpose of creating awareness would be served.

By using various instruments we would check their appliances like A.C, Fridge ,T.V, oven , washing machine, etc. and show them how much efficient they are and how ignorance towards maintenance of them would eventually make them shell out more money out of their pockets.

78

Chapter 7

METHODOLOGY OF AUDIT & DATA COLLECTION

79

7.1 Methodology for audit

We visited people living in various types of residences like bungalows, flats, chawls, row houses, etc. in different parts of Mumbai & its suburbs. Approximately 500 residences were visited by group members. (Refer appendix 1) A questionnaire which includes a range of questions concerning energy conservation was given to household for filling the appropriate data. Auditing of various appliances was done in household for efficient performance and compared the results with the original standards to make the people become conscious about the unintended energy wastage produced due to ill maintained equipments. For a.c:- During the energy audit in various houses we calculated the coefficient of performance (c.o.p) and specific power consumption by using multifunction meter, thermo hygrometer and anemometer. Parameters calculated were velocity of air (m/s), humidity (%) and temperature at inlet and outlet (C), power consumed (KW). (Refer appendix 4) For checking the adequate illumination:- We noted the readings of light intensity using lux meter at all the corners and centre of each and every room of the household surveyed to verify whether the illumination is sufficient or not. (Refer appendix 2) Making the people aware about current energy scenario by giving them actual fact and figure & letting them know how even a small effort from their side can make a huge difference. Recording the data of questionnaire and analyzing it in software like SPSS & STATPAC.

80

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Date of Schedule: ___/____/20__ Sign of Executive: ____________ Units____ Name: _____________ Education: 10th/12th/under grad/Grad Age: ______yrs Sex: M/F Home Category: Chawl/Flat/RH/Bungalow Area:______ sq ft. Consumer/Account No: ____ Billing Unit No: ____MSEB) 1. Is household interested in energy related questions? o Very much interested o Interested but do not have time o Moderately Interested o Slightly Interested o Not at All 2. Which is the correct unit of Electricity? KWh Units kW Rs dont know 3. Do you know the rate of electricity per units? o Variable Rate o 2-6 Rs per Unit o 50-75 Paisa per Unit o I have to check the bill o Dont know 4. Are you aware about the tariff slabs of your electricity supplier? o Yes o No 5. How many house members know electricity supplier, tariff slabs, rate of Electricity? All Three Two One Nobody 6. Have you tried ever to save your money & electricity by reading the bill? o Always o Most of the times o Quite Frequently o Sometimes o Not at all 7. Do you know your last month's units consumption of electricity? o Yes I Know, it is ___________ o Around 100-500 Units o I have to check bill o I know in Rs o Dont Know 8. How frequently you keep & track the record of electricity consumed? o I keep & track monthly record of consumption o You guide how to track o Rarely o Dont get time o I pay and forget

81

9. Select Comfort temperature of your A/C, normally you set? o We don't have A/C o 25-26 deg o 23-24 deg o 21-22 deg o Less than 21 deg 10. Choose approximate daily running hours of following appliances 15-20 11-14 hrs 7-10 3-6 hrs 0-2 hrs hrs hrs Fan TV Tube light A/C Water Heater Refrigerator

Star Rating(5/4/3/2/0)

11. How frequently you clean filters of A/C, blades of fans, condenser coils of refrigerator? o Once in Month/ I have given Maintenance contract to dealer o Whenever get time o Rarely o Do not get time o No, I don't 12. How often do you turn off the electrical appliances from plug point when not in use? o Always o Most of the times o Quite frequently o Sometimes o Not at all 13. How frequently you adjust the cooling of refrigerator using thermostat? o Yes, Regularly I adjust thermostat o Most of the times o Quite frequently o Never o I don't know thermostat 14. How many CFL's are there in your home? o 2-3 o 1 o Not at all o Don't believe o Don't Compromise

82

15. How often you come across the energy savings news/seminars/conferences? o Always o Most of the times o Quite frequently o sometimes o Not at all 16. How frequently you discuss/ suggest about energy saving with the people close to you? o Always o Most of the times o Quite frequently o Sometimes o Not at all 17. Tick your answer about Electricity saving advertisement by Government on TV. o Energy Ministry is showing the advertisement o Switch OFF the fan if not in use o Actor is ROHIT ROY o I have to check o Don't know/watched 18. according to you in MUMBAI o LOWER POWER consumers must be given incentives o HIGHER POWER consumers must be penalized o POWER CUT should be there o No POWER CUT should be there

83

7.2 Data collection

In statistics, survey methodology is the field that studies the sampling of individuals from a population with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population using the sample. Polls about public opinion, such as political beliefs, are reported in the news media in democracies. Other types of survey are used for scientific purposes. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of research fields, e.g., marketing research, psychology, health professionals and sociology. A survey may focus on different topics such as preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate), behavior (smoking and drinking behavior), or factual information (e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since survey research is always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the population of concern (see also sampling (statistics) and survey sampling). Survey methodology seeks to identify principles about the design, collection, processing, and analysis of surveys in connection to the cost and quality of survey estimates. It focuses on improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession. Part of the task of a survey methodologist is making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it. The most important methodological challenges of a survey methodologist include making decisions on how to: Identify and select potential sample members. Contact sampled individuals and collect data from those who are hard to reach (or reluctant to respond). Evaluate and test questions. Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses. Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved). Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency. Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors.

84

7.3 SELECTING SAMPLES

Survey samples can be broadly divided into two types: probability samples and nonprobability samples. Stratified sampling is a method of probability sampling such that sub-populations within an overall population are identified and included in the sample selected in a balanced way. Sample size calculation A2 z2 p 1 p p 1 p N R

n= Sample Size required p = estimated variance in population, as a decimal: (0.5 for 50-50, 0.3 for 70-30) R = Estimated Response rate, as a decimal Z = based on confidence level: 1.96 for 95% confidence, 1.6449 for 90% and 2.5758 for 99% A = Precision desired, expressed as a decimal (i.e., 0.03, 0.05, 0.1 for 3%, 5%, 10%) N=Size of Population

(A)=Desired Precision of Results The level of precision is the closeness with which the sample predicts where the true values in the population lie. The difference between the sample and the real population is called the sampling error. If the sampling error is 3%, this means we add or subtract 3 percentage points from the value in the survey to find out the actual value in the population. For example, if the value in a survey says that 65% of farmers use a particular pesticide, and the sampling error is 3%, we know that in the real-world population, between 62% and 68% are likely to use this pesticide. This range is also commonly referred to as the margin of error. The level of precision depends on balancing accuracy and resources. High levels of precision require larger sample sizes and higher costs to achieve those samples, but high margins of error can leave results that arent a whole lot more meaningful than human estimation. (z)=Confidence Level The confidence level involves the risk we are willing to accept that our sample is within the average or bell curve of the population. A confidence level of 90% means that, were the population sampled 100 times in the same manner, 90 of these samples would have the true population value within the range of precision specified earlier, and 10 would be unrepresentative samples. Higher confidence levels require larger sample sizes. (p)=Degree of Variability Variability is the degree to which the attributes or concepts being measured in the questions are distributed throughout the population.
85

A heterogeneous population divided more or less 50%-50% on an attribute or a concept, will be harder to measure precisely than a homogeneous population, divided say 80%-20%. Therefore, the higher the degree of variability we expect the distribution of a concept to be in our target audience, the larger the sample size must be to obtain the same level of precision. If we estimate that 25% of the population in your county farms organically and 75% does not, then your variability would be 0.25. If variability is too difficult to estimate, it is best to use the conservative figure of 50%. (R)=Response Rate Assuming, For Schedules, Interviews the response rate is almost 100%, i.e. R=1 For web based surveys the response rate is lower than that for schedules, i.e. 0.7 For our case, p=0.5 R=0.8 Z=1.96 A=0.05 N=2000000 (No of Houses, approximately) Population of Mumbai is around 10000000. Assuming that on an average five members per house, the number of houses will be 2000000. 0.5 1 0.5 0.052 0.5 1 0.5 2000000 1.962 0. 8 n = 480.10=500 Our target Schedules & interviews, n=500 Web based survey, n=1000 Total, n= 1500

86

Modes of data collection There are several ways of administering a survey. The choice between administration modes is influenced by several factors, including 1) costs, 2) coverage of the target population, 3) flexibility of asking questions, 4) respondents' willingness to participate and 5) response accuracy. Different methods create mode effects that change how respondents answer, and different methods have different advantages. The most common modes of administration can be summarized as Telephone Mail (post) Online surveys Personal in-home surveys Personal mall or street intercept survey Hybrids of the above. Response formats Usually, a survey consists of a number of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. A distinction is made between open-ended and closed-ended questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options. The response options for a closed-ended question should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive. Four types of response scales for closed-ended questions are distinguished: Dichotomous, where the respondent has two options Nominal-polytomous, where the respondent has more than two unordered options Ordinal-polytomous, where the respondent has more than two ordered options (Bounded)Continuous, where the respondent is presented with a continuous scale A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards or analyzed using more qualitative methods. Advantages and disadvantages of surveys Advantages: They are relatively easy to administer. Can be developed in less time compared with other data-collection methods. Can be cost-effective. Few 'experts' are required to develop a survey, which may will increase the reliability of the survey data. If conducted remotely, can reduce or obviate geographical dependence. Useful in describing the characteristics of a large population assuming the sampling is valid. Can be administered remotely via the Web, mobile devices, mail, e-mail, telephone, etc. Efficient at collecting information from a large number of respondents. Statistical techniques can be applied to the survey data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance even when analyzing multiple variables. Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis.
87

Support both between and within-subjects study designs. A wide range of information can be collected (e.g., attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior). Because they are standardized, they are relatively free from several types of errors.

Disadvantages: The reliability of survey data may depend on the following: Respondents' motivation, honesty, memory, and ability to respond: Respondents may not be motivated to give accurate answers. Respondents may be motivated to give answers that present themselves in a favorable light. Respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given action. Structured surveys, particularly those with closed ended questions, may have low validity when researching affective variables. Self-selection bias. Although the individuals chosen to participate in surveys are often randomly sampled, errors due to non-response may exist (see also chapter 13 of Adr et al. (2008) for more information on how to deal with nonresponders and biased data). That is, people who choose to respond on the survey may be different from those who do not respond, thus biasing the estimates. For example, polls or surveys that are conducted by calling a random sample of publicly available telephone numbers will not include the responses of people with unlisted telephone numbers, mobile (cell) phone numbers, people who are unable to answer the phone (e.g., because they normally sleep during the time of day the survey is conducted, because they are at work, etc.), people who do not answer calls from unknown or unfamiliar telephone numbers. Likewise, such a survey will include a disproportionate number of respondents who have traditional, land-line telephone service with listed phone numbers, and people who stay home much of the day and are much more likely to be available to participate in the survey (e.g., people who are unemployed, disabled, elderly, etc.). Question design. Survey question answer-choices could lead to vague data sets because at times they are relative only to a personal abstract notion concerning "strength of choice". For instance the choice "moderately agree" may mean different things to different subjects, and to anyone interpreting the data for correlation. Even 'yes' or 'no' answers are problematic because subjects may for instance put "no" if the choice "only once" is not available.

88

Chapter 8

ANALYSIS

89

What is the home type?

Cumulative Percent 7.9 90.4 95.9 100.0

Frequency Valid Slum Flat in Building Row House Bungalow Total 40 419 28 21 508

Percent 7.9 82.5 5.5 4.1 100.0

Valid Percent 7.9 82.5 5.5 4.1 100.0

(Fig. 8.1 home type) From the above histogram we can see than the survey is majorly conducted is flats and small amount of survey is conducted in row houses and bungalows. (Refer appendix 1)

90

Is household interested in energy related questions?

Frequency Valid Very Much Interested interested but do not have time moderately interested slightly interested not at all Total Missing Total System 330 289 371 213 26 1229 1 1230

Percent 26.8 23.5 30.2 17.3 2.1 99.9 .1 100.0

Valid Percent 26.9 23.5 30.2 17.3 2.1 100.0

Cumulative Percent 26.9 50.4 80.6 97.9 100.0

(Fig. 8.2 interest in energy related questions) Form the above bar chart it can be seen that the majority of house hold is interested in the energy saving but the level of interest vary from person to person it can also be seen that slightly higher number of people are moderately interested where as considerable amount are interested but dont have time so there is need of effective and efficient medium to convey the energy saving tips and method. The number of ignorant population who are not at all is very less. (Refer appendix 1)

91

Have you ever tried to save your money and electricity by reading the bill?

Frequency Valid Always Most of the times Quite Frequently Sometimes Not at all 9 Total 125 147 109 102 24 1 508

Percent 24.6 28.9 21.5 20.1 4.7 .2 100.0

Valid Percent 24.6 28.9 21.5 20.1 4.7 .2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 24.6 53.5 75.0 95.1 99.8 100.0

(Fig. 8.3 attempt to save money & electricity by reading bills) The above bar graph shows that most of the people try to save electricity by keeping tabs on their monthly electricity bills but are unsuccessful due busy schedule, slightly less amount of people claim to be always trying to save electricity by keeping tabs on electricity. Overall majority of people try to save electricity by keeping tabs on electricity bills. (Refer appendix 1)

92

Comfort temperature of A/C

Valid

we don't have a/c 25-26 deg 23-24 deg 21-22 deg less than 21 deg Total

Frequency 220 72 80 81 55 508

Percent 43.3 14.2 15.7 15.9 10.8 100.0

Valid Percent 43.3 14.2 15.7 15.9 10.8 100.0

Cumulative Percent 43.3 57.5 73.2 89.2 100.0

select comfort temperature of your A/C,normally you set?

we don't have a/c 25-26 deg 23-24 deg 21-22 deg less than 21 deg

10.8

15.9 43.3

15.7

14.2

(Fig. 8.4 Comfort temperature of A/C) From the above pie chart we see that Most of the people dont have air conditioner and those who have air conditioner prefer keeping the temperature between 21C to 24C so it is concluded that most of the users keep the temperature in the economical range and moreover majority of masses dont have an air conditioner. (Refer appendix 1)

93

AC star rating

Statistics of A/C STAR rating

what is the star rating of a/c?

5.31%

5 STAR 3 STAR 2 STAR 0 STAR Don't Know 9

15.75% 30.12%

9.65%

3.94%

35.24%

(Fig. 8.5 AC star rating)

It can be seen that the maximum people either dont know the star rating of their AC or they dont have AC. The remaining users prefer 3 rating AC. 0 rating AC are the least preferred whereas 5 rated AC are very less preferred as they are costly. (Refer appendix 1)

94

How frequently you clean filters of A/C, blades of fan, condenser coils of refrigerator?

Frequency Valid once in month/maintenance contract to dealer whenever get time rarely do not get time no i don't 9 Total 96 167 118 83 41 3 508

Percent 18.9 32.9 23.2 16.3 8.1 .6 100.0

Valid Percent 18.9 32.9 23.2 16.3 8.1 .6 100.0

Cumulative Percent 18.9 51.8 75.0 91.3 99.4 100.0

(Fig. 8.6 frequency of cleaning filters of A/C, blades of fan, condenser coils of refrigerator) It can be seen that most of the people clean the ac filters whenever they get time, slightly less amount of people dont do it at all whereas almost quarter of the surveyed population do the cleaning rarely, very small amount of people have given the cleaning and maintenance contract on monthly basis. (Refer appendix 1)

95

Do you know the rate of electricity per units?

Valid

Variable Rate Rs. 2-6 per Unit 50-75 Paise i have to check the bill Don't know 9 Total

Frequency 68 238 118 60 23 1 508

Percent 13.4 46.9 23.2 11.8 4.5 .2 100.0

Valid Percent 13.4 46.9 23.2 11.8 4.5 .2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 13.4 60.2 83.5 95.3 99.8 100.0

(Fig. 8.7 knowledge about the rate of electricity per units) The majority of people believe that the rate of electricity per unit is Rs 2-6 per Unit slightly less amount of people believe that the rate is 50-75 paisa. Very less amount of people believe variable rate are applicable, quite large amount of people dont know about it. (Refer appendix 1)

96

How many CFL's are there in your home?

Cumulative Percent 37.4 60.4 81.5 97.0 99.8 100.0

Valid

2-3 1 Not at all Don't believe Don't compromise 9 Total

Frequency 190 117 107 79 14 1 508

Percent 37.4 23.0 21.1 15.6 2.8 .2 100.0

Valid Percent 37.4 23.0 21.1 15.6 2.8 .2 100.0

(Fig. 8.8 number of CFL's in home) From above bar graph we can see that the majority of the people have 2-3 CFLs at their home. Slightly fewer amounts of people have 1 CFL at their home. Very large amount of people dont have CFLs at their home because either they dont believe that CFLs save energy or they dont want to compromise with the amount of light provided by the CFLs. (Refer appendix 1)

97

Refrigerator star rating

(Fig. 8.9 Refrigerator star rating) From above pie chart it can be seen that more than half of the people tested dont know the star rating of their refrigerator because the refrigerator is bought before the star rating system for appliances same in existence. Out of the rest most of the people have 3 rated refrigerators and very less amount of people have 5 rated Refrigerators and almost equally same amount of people have 2 rated refrigerator. (Refer appendix 1)

98

Name of electricity supplier

Frequency Valid MSEB Reliance BEST Total 388 74 46 508 Percent 76.4 14.6 9.1 100.0 Valid Percent 76.4 14.6 9.1 100.0 Cumulative Percent 76.4 90.9 100.0

(Fig. 8.10 Name of electricity supplier) From above pie chart it can be clearly seen that the majority of houses in MMRDA region get their electricity supply from MSEB the second largest is reliance whereas BEST has the smallest share. (Refer appendix 1)

99

How often do you turn off the electrical appliances from plug point when not in use?
Frequency 103 164 113 100 28 508 Percent 20.3 32.3 22.2 19.7 5.5 100.0 Valid Percent 20.3 32.3 22.2 19.7 5.5 100.0 Cumulative Percent 20.3 52.6 74.8 94.5 100.0

Valid

always most of the times quite frequently sometimes not at all Total

(Fig. 8.11 turning off the electrical appliances from plug point when not in use) From above pie chart it can be seen that that the majority of people always try to turn off the appliances from the plug point whereas slightly less amount of people do it quite frequently and always while least amount of people do it sometimes or not at all. (Refer appendix 1)

100