REFERENCES 1. P.E. Green, Fiber to the home: The next big broadband thing, Commun Mag IEEE 42 (2004),100106.

2. K. Prince,Demonstration of 10.7-Gb/s transmission in 50-kmPON with uncooled free-running 1550-nm VCSEL, In: Conference on lasers and electro-optics (CLEO) and quantum electronics and laser science conference (QELS), 2010, pp.12. 3. M. Seimetz,Laser linewidth limitations for optical systems with high-order modulation employing feed forward digital carrier phase estimation, In: Conference on optical ber communication (OFC), February 2008, pp.13.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

radiating and the ground strip elements would allow a broad 10dB bandwidth of 25% that sufciently covers the desired 5-GHz band for wireless application. Details of the proposed antenna designs are described, and typical experimental results are presented and discussed.
2. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION

COMPACT COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE-FED MONOPOLE ANTENNA WITH A FOLDED GROUND STRIP FOR 5-GHz WIRELESS APPLICATIONS
Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim, Chung-Hsien Ho, and Yu-Lun Chien Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan 40724, Republic of China; Corresponding author: cysim@fcu.edu.tw Received 27 January 2011 ABSTRACT: The design of a compact coplanar waveguide-fed monopole antenna partially surrounded and coupled by a folded ground strip is presented. By properly tuning the gap between the monopole antenna and the ground strip, it is able to operate in the 5-GHz band for wireless application. From the experimental results, a resonant mode excited at around 5.5 GHz is observed with 10-dB bandwidth measured from 4.88 to 6.3 GHz. Good radiation patterns with near C omnidirectional pattern in the azimuth plane are also observed. V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:24642466, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26330 Key words: CPW; monopole antenna; compact antenna; folded ground strip 1. INTRODUCTION

Unlike the aforementioned designs [17] that built on a 1.6-mm FR4 substrate (er 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02), the proposed antenna geometry as depicted in Figure 1 is printed on a 0.8mm-thick FR4 substrate. Here, a vertical monopole fed directly by a 50 X feed line is top loaded by an inverted L-shaped radiating element. As for the narrow ground strip (with 1-mm width) that extends from the far right side of the CPW ground plane and folds partially around the L-shaped element, the gaps (g1 and g2) that separates both elements will highly affect the impedance matching of the resonant mode excited at around 5.5 GHz. It is also note worthy that the total size of the proposed antenna is only 17.68 11.2 mm2.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The measured and simulated return losses of the proposed antenna are presented in Figure 2. Here, a good return loss of around 41.8 dB is measured at the resonant frequency (5.485 GHz) of the proposed antenna, whereas its 10-dB bandwidth is 25.4% centered at 5.59 GHz. Furthermore, good agreements are also demonstrated between both measured and simulated results, and the slight discrepancies are mainly attributed by the SMA connector and the unexpected tolerance during the process of fabricating the proposed antenna. In Figure 2, it is obvious that the good performances as aforementioned will be vanished

Planar antenna with coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed line possesses several advantages over the microstrip feed line, such as lower radiation loss and ease in integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuit [1]. Furthermore, when the CPWfed technique is applied to a slot or monopole antenna, a uniplanar structure and wide bandwidth characteristics can also be observed. Therefore, this feeding technique is widely used in small antenna designs for 5-GHz wireless application such as the 5.8-GHz RFID application [25]. Nevertheless, though the size of these antenna designs fabricated on a FR4 substrate can be downsized to as small as 14 8 mm2 [3], they are incapable of covering the entire 5-GHz WLAN band. Hence, a compact CPW-fed monopole antenna for 5-GHz band application is proposed [6]; however, this design can only offer either the 5.2- or the 5.8-GHz operating band by tuning the length of its radiating element. To operate across the entire 5-GHz band, a folded-slot antenna is therefore studied [7], but the size of this antenna is twice of Ref. 6 at around 16.5 20 mm2. Hence, in this article, the design of a compact-size (17.68 11.2 mm2) monopole antenna comprised a vertical monopole top loaded by an inverted L-shaped radiating element is studied. By extending a ground strips that fold around this monopole antenna, the coupling effects occurred between both the

Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed CPW-fed monopole antenna (unit: mm). [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

2464

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 11, November 2011

DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 2 Measured and simulated return losses of the proposed antenna and the measured effects of removing the folded ground strip. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

when the ground strip is removed; therefore, to comprehend the relationships between the ground strip and monopole antenna, sensitivity analyses are performed with respect to their geometrical parameters via simulation. From the above parametric studies, two vital parameters g1 and g2 are realized to possess the ability to inuence the coupling between the monopole antenna and the ground strip, which in turn will also affect the return loss performances and the position of the resonant mode.

Figure 4 Normalized radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 5.485 GHz

Figure 3 Simulated return losses of the proposed antenna by varying parameter (a) g1 and (b) g2. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

As depicted in Figure 3(a), by tuning gap g1 (correspond to tuning the width of the horizontal section of the inverted Lshaped monopole only), it is interesting to learn that a slight decrease in g1 from 0.4 to 0.3 mm will have an adverse effect on the return loss (around 40 dB reduction) of the resonant frequency, while a slightly deviated resonant frequency to the higher band and a reduced 10-dB bandwidth are also observed. In comparison, a slight increase in g1 from 0.4 to 0.5 mm will only results in a slightly deviated resonant frequency and reduced return loss. As for varying g2 (correspond to tuning the length of the horizontal section of the inverted L-shaped monopole only) as presented in Figure 3(b), a slight increase or decrease in g2 will only allow the resonant frequency to shift slightly to the lower or higher band, respectively, while also exhibiting a reduction in return loss. Hence, parameter g2 is good for ne tuning the resonant frequency. Note that the optimum dimensions for g1 and g2 are 0.4 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The far-eld radiating patterns of the proposed antenna with a 1.2 dBi peak gain measured at 5.485 GHz are depicted in Figure 4. Here, near omnidirectional pattern in the azimuth plane and bidirectional pattern in the elevation plane are observed in both principal planes. Note that the anomaly variations observed in the yz plane (y direction) could be due to the cable and connector attached to the compact-sized proposed antenna during measurement.

DOI 10.1002/mop

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 11, November 2011

2465

4. CONCLUSIONS

A compact size (17.68 11.2 0.8 mm3) printed CPW-fed monopole antenna coupled to a folded ground strip is successfully investigated and studied. From both the numerical and the experimental results, optimum impedance bandwidth (>25%) and good return loss (>40 dB) are observed at the resonant frequency located at around 5.5 GHz. With such attractive features, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for 5.2-/5.8-GHz WLAN and 5.8-GHz RFID applications.

Key words: reconfigurable; microstrip monopole patch antenna; wireless communication; PIN diode and electromagnetic band-gap structure

1. INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work is partially supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan, ROC, project number NSC 99-2221-E-035-023.
REFERENCES 1. S.Y. Chen and P. Hsu, Open-ended rampart slot array antenna fed by a CPW, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 4 (2005), 320322. 2. S.Y. Chen and P. Hsu, CPW-fed folded-slot antenna for 5.8 GHz RFID tags, Electron Lett 40 (2004), 15161517. 3. W.C. Liu and P.C. Kao, Compact CPW-fed dual folded-strip monopole antenna for 5.8-GHz RFID applications, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48 (2006), 16141615. 4. W.C. Liu, A coplanar waveguide-fed folded-slot monopole antenna for 5.8 GHz radio frequency identication application, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49 (2007), 7174. 5. W.C. Liu and C.M. Wu, CPW-fed shorted F-shaped monopole antenna for 5.8 GHz RFID application, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48 (2006), 573575. 6. W.C. Liu and H.J. Liu, Compact CPW-fed monopole antenna for 5 GHz wireless application, Electron Lett 42 (2006), 837839. 7. P.T. Selvan and S. Raghaven, CPW-fed folded spiral strip monopole slot antenna for 5.8 GHz RFID application, Electron Lett 42 (2006), 837839.
C V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

RECONFIGURABLE MICROSTRIP MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC BAND-GAP STRUCTURE DESIGN FOR ULTRAWIDEBAND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Dalia N. Elsheakh, Hala A. Elsadek, and Esmat A. Abdallah Department of Microstrip, Electronics Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; Corresponding author: daliamnmk@gmail.com Received 2 February 2011 ABSTRACT: New design for compact recongurable microstrip monopole patch antenna with ultrawideband (UWB) operation for wireless communication is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna design is capable of electronically rejecting various groups of operating frequency bands according to the surrounding interference. The recongurable proposed antenna consists of parallel V-shaped monopole structure and electromagnetic band-gap structure integrated with p-i-n doping structure device (PIN diode) switches. The switches are to reject certain frequency. The operating bandwidth extends from 0.6 to 30 GHz without discontinuities (at 10 dB reection coefcient). By inserting a PIN diode switches, the printed open slots of the UWB antenna are closed to reject different frequencies of bluetooth and C wireless LAN bands. V 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:24662471, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26317

As the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) opened up the spectrum for ultrawideband (UWB) operation (3.110.6 GHz), several standards have been proposed to realize moderate and high-rate short-range communication systems. To meet the commercial and functional requirements, it is necessary for these systemssuch as wireless-broadband, wireless local area network (WLAN), and wireless personal area-networkto have a wideband or multiband antenna that is compact and portable to be equipped for various services [1]. Monopole antennas have been widely used in mobile applications and are the most attractive candidate because of stable radiation patterns, low proles, and low manufacturing costs, lightweight, simple structure, and ease to fabricate. Printed monopole antennas are good candidates for such systems because of their wide impedance bandwidth, omni-directional radiation pattern, and small size. These features are attractive for integration with portable UWB devices. Many UWB printed monopole antennas with enhanced impedance bandwidth have been reported as in Refs. 24. Several techniques have been used, such as stepping or tapering the radiator from the feed line [5], adding slot to the radiator [4], and adding slit to the ground plan [3]. Under some environmental circumstances, UWB suffers the coexistence of other narrow band communication systems like WLAN for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 a/h range used in America and HYPERLAN2 used in Europe operating in 5.15 5.825 GHz, which in turn interfere with the UWB system degrading the overall system performance causing increase in pulse distortion and bit error rate. Therefore, UWB printed monopole antenna with band notch and smart recongurable switching capability is desired. The concept of a recongurable antenna was proposed a few years ago [6]. The recongurable characteristics of antennas are very valuable for many modern wireless communication and radar system applications, such as object detection, secure communications, multifrequency communications, and vehicle speed tests. The reconguration can be implemented through the use of integrated switches, such as p-i-n doping structure device (PIN diode) switches [7], optoelectronic switches [8], and microelectromechanical switches [9]. In the applications of recongurable antennas, switches are integrated in a shared radiation aperture. By changing the states of the switches, ON or OFF, we can built a band notch that is useful for integration and reducing the microwave component size and as a consequence the transceiver overall size. The smartness of the recongurability is that it helps in the adaptation against environmental changes to ensure stable performance. Band notch UWB antenna has been reported in Ref. 5. To electrically change the operating frequency band, the radiation pattern and/or polarization radio frequency (RF) switches are used [9]. Among these switching devices, PIN diodes are very reliable and compact, because they have high-switching speeds and low resistance and capacitance in the ON and OFF states, respectively. In this paper, a novel design of the band-rejected function has been proposed by inserting PIN diodes on UWB printed parallel V-shaped patches that act as open microstrip monopole patch antenna (MMPA) built on embedded new shapes of electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure. By choosing the proper parameters and position of the diode, rejection of single and multiband resonant frequencies occurs. This paper is divided into three sections: First part is the design of UWB antenna using parallel V-shaped patches.

2466

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 11, November 2011

DOI 10.1002/mop