Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems

Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems (CenSSIS)
A National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center
Research and Industrial Collaboration Conference November 13-15, 2000
Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems

Thomas Szabo, Agilent Technologies, Inc. (Retired)
11/15/2000
This work was supported in part by the Engineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foundation under award number EEC-9986821.
copyright T. L. Szabo
Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems-Part 1

Thomas L. Szabo Agilent Technologies (retired) dszabo@massed.net
11/15/2000 copyright T. L. Szabo
Outline
Basic Imaging System Fundamentals Tissue Characteristics Wave Propagation & Attenuation Transducers Beamforming Imaging Systems
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Origins of Echo-Ranging
Ancient Greeks- The Sounder (rope/weight) 1880: Curies discover piezoelectricity 1906:Lee De Forest invents triode amplifier 1912: Titanic disaster 1912: L.F. Richardson files for echo-ranging patents within month of Titanic 1918: Langevin & Chilowsky make echo-ranging practical with piezoelectric quartz and vacuum tube amplifiers
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Ultrasound Transducers
Ultrasound transducers are reciprocal linear electro-acoustic converters
They convert electrical signals into pressure or stress waves They convert returning echo (pressure or stress) waves into electrical signals
Most often transducers are made of piezoelectric materials which change their shape when electrical voltages are applied to them and which produce voltages when they are deformed
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Key Parts of an Echo ranging System

Transducer (Piezoelectric) Transmitter to excite transducer with pulses Receiver to pick up returning echoes Amplifier to increase amplitude of echoes Display to show location and strength of echoes
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Echo-ranging system
boundary1
object 2
xdcr
echo1
echo2
forward 2
Scan Fundamentals
Translation:Active transducer element(s) are slid along a continuous path. (linear) Angular: Active transducer element(s) are rotated in angle (sector) Compound scanning is a combination of both translation and angular movement at each position Contiguous scanning is a combination of pure translation and pure angling with each type at different positions
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Scan Methods
Translatio n
Angular
(Sector )
(Linear)
Compound
Contiguous
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Key Parts of a Basic Imaging System

Transducer to send and receive signals Transducer position controller or sensor to move or track position of transducer Time base is reference for controller/sensor Transmitter to excite transducer with pulses Receiver to pick up returning echoes Amplifier to increase amplitude of echoes Display to show location and strength of echoes [PPI (Plan Position Indicator)]
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Basic Imaging System
Scan
xdcr
Plane
Translatio n
Linear
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2D Scanning consists of a pattern of sequenced discrete scan lines in a scan plane The displayed pattern of lines onscreen correspond to the actual spatial pattern of scan lines Each scan line is a pulse echo ranging time record The relative amplitudes along each scan line are translated into relative brightness levels for display (B-mode or brightness display)
Imaging Display
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Scattering Fundamentals
Most of the pulse echoes are caused by impedance discontinuities between dissimilar types of tissue Returning pulse echoes also depend on the size and smoothness of the object relative to the insonifying wavelength Echoes are also affected by the strength of focusing in the beam
Types of Scattering
Specular S >>
Diffractiv e
S~
Diffusive S <<
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Transducer Arrays
Arrays are groups of individually addressable transducers (elements) By sequencing and delaying the signals for each array element the following can be done electronically:
Translation: changing the position of a group of active elements Steering: changing the angular direction of the beam from a group of active elements Focusing:changing the width of the beam along a desired direction
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Basic Electronic Imaging System
xdcr
Scan
Plane
Linear Electronic Translatio n
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Ultrasound Wave Propagation

Acoustic material properties
Density ? (kg/m 3) Speed of sound (phase velocity) co (m/s) c Acoustic impedance Z=?co (Rayls)
Acoustic reflectivity factor
Z 2 Z1 RF = Z 2 + Z1
Z1
Z2
Acoustic Tissue Characteristics

Most soft tissues are 75% water The acoustic velocities of soft tissues vary at most +/-10% of a mean tissue value of 1.54mm/s Tissue attenuation is caused by absorption and scattering Absorption has a frequency power law form Scattering is typically 10-15% of attenuation
Acoustic Velocity of Tissues Normalized to Acoustic Velocity of Blood

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 Kidney Muscle Spleen Water Brain Breast Lung Liver Bone Fat 0
Acoustic Reflectivity of Tissues Normalized to Blood in dB

10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 Kidney Muscle Spleen Water Brain Breast Lung Liver Bone Fat -60
Plane Wave Propagation

For a loss-less positive going plane wave traveling along the x axis:
exp[i ( kx t )]
wavenumber
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k =
co
= o
Attenuation
Tissue attenuation =Absorption + Scattering
y 0 Absorption has a frequency power law form.
( f ) = f
( o
2
) << 1
Propagation Factor
( ) = ( ) + i[ ( ) + ( )] O E
O = / CO
H ( , x ) = e
Velocity Dispersion Relations

C ( ) = / = /[ O ( ) + E ( )]
To obtain speed of sound
E ( ) = 0 tan (y / 2 ) | |
E ( ) = (2 / ) 0 ln | |
y
For even or noninteger values of y For odd integer values of y
y 1
Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems- Part 2

T. L. Szabo
Agilent Technologies(retired) dszabo@massed.net
Introducing the Piezoelectric Transducer as a Singing Capacitor

Simplified Model
V
d
+V
Voltage applied to electroded surfaces of piezoelectric material results in stresses at electrode locations and a stress spectrum of odd harmonics
|T(f)| T(t)
-d/2 d/2
t
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fo
3fo
5fo
Simplified Transducer Model

Piezoelectric effect T=hE,T=F/A, E=V/d n A simple model for symmetric loading
n
tStress time response

T(t)=(hCoV/2A)[d(t-d/2)-d(t+d/2)]
tStress frequency response fo=v/2d

|T(f)|=(hCoV/2A)sin(f/2fo)
|T(f)| T(t)
-d/2 d/2
t
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fo
3fo
5fo
Derive Radiation Impedance

n
Equate electrical and acoustic powers

P E = II &R A /2 = |I| 2 R A /2
| T ( ) |2 PA =
|2 / Z = hC 0 V sin A ZA 2 0 RA() =RAOsinc2(/2 o)
RAO
2k T = 0C0
X A ( ) = RA0
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sin ( / 0 ) / 0 2 2 0
2
Transducer Response Is Like A Bandpass Filter

-6 dB Transducer Bandwidth
Center frequency is mean of -6dB frequencies

frequency
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o copyright T. L. Szabo
Piezoelectric Acoustic Resonator

Resonances depend on the geometry and the loading of each face n Modes are interdependent n Higher frequencies (harmonic) resonant modes can be generated
n
fL=vL/2L
d
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fd=vd/2d
fw=vw/2w
Dicing the Sandwich
Matching Layer Crystal Backing

Transducer Piezoelectric Materials

PZT n PVDF Copolymer n Leadmetaniobate n PZn
n
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acoustic port 2
F2 v2 piezoelectric element I3 V2
acoustic port 1 F1
v1
Force F1 Particle Velocity v1 Load Impedance Z1
electric port 3
Voltage V3 Current I3 Impedance Z 3= V3/I3
Transducer Model as 3 Port Device

1D Transducer Model
acoustic port 2
acoustic port 1 matching layer 2 tissue
2
backing
piezoelectric element
1
matching layer 1 lens
electric port 3
electrical matching network source/ receiver
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Transducer Loss TL=EL x AL

Electrical Loss EL Acoustic Loss AL
Rg
matchin g network, cable

Vg
Ra
ZR
Zw
Xa Co
ZL
matching layers,lens
ZB
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transducer copyright T. L. Szabo impedance
Transducer Models
n
One Dimensional Models:

tMason*(W.P. Mason, 1948) tKLM*(Krimholtz, Leedom, Matthaei,1970) tSPICE*(Hutchens,1983) tInput: tOutput:
Three Dimensional:
tWeidlinger* tANSYS
Image Plane Scanning

Active Element Groups
Scan Line Scan Line Linear Format (Translation)

Sector Format (Angular)
Beamforming
Within the azimuth scan plane, focusing and steering are accomplished electronically with a one dimensional array In the orthogonal elevation plane, focusing for a 1D array is done mechanically with a fixed focal length lens For 1.5D arrays, crude elevation focusing is done electronically For 2D arrays, both azimuth and elevation focusing and steering can be done electronically
Beamforming (Transmit and Dynamic Receive)

n
Transmit
Steering
and single focus @ one depth Multiple splice zones

n
Receive
Steering
and dynamic focusing Nearly continuous or many zones
Single Transmit Multiple Zones

Spatial Impulse Resolution

Axial n Azimuth n Elevation
n
Axial Azimuth
-6 dB Ellipsoid
Elevation
Transducer Array
Output Device (Display)
Front End A/D
Receive Beamformer
Signal Processors
Image Formation
Transmit Beamformer
CPU Controller
Input Device (Keyboard)
Image Storage (Com/Link)
Ultrasound Imaging System Block Diagram 11/15/2000 copyright T. L. Szabo

Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems

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Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems (CenSSIS)

A National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center

Research and Industrial Collaboration Conference November 13-15, 2000

Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems

Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems-Part 1

Key Parts of an Echo ranging System

Key Parts of a Basic Imaging System

Basic Imaging System

Basic Electronic Imaging System

Ultrasound Wave Propagation

Acoustic reflectivity factor

Acoustic Tissue Characteristics

Acoustic Velocity of Tissues Normalized to Acoustic Velocity of Blood

Acoustic Reflectivity of Tissues Normalized to Blood in dB

Plane Wave Propagation

Velocity Dispersion Relations

For even or noninteger values of y For odd integer values of y

Medical Ultrasound Imaging Systems- Part 2

Introducing the Piezoelectric Transducer as a Singing Capacitor

Simplified Transducer Model

tStress time response

tStress frequency response fo=v/2d

Derive Radiation Impedance

Equate electrical and acoustic powers

|2 / Z = hC 0 V sin A ZA 2 0 RA() =RAOsinc2(/2 o)

Transducer Response Is Like A Bandpass Filter

Center frequency is mean of -6dB frequencies

Piezoelectric Acoustic Resonator

Dicing the Sandwich

Matching Layer Crystal Backing

Transducer Piezoelectric Materials

Force F1 Particle Velocity v1 Load Impedance Z1

Voltage V3 Current I3 Impedance Z 3= V3/I3

Transducer Model as 3 Port Device

electrical matching network source/ receiver

Transducer Loss TL=EL x AL

matchin g network, cable

transducer copyright T. L. Szabo impedance

One Dimensional Models:

Image Plane Scanning

Scan Line Scan Line Linear Format (Translation)

Sector Format (Angular)

Beamforming (Transmit and Dynamic Receive)

and single focus @ one depth Multiple splice zones

and dynamic focusing Nearly continuous or many zones

Single Transmit Multiple Zones

Spatial Impulse Resolution

Output Device (Display)

Front End A/D

Input Device (Keyboard)

Image Storage (Com/Link)

Ultrasound Imaging System Block Diagram 11/15/2000 copyright T. L. Szabo

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