Cover page (1) Table of contents (1) Timeline (1) Notes (1-2) Appendix of Key Terms (1-2)

CH 1: Pre-Columbian Societies
Asians migrate over Bering Strait Hopewell culture sets up massive trading network (600) Hohokam civilization develops in Arizona (900) Anasazi build cliff villages City of Cahokia has 15,000 residents and 100 temple mounds Columbus lands at San Salvador in Bahamas

12000
BCE

5000
BCE

100
CE

300

800

1000

1125

1325

1438

1492

Maize cultivation begins in southern Mexico

Mayan city of Tikal has many residents and temples

Collapse of many Mayan cities

Aztecs build Tenochtitln in current Mexico City

Incas begin conquest of Andean region of South America

Iroquois
This tribe had a lot of wars between their tribes. Around the 1500s, five groups (of similar cultures and languages) made peace with one another. They created the Iroquois League, a political organization.

Religion
When Europeans came to America, the Native Americans disregarded their attempts to civilize them by making them believe in religion; the Europeans saw them as savages for this reason. Many women were adamant against this new religion because it undermined their independent role. Many Native Americans believed in polygamy because war and other natural forces decreased the male population significantly.

Compare and Contrast Native American Empires

Tribes Mesoamerica Incans Mayans Aztecs Achievements Calendar; musical instruments; system of measurement; communication; specialized roles; service tax; tech; strong central govt Built vast cities; government bureaucracies dominated large tributary population; Hieroglyphics; Accurate solar calendar; astronomy; writing Conquered many cities of Mexican Valley Distinctive Qualities Problems Smallpox killed leader, creating struggle between sons; Spanish superior weapons Dry spells; unknown Spanish joined forces with Aztec controlled cities to bring about their demise; Spanish brought disease; Stress from previous battles; didnt protect conquered lands; Drought Aftermath Conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1533; Spain got potatoes and gold Cortez conquered and became governor of Mexico in 1521

Aggressive; Warlike; Ruled by force; elaborate human sacrifices

Southwest

Anasazi

Mississippi

(small groups across river)

Sophisticated irrigation channels; Transportation systems Cahokia was a huge fortification and ceremonial site

Descendents became Pueblos Small bands of people with new identities and different political structures

Changing climate; continued population growth; chronic warfare; European diseases

Appendix of Key Terms

1. Agricultural Revolution Natives began to create reliable food source by planting. This led to ceramics for storing grain and the development of permanent villages with hierarchy systems.

CH 4: The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1783

(1754) Albany Plan of Union

(1764) Sugar Act Currency Act

Stamp Act Sons of Liberty

(1767) Townshend Duties Dickinsons Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer

Boston Massacre

(1773) Tea Act Boston Tea Party

(1774) Intolera ble Acts 1st Contine ntal Congres s

(1776) Declar ation of Indepe ndence

(1783) Treaty of Paris ends war, giving independence

1750

1755

1760

1765

1770

1775

1780

1785

(1754) French and Indian War

(1763) Pontiacs Revolt Treaty of Paris Proclamation Line

Lexingto n and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill

(1776) Battle of NYC Battle of Trenton

(1777) British surrender at Saratoga

(1778) FrenchAmerican Alliance British begins Southern Strategy & captures Savannah

British capture Charleston

(1781) Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

The French and Indian War (the Seven Years War) 1756-1763 Great Britain Colonies Native American Allies Why...

vs

France Colonies Native American Allies What.

Struggle among Britain, Spain 1759: British and Continental and France for worldwide forces capture Quebec under control of colonial markets and Major General James Wolfe raw materials The Result Peace of Paris (1763)

Compare and Contrast Colonial Resistance to Britain

Date 1764 Act Sugar Act British Action Reduced tax on imported molasses Strictly enforced 1st direct taxation of colonists Taxed legal and commercial docs, and printed matter Colonial assemblies had to house and provide for British soldiers in colonies after French and Indian War Repealed Stamp Act Act reasserts Britains power Import taxes on: lead, paper, tea, paint, and glass Revenue used to support British troops, and British appointed leaders to take power away from colonial assemblies Created customs commission Suspended NY assembly for failing to comply Colonial Action Written protests Occasional boycotts No taxation w/o Representation Colonists protested violently Stamp Act Congress Boycott of British goods Colonial legislatures refused to pay for supplies required by Act

1765

Stamp Act

Quartering Act

1766

Declaratory Act

Colonists were pleased but still protested other laws Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Colonists continued to boycott, cutting trade in half

1767

Townshend Acts

1773

Tea Act

Created to save ailing East India Co. Kept tax on tea (all other Townshend Acts revoked) Targeted Massachusetts Port Bill: closed Boston Harbor until Boston paid for tea destroyed at Boston Tea Party Other acts eliminated selfgovernment Provisions to Quartering Act required colonists to house British soldiers in private homes

Boston Tea Party

1774

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

1st Continental Congress Continental Association used to boycott British goods Sent petition to king, outlining their rights

Prelude to the Revolution

Lexington British General Gage, acting governor of Massachusetts, wanted to stop the growth of local militias. Paul Revere rode out to warn countryside of the advances of the British at Lexington. Confusion arose when the British ordered the colonists to disperse; eight were killed and ten injured. Concord British continued on their march. At Concord, a larger group of militiamen awaited them. British destroyed military stores and food supplies. The colonists opened fire, forcing the British to retreat Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British. Cannons from Boston port would help force the British to leave Boston Harbor in 1776. Second Continental Congress (1775) The Congress was used to get the colonists ready for war: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Authorized printing of money to buy supplies Committee to supervise foreign relations with other countries Created Continental Army George Washington became commander in chief Henry Lee proposed that America a. Be considered independent states b. Diplomatic relations begin with other countries c. Create a government for future discussion by colonies

Their final attempt at peace before the war was the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. The king refused to even receive the document, inciting colonists even further Common Sense by Thomas Paine His pamphlet attacked the entire system of monarchy and empire, showing that the colonies would prosper once Britain was removed. The educated saw that Paine had outlined sensible reasons why Americans should break from the mother country. The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson (1776) Directly blamed King George III for colonial problems

Divisions among the Colonists Loyalists 1. Those in the colonial economic elite feared financial repercussions if they didnt side with Britain 2. Saw the legitimacy of Britains control over colonies 3. Some believed Britain would undoubtedly win the war Blacks 1. Many were freed by Britain, and fought on their side 2. Some gained freedom through military service in colonial militias 3. Both sides just wanted freedom and to raise their status Native Americans Helped British, but their determination was not strong.

Compare and Contrast British and American Armies

Britain Commanders Weapons Military Navy Citizens Strategy for Fighting Americans George Washington Lacked uniforms, weapons Small, un-trained None Committed to the fight Agriculturally self-sufficient Defensive war on their own territory

Large, well-trained German Mercenaries (Hessians) Royal Navy formal European type of war British had to send troops and supplies across the Atlantic: slow & costly Communication was difficult American territory was vast

Other Factors

Appendix of Key Terms

1. Sugar Act A tax that cut the duty on foreign molasses in half, to reduce smuggling and raise revenue for Britain by increasing tax collections. The act was enforced with the following rules: a. Ship owners will be seized if they didnt pay duties b. British navy would patrol the coast c. Cases would be tried in British courts i. Decided by a single judge ii. 5% commission on illegal items, encouraging judges to declare smugglers guilty 2. The Stamp Act Congress The Stamp Act was especially displeasing because it affected every colonist, unifying the country against a common enemy. But it was a war for the rich because the act was a direct attack against the most powerful people: printers, merchants, and lawyers. The Congress was organized by James Otis that revealed that the colonists were not truly represented in parliament. They sent petitions to the king. 3. The Sons of Liberty A secret organization of American colonists to protest the Stamp Act. After its repeal, they disbanded but heir name still carried the patriotic spirit 4. The Daughters of Liberty boycotted British goods after the passage of the Townshend Acts. They started the Homespun Movement as a form of boycotting, making America dependent from Britain. 5. The First Continental Congress came up with compromise between a total boycott of British goods and negotiations with Parliament. Sam Adams Declaration of Rights and Grievances stated that the colonists would not object to measures designed to regulate

their external commerce. The colonists would resist any measures that taxed without their consent. The meeting became clearer with the Suffolk Resolves that stated colonies would continue to boycott English imports and approve efforts of Massachusetts to operate a colonial government free from Britains control until Intolerable Acts rescinded. Colonies were urged to train militias of their own. The final act of the Congress was sending a petition to King George III to repeal all regulatory acts since 1763 and informing him of the continued boycott of British goods. 6. Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) poorly armed colonial force was forced from hills overlooking Boston by British troops. This bloody battle resulted in the deaths of: 450 Americans and over 1000 British. 7. Battle of Trenton (1776) there was an unspoken rule to not fight on Christmas. Washington attacked drunken Hessians, winning war and increasing morale; increase of new recruits 8. Battle of Princeton (1777) victory helped to drive out the British from New Jersey almost for good. 9. Battle of Saratoga (1777) victory resulted in French and Spanish aid for Americans during the war. 10. Battle of Yorktown (1781) French aid helped cut off the British at sea. Cornwallis (British) surrendered. 11. Treaty of Paris of 1783 1. Recognized America as an independent nation. 2. America received all land east of Mississippi River (between Canada and Florida) 3. US compensated Loyalists for stolen property 4. British merchants were allowed to collect debt 12. The Albany Plan of Union (1754) Franklins proposal for creating a grand council of representatives from Britains American colonies.