THHS AP US

HW #10

Haarin Kwon 10/17/11

AIM: How did the French and Indian War change North America? French and the American Heartland Imperial efforts focused on Louisiana and stopping Carolina's traders + the Spanish in Florida Carolinians could not be stopped and the natives split into pro-English or French Louisianan life = miserable for blacks +whites gov't was corrupt and the export economy was sluggish - Whites found other means of life like cultivating gardens Red, white, black Louisianans depended on each other for survival Natives, French, Hispanics + Africans engaged in trade French settlers in Illinois were in better shape but 1/3 the colony = slaves Illinois' principal export = wheat; but Illinois' distant location made it hard to export The French tried to stop British influence in the Ohio Valley "Ohio county" was home to many Natives after the Iroquois declared neutrality (1701) - French tried to expand trade w/ the Natives but the British offered better goods + lower prices French were better at Indian diplomacy than the English but could be just as oppressive French were expanding westwards to N. Dakota + Colorado (1744) Bought beaver pelts + Indian slaves on the Great Plains Thousands of horses left behind by the Spanish in the Great Basin/southern Plains Natives (like the Sioux) adopted a horse and gun lifestyle to pursue buffalo France had an immense domain dependent on shaky relationships w/ Natives by 1750 Native Americans and British Expansion 17th century British expansion due to the decrease in N. American population by disease, war, etc Tuscarora War (1711-1713): coordinated attacks on English trading areas; only repelled by enlisting slave and Native allies for help Defeat of the Yamasees left the Catwabas vulnerable to the English and Iroquois Catawbas abandoned villages as Carolinians moved closer Iroquois advanced south and raided the Catawabas for captives - Cawtaba + English alliance made to ward off the Iroquois Iroquois Confederacy was an increasing power among other Indians in the north I.C. + other colonies formed the Covenant Chain Iroquois subjugated other Indians whose land the English wanted - Iroquois prevented English intrusion onto their own land Pennsylvania was not part of the covenant but had a similar relationship w/ the Natives William Penn's early idea of peaceful relations w/ the Natives disappeared w/ his deatg 1729-1734: his sons and former secretary coerced 50,000 acres of land from the Delaware Natives A fake deed was produced, claiming they had sold as much land that could be walked in a day and a half Walking Purchase (1732) - 1200 more miles were taken; the Penn brothers sent two men on an "official walk" Delawares were forced to move under Iroquois supervision and the land was sold to settlers

The Return of War, 1739 -1748 Americans colonies enjoyed a gen. of peace + prosperity after 1713 War of Jenkin's Ear (1739) - Britain launched a war against Spain using Jenkins's ear as an excuse James Oglethorpe led a British attack on Florida (1740); captured Mose Francisco Menendez's black militia + troops recaptured the town; Oglethorpe withdrew Oglethorpe repelled 3000 Spanish troops w/ 650 men from Georgia (1742) Anglo-Spanish War merged w/ the European War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War) Old imperial patterns of battle were followed; few battles w/ 600 men or less attacking civilians in the northeast Most captives were New Englanders seized by French and Indians Prisoners were exchanged at the war's end; some English women and children stayed w/ the French/Indians Triumph and Tensions: The British Empire, 1750-1763 King George's War ended w/ Britain and France still as enemies "Diplomatic revolution" - Austria switched from British to FRENCH allegiance; Britain sided w/ Prussia Seven Year's War - British + allies VS French + allies on every continent except Australia French were expulsed from N. America; British victory A Fragile Peace Britain and France fought again; this time over the Ohio Valley Virginian + Pennsylvanian settlers increased British influence among the Natives French built chain forts in 1753 to drive out settlers Virginia sent George Washington to persuade the French to leave Natives feared for their lands and did not back him up; settlers sent back in 1754 Britain tried to gain the Six Nations Iroquois as allies to repel the French from the Ohio Valley Seven colonies (excluding Virginia + New Jersey) participated in the Albany Congress British allies, the Iroquois had to remain neutral in any Anglo-French war due to the Grand Settlement of 1701 Iroquois were suspicious of delegate friendship: New Yorkers kept advancing on Iroquois land Albany Plan of Union proposed based on the idea of Ben Franklin and Tom Hutchinson One Grand Council represented the colonial assemblies, w/ a crown-appointed president general as executive officer Grand Council would develop military and Indian policies Considered a precedent of American unity although it did not happen The Seven Year's War in America, 1754-1760 France + Britain remained peaceful until 1756 in Europe; war began in America (1754) due to Washington Britain sent General Braddock to seize Fort Duquesne in Ohio Braddock refused colonial help; decimated by the guerilla techniques of the French + Indians French Indian allies stopped settlements for three years in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia English expansions stopped + prevented the three colonies from joining the British against France British colonists = numerically superior but disorganized; French threatened central NY + western NE French + N. American allies (Iroquois included) captured Fort Oswego (1756, Lake Ontario) + Fort William Henry (1757, Lake George) Britain seemed to face defeat on all fronts by 1757 Spain allied w/ France Two things changed the tides for the British: 1) Iroquois + other Indians were angry of French treatment; abandoned the French at a treaty conference - British regained Fort Duquesne and others 2) William Pitt took control of British military affairs - believed the key to winning was the mobilization of colonial soldiers

- told the colonists Parliament would pay the war costs; gained 40,000 colonial soldiers (1758-9) - Gen. Amherst + Amer. troops captured Fort Duquesne + Louisburg (1758) - French retreated from northern NY (1759); Surrender at Montreal ended French resistance (1760) The End of French North America, 1760-1763 Montreal ended French hopes of victory in N. America France tried to capture Newfoundland in June 1762 but failed Treaty of Paris (1763) signified the end of the Seven Years' War Effects of the treaty: France gave up all land + claims east of the Mississippi (except New Orleans) to Britain Spain traded Florida to Britain for Cuba Treaty of San Ildefonso (1762) - France gave Spain Louisiana Several thousand French colonists were now British and Spanish subjects Arcadians = most affected as England took over and renamed Arcadia, Nova Scotia (1713) Arcadians refused to swear loyalty to Britain; were sent to other British colonies or France/French colonies Arcadians in British colonies eventually moved to Louisiana to escape prejudice; became Cajuns King George's War + Seven Years' War brought the colonists closer to Britain but also created mistrust