SM New Final Manual1

ANNA UNIVERSITY - COIMBATORE
THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

M.KALIPATTI, METTUR (TK), SALEM (DT) 636453
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY MANUAL
IV SEMESTER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (R-2008 SYLLABUS)
Name of the student: ______________________________________________ Register Number : ______________________________________________
Strength of Materials Lab
Prepared By Sasikumar.M & Sudhagar.M Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Kavery Engineering college
Department of Mechanical
INDEX
Ex. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Date
Name of the experiment

TENSION TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON ALUMINUM IMPACT STRENGTH TEST (CHARPYS TEST) IMPACT STRENGTH TEST ( IZOD TEST) BRINELL HARDNESS TEST ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST DEFLECTION TEST ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM (MILD STEEL) COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD EFFECT OF HARDENING IN IMPACT RESISTANCE OF STEEL STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF HARDENED TEMPERED SAMPLE STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF UNHARDENED SAMPLES AND
Page No 5 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 45 51
Marks Obtai ned
Staff signat ure
Remar ks
13
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SYLLABUS
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB
(Common to Mechanical & Production)
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Tension test on a mild steel rod 2. Double shear test on Mild steel and Aluminum rods 3. Torsion test on mild steel rod 4. Impact test on metal specimen 5. Hardness test on metals - Brinnell and Rockwell Hardness Number 6. Deflection test on beams 7. Compression test on helical springs 8. Strain Measurement using Rosette strain gauge 9. Effect of hardening- Improvement in hardness and impact resistance of steels. 10. Tempering- Improvement Mechanical properties Comparison (i) Unhardened specimen (ii) Quenched Specimen and (iii) Quenched and tempered specimen. 11. Microscopic Examination of Hardened samples and (ii) Hardened and tempered samples. LIST OF EQUIPMENT (For a batch of 30 students) 1. Universal Tensile Testing machine with double 1 2. shear attachment 40 Ton Capacity 3. Torsion Testing Machine (60 NM Capacity) 1 4. Impact Testing Machine (300 J Capacity) 1 5. Brinell Hardness Testing Machine 1 6. Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine 1 7. Spring Testing Machine for tensile and compressive loads (2500 N) 1 8. Metallurgical Microscopes 3 9. Muffle Furnace (800 C) Quantity: one each.
Total Number of Periods: P=45

Exp. No: 1 Date :
TENSION TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD
AIM: To conduct tension test on the given specimen and determine the following Yield Stress Nominal stress Actual breaking Stress Ultimate stress Percentage of elongation Percentage reduction in cross sectional area / E APPARATUS REQUIRED: Universal Testing Machine (UTM) Mild steel specimen Ruler Divider Vernier caliper THEORY: The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the ultimate strength which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause neck formation and rupture.
OBSERVATION: 1. Given material of specimen = _____ 2. Initial diameter of specimen d1 = ____ 3. Initial gauge length of specimen L1 = ______ 4. cross-section area of specimen A1 = _____ 5. Final length after specimen breaking L2 =______ 6. Diameter of specimen at breaking place (Neck Dia.) d2 = ______ 7. Cross section area at breaking place (Neck area) A2 = ______ 8. Load of yield point = ______ 9. Ultimate load of specimen =______ 10. Breaking load of specimen = ______
TABULATION: LOAD ( KN) EXTENSION STRESS (mm) (N/mm2)
SL.NO
STRAIN
FORMULAE USED: Yield Load 1) Yield Stress = Cross Sectional Area Ultimate Load 2) Ultimate Stress = Cross Sectional Area Breaking Load 3) Nominal Breaking Stress = Cross Sectional Area of Specimen Breaking Load 4) Actual Breaking Stress = Neck Area Change in length 5) Percentage of Elongation = Original gauge Length Change in area 6) Percentage reduction in Area of cross section = Original area x 100 % x 100 % N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
TENSILE TESTING MACHINE
GRAPH:
Where, P Proportional Limit E Elastic limit YU Upper Yield Point YL Lower Yield Point
S Ultimate Tensile strength B Fracture point
10
PROCEDURE: 1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of gauge section which is marked in the specimen with a preset punch. 2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain measuring device to it. 3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data. 4. Take readings more frequently and record as yield point is approached. 5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. 6. Continue the test till fracture occurs. 7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together the final length and diameter of specimen.
RESULT: Different parameters of the given specimen are. 1. Yield stress 2. Ultimate stress 3. Nominal breaking stress 4. Actual breaking stress 5. Percentage of elongation 6. Percentage reduction in Cross sectional area = __________ % = __________N/mm2 = __________ N/mm2 = __________N/mm2 = __________N/mm2 = __________ %
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12
Exp. No: 2 Date : AIM:
DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD
To determine shear stress by conducting shear test on the specimen under double shear.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Universal Testing Machine Double Shear assembly box Vernier caliper Test specimen THEORY: A type of force which causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact is called the shear force. The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section, acted on by the shear force is called shear strength. Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in double shear. FORMULAE USED:
Ultimate Shear Stress ( ) =
W 2A
N/mm2
Where, W A - Ultimate Shear strength (N/mm2) - Ultimate load in (N) - area of the specimen in mm2
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OBSERVATION:
Given material of specimen = Mild steel Diameter of specimen rod Maximum Shear Load = -----= ------
TABULATION: Diameter of Specimen the specimen d (mm) Cross Sectional area A(mm2) Maximum Shear Load W (kN) Ultimate Shear stress ( N/mm2)
Mild steel Rod
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PROCEDURE: 1. The diameter of rod is measured using vernier caliper. 2. The specimen is inserted in position in double shear assembly box and is gripped between the compression plates of universal testing machine. 3. The universal testing machine is switched on. 4. A suitable load is selected. 5. Left side valve is kept in a closed position and right side loading valve is gradually opened and the load is applied on the specimen till it shear. 6. The maximum load taken by the specimen at that time is noted. 7. Then the machine is stopped and the ultimate shear strength of the specimen is noted.
RESULT: The ultimate Double shear stress of the Mild steel specimen is_____________ N/mm2.
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16
Exp. No: 3 Date : AIM:
DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON ALUMINIUM ROD
To determine shear stress by conducting shear test on the specimen under double shear.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Universal Testing Machine Double Shear assembly box Vernier caliper Test specimen THEORY: A type of force which causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact is called the shear force. The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section, acted on by the shear force is called shear strength. Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in double shear. FORMULAE USED:
Ultimate Shear Stress ( ) =
W 2A
N/mm2
Where, W A - Ultimate Shear strength (N/mm2) - Ultimate load in (N) - area of the specimen in mm2
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OBSERVATION:
Given material of specimen = Aluminum rod Diameter of specimen rod Maximum Shear Load = -----= ------
TABULATION: Diameter of Specimen the specimen d (mm) Cross Sectional area A(mm2) Maximum Shear Load W (kN) Ultimate Shear stress ( N/mm2)
Aluminum rod
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PROCEDURE: 1. The diameter of rod is measured using vernier caliper. 2. The specimen is inserted in position in double shear assembly box and is gripped between the compression plates of universal testing machine. 3. The universal testing machine is switched on. 4. A suitable load is selected. 5. Left side valve is kept in a closed position and right side loading valve is gradually opened and the load is applied on the specimen till it shears. 6. The maximum load taken by the specimen at that time is noted. 7. Then the machine is stopped and the ultimate shear strength of the specimen is noted.
RESULT: The ultimate Double shear stress of the Aluminum specimen is_____________ N/mm2.
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Exp. No: 4 Date AIM: :
IMPACT STRENGTH TEST (CHARPYS TEST)
To determine the impact strength of material of the given specimen by charpys impact test. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Impact testing machine Charpys test specimen Vernier caliper.
THEORY: In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc. the components are subjected to impact (shock) loads. These loads are applied suddenly. The stresses induced in these components are many times more than the stress produced by gradual loading. Therefore, impact tests are performed to asses shock absorbing capacity of
materials subjected to suddenly applied loads. These capabilities are expressed as (i) Rupture energy (ii) Modulus of rupture and (iii) Notch impact strength. Two types of notch impact tests are commonly Charpy test Izod test In charpys test, the specimen is placed as 'cantilever beam'. The specimens have Vshaped notch of 45. U- Shaped notch is also common. The notch is located on tension side of specimen during impact loading. Depth of notch is generally taken as t.5 to t/3 where t is thickness of the specimen.
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TEST SPECIMEN:
OBSERVATION: Breath of specimen (b) Depth of specimen (d) Length of specimen (l) Depth of notch TABULATION: Dimensions of Specimen Depth of Breath Depth Length Notch b d l d mm mm mm mm Impact Energy Observed k J (d1) = ________ mm = ________ mm = ________ mm = ________ mm
Specimen
Impact Strength I=k/A J / m2
MODEL CALCULATION: Area of cross- section of specimen (A) = b X (d-d1) Impact energy observed Impact strength (K) = _______ (I) = K/A J/m2 mm2 J
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FORMULAE USED: Notch Impact Strength I =K/A Where, I = Notch impact strength in J/m2 K = Impact energy absorbed by specimen in Joules A = Area of the cross section of specimen below notch before test in m2 J/m2
PROCEDURE: 1) The hammer is raised and locked. 2) The pointer is set at maximum position of graduated energy of dial. 3) The safety load bar is placed horizontally arms of projecting bars. 4) The trigger is released and pendulum is allowed to swing. This actuates the pointer to move in the dial. 5) See that no person is on within range to swing of pendulum. 6) The specimen is placed in such a way that notch is opposite to the direction of the pendulum for contact centering of specimen. The end stop is provided. 7) The latches are released and pendulum is allowed to strike on specimen (or) bending the specimen is noted in the dial. 8) Then the impact energy required for the rupture of the specimen is directly measured on indicator.
RESULT: The Charpy impact strength is calculated as, The impact strength of the given specimen (I) = J/m2
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IMPACT STRENGTH TEST (IZOD TEST)
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by Izod impact test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Impact testing machine Izod specimen Vernier caliper. THEORY: In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc. the components are subjected to impact (shock) loads. These loads are applied suddenly. The stresses induced in these components are many times more than the stress produced by gradual loading. Therefore, impact tests are performed to asses shock absorbing capacity of materials subjected to suddenly applied loads. These capabilities are expressed as (i) Rupture energy (ii) Modulus of rupture and (iii) Notch impact strength. Two types of notch impact tests are commonly Charpy test Izod test In Izod test, the specimen is placed as cantilever beam. The specimens have V-shaped notch of 45. U- Shaped notch is also common. The notch is located on tension side of specimen during impact loading. Depth of notch is generally taken as t.5 to t/3 wheret is thickness of the specimen.
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TEST SPECIMEN:
OBSERVATION: Breath of specimen (b) Depth of specimen (d) Length of specimen (l) Depth of notch = ________ mm = ________ mm = ________ mm
(d1) = ________ mm
TABULATION: Dimensions of Specimen Depth of Breath Depth Length Notch b d l d mm mm mm mm Impact Energy Observed k J
Specimen
Impact Strength I=k/A J / m2
MODEL CALCULATION: Area of cross- section of specimen (A) Impact energy observed Impact strength (K) (I) = b X (d-d1) = _______ = K/A mm2 J J/m2
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FORMULAE USED: Notch Impact Strength I =K/A Where, I = Notch impact strength in J/m2 K = Impact energy absorbed by specimen in Joules A = Area of the cross section of specimen below notch before test in m2 PROCEDURE: 1. The hammer is raised and locked. 2. The pointer is set at max. position of graduated energy of dial. 3. The safety load bar is placed horizontally arms of projecting bars. 4. The trigger is released and pendulum is allowed to swing. This actuates the pointer to move in the dial. 5. See that no person is on within range to swing of pendulum. 6. The specimen is placed vertically ie cantilever position in such a way that notch is opposite to the direction of the pendulum for contact centering of specimen. The end stop is provided. 7. The latches are released and pendulum is allowed to strike on specimen (or) bending the specimen is noted in the dial. 8. Then the impact energy required for the rupture of the specimen is directly measured on indicator. J/m2
RESULT: The Izod impact strength is calculated as, The impact strength of the given specimen (I) =
J/m2
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Brinell hardness Testing Machine
LOADING TABLE: Loading in Kg Ball diame ter D in mm 1 2 Exp. No: 6

(P) Ferrous (Steel & Iron) (30D2) 3000 750 Non Ferrous Brass (10D2) 1000 250 Aluminum (5D2) 500 -
S.No
10 5
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

28
Date
AIM: To determine the brinell hardness number of the given specimen. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Brinell Hardness Testing Machine Brinell Microscope Ball Indenter (5,10 mm) Test specimens
THEORY: Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting, hardness after gives clear identification of strength. In all hardness testes, a define force is mechanically applied on the test piece for about 15 seconds. The indenter, which transmits the load to the test piece, varies in size and shape for different tastes. Common indenters are made of hardened steel or diamond. In Brinell hardness testing, steel balls are used as indenter. Diameter of the indenter and the applied force depend upon the thickness of the test specimen, because for accurate results, depth of indentation should be less than 1/8th of the thickness of the test pieces. According to the thickness of the test piece increase, the diameter of the indenter and force are changed.
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TABULATION: Load (Kgf) P Diameter of Impression d1

(mm)
S. No
Name of the Material
d2
(mm)
Mean dia of Impressio n (mm) d
Area A mm2
Brinell Hardnes s Number (BHN)
MODEL CALCULATION: Name of the Specimen Applied Load (P) Ball diameter (D) Diameter of the impression d1 Diameter of the impression d2 Surface Area of Impression (A)
=
= = = = = D 2 [D Kg mm mm mm. (D2 d2 ) ] mm2
Brinell Hardness Number (P/A) PROCEDURE:
= _____________ Kg/mm2 Or BHN
1. The type of ball indenter of specified diameter is selected and fixed in machine head.
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2. The surface of specimen is to be cleaned from dust, oil etc. before placing it on the test platform. 3. The platform with specimen is raised until gap between indenter and specimen is minimum. Now the machine is switched on. 4. The load-applying lever is released to original position. 5. A minor load is applied manually while the specimen is made contact with the indenter. 6. The platform is lowered and the machine is switched off. 7. Then with the help of brinell microscope the diameter of impression is measured and tabulated. 8. Then with the help of brinell microscope the dia of impression is measured in two directions at right angle to each other and average dia to be taken and tabulated. 9. The above procedure is repeated for different specimen with minimum three readings in each specimen.
RESULT: The Brinell hardness number of 1. ____________with _______ Ball diameter = __________ BHN 2. ____________with _______ Ball diameter = __________ BHN 3. ____________with _______ Ball diameter = __________ BHN
Rockwell hardness Testing Machine
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LOAD TABLE:
Material Relatively soft Material Purely hard Material Hard Material
Penetrates Diamond cone(1200 ) 1/16 Ball point Diamond Cone (800)
Load (Kgf) 60 100 150
Scale A B C
Exp. No: 7 Date :
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
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AIM: To determine the Rockwell hardness Number of given specimen. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Rockwell hardness testing machine 2. Penetrates 3. Test specimen. THEORY: Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting, hardness after gives clear indication of strength. In all hardness tests, a define force is mechanically applied on the piece, varies in size and shape for different tests. Common indenters are made of hardened steel or diamond. Rockwell hardness tester presents direct reading of hardness number on a dial provided with the m/c. Principally this testing is similar to Brinell hardness testing. It differs only in diameter and material of the indenter and the applied force. Although there are many scales having different combinations of load and size of indenter but commonly 'C' scale is used and hardness is presented as HRC. Here the indenter has a diamond cone at the tip and applied force is of 150 kgf. Soft materials are often tested in 'B' scale with a 1.6mm diameter steel indenter at 60kgf.
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TABULATION:
S.No
Name of the Material
Load (Kgf)
Load (N)
Penetrates
Scale
Dial Reading
Rockwell Hardness Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROCEDURE: 1. Insert ball of dia. 'D' in ball holder of the m/c. 2. Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc. 3. Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack adjusting wheel.
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4. Push the required button for loading. 5. Pull the load release lever wait for minimum 15 second. The load will automatically apply gradually. 6. Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made. 7. Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.
RESULT: The Rockwell hardness number of 1. 2. 3. 4. ____________with _______penetrate ____________with _______penetrate ____________with _______penetrate ____________with _______penetrate = __________ RHN = __________ RHN = __________ RHN = __________ RHN
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DEFLECTION TEST ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM (MILD STEEL)
To find the values of Youngs modulus of the material of a simply supported beam (mild steel) by conducting deflection test.
36
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1) Deflection of beam apparatus 2) Weight 3) Beam ( steel) 4) Deflect meter 5) Knife edge support 6) Loading hanger 7) Vernier caliper THEORY: If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a point load at its centre, the beam bends concave upwards. The distance between the original position of the beam and its position after bending is different at different points along the length of the beam, being maximum at the centre in this case. The difference is known is deflection. FORMULA USED: W a x (L2 a2 x2) Youngs Modulus Where, bd3 I W L x a b d = = = = = = = = Moment of inertia in mm Load applied in N Effective span of the beam in mm Mean deflection of the beam in mm Distance between the deflect meter and one knife edge in mm Distance between the load hanger and another knife edge in mm Breath of specimen in mm Thickness of the specimen in mm = = = = =
4
E= 6 IL
N/mm2
= 12
OBSERVATIONS: Effective span of the beam L Breath of specimen in b Thickness of the specimen ind Least count deflection of the beam Distance between the deflect meter and one knife edge x
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Distance between the load hanger and another knife edge in a
TABULATION: Load applied S.No ( W) Kg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Load applied ( W) N Loading Unloading Deflect meter Reading Mean Deflection () mm Youngs Modulus (E) N/mm2
PROCEDURE: 1. Place the beam on the knife edges on the blocks so as to project equally beyond each knife edge. See that the load is applied at the centre of the beam. 2. Note the initial reading of vernier scale 3. Add a weight of 50 N (say) and again note the reading of the vernier scale.
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4. Go on taking reading adding 50 N (say) each time till you have readings.
minimum six
5. Find the deflection in each case by subtracting the initial reading of vernier scale. Plot the graph between load and deflection. On the graph choose any two convenient points and between these points find the corresponding values of W and . Putting these values in the above relation, we can find the E.
GRAPH: X-Axis Y-Axis Deflection (mm) Load (N)
RESULT: The Youngs modulus of given mild steel material is Theoretical (E) Graphical (E) = =
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COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING
MODEL GRAPH OBSERVATION: Diameter of the rod (d) Diameter of the spring (D) Inner diameter of spring (D1) Height of the spring (h) Number of turns (n) = = = = = d + D1 Mean radius of spring ( R) = 2 mm mm mm mm mm
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Exp. No : 9 Date AIM: :
COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING
To study the load deflection behavior of the helical spring and to determine the Stiffness of spring and Modulus of rigidity. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Spring testing machine A spring Micrometer Vernier caliper Scale FORMULA USED: 1. Stiffness of spring S
(Slope of W- curve)
W/
N/mm
2. Modulus of rigidity (C) W R n d -
64 WR3n d
4
N/mm2
applied Load (N) Mean radius of the spring (mm) No. of turns Deflection of the spring ( mm ) diameter of the spring Wire (mm)
41
TABULATION: Applie d Load (Kg) Applied Load (N) Compression due to the load Mean Loading Unloading (mm) (mm) (mm) Modulus of rigidity C (N/mm2) Stiffness S (N/mm)
Sl. No
Mean
PROCEDURE: 1. Measure the diameter (d) of the spring bar forming the coil at 3 locations and take the average value as the diameter of the bar.
42
2. Determine the mean radius(r) of the spring, record the number of turns (n). Determine the pitch (p) of the spring and measure the free height of spring (h). 3. The compression spring is placed centrally on the bottom plate and the upper plate is lowered such that it just touches the upper plate . 4. The pointer on the dial is set to zero. The Load is gradually applied. 5. Note the deflections for both loading as well as Unloading. Calculate the average of the loads for the various deflections. 6. Unlock the testing machine and fix the spring in position. Make zero adjustment in the dial by adjusting the weight on the spring. 7. Apply the load slowly note the deflections for both loading and unloading by 20N steps. At least 6 readings have to be noted.
RESULT: 1. Stiffness of spring (S) i) From calculation ii) From graph 2. Modulus of rigidity (C) i) From calculation ii) From graph = ________ N/mm2 = ________ N/mm2 = ________ N/mm = ________ N/mm
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Exp. No : 10 Date :
TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
AIM: To conduct torsion test on mild steel specimens to find the following Modulus of rigidity Maximum Shear stress
44
APPARATUS REQUIRED: A torsion testing machine. Twist meter for measuring angles of twist A steel rule and Vernier Caliper or micrometer. THEORY: A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of modulus of rigidity of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out thought observations made during the experiment by using the torsion equation FORMULA USED: Torsion test of square rod 4.8 Tmax Maximum Shear stress = b3 5.5 T L Modulus of rigidity T C L b = = = = = = C = b4 Torque applied (Nmm) Modulus of rigidity (N/mm2) Angle of twist (radians) Gauge length (mm) Shear stress (N/mm2) width of the square rod (mm)
OBSERVATION:
Width of the square rod (b) Gauge length (L)
= =
mm mm
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TABULATION: Angle of S.No Twist (deg)
Tropotometer reading Kgf(cm)
Torque Nmm
Modulus of rigidity (C) N/mm2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PROCEDURE:
1. Select the driving dogs to suit the size of the specimen and clamp it in the machine by adjusting the length of the specimen by means of a sliding spindle. 2. Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average value. 3. Choose the appropriate range by capacity change lever 4. Set the maximum load pointer to zero.
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5. Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw. 6. Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction. 7. Load the machine in suitable increments. 8. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading. 9. Plot a torque- twist (T- ) graph. 10. Read off co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque twist (T- ) graph and calculate the value of C by using relation
RESULT:
Maximum shear stress =__________N/mm2
Modulus of rigidity C (From Calculation) =__________ N/mm2 Modulus of rigidity C (From Graph) =__________ N/mm2
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Exp. No: 11 Date :
EFFECT OF HARDENING IN IMPACT RESISTANCE OF STEEL
AIM: To determine the effect of hardening in impact resistance resistance of steel before and after hardening.
48
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Impact testing machine Furnace Vernier caliper Scale
PROCEDURE:
1. The hammer is raised and locked. 2. The pointer is set at maximum position of graduated energy of dial. 3. The safety load bar is placed horizontally arms of projecting bars. 4. The trigger is released and pendulum is allowed is to swing this actuates the pointer to more in the dial. 5. The specimen is placed in such a way that notch is opposite to the direction of the pendulum for contact centering of specimen the end stop is provided. 6. The latches are released and pendulum is allowed to strike on specimen or bending the specimen is noted in the dial. 7. Then the input energy required for the rapture of the specimen is directly measured on indicator. 8. Now another specimen is taken and kept into a furnace at 8500C to 9500C. 9. The specimen is the same piece is cooled suddenly in quenching media. 10. Now the variation in the input strength before and after hardening is studied.
OBSERVATION: Breadth of specimen (b):__________________ Depth of Specimen (d):___________________ Length of Specimen (L):___________________ Depth of notch (d1):______________________
49
TABULATION: Dimension of specimen Depth Depth of Breadth b Length L d notch d1 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Are of cross section A (mm2) Impact energy observed K (J) Impact strength I=K/A (J/m2)
Specimen
Before hardening After hardening
MODEL CALCULATION: Area of the cross section of specimen (A) = b (d -d1) mm2 Impact strength (I) = K/A J/m2
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RESULT: The charpy impact strength is calculated as, 1. The impact strength of the given specimen (Before hardening) = ________ J/m2 2. The impact strength of the given specimen (After hardening) = __________J/m2
51
Exp. No : 12 Date :
STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF HARDENED AND TEMPERED SAMPLES
AIM: To determine the microscopic examination of hardened and tempered samples (steel)
52
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Specimen Metallurgical microscope COMPOSITION:
C=0.6% Si=0.4% Mn=0.1% P=0.05% S=0.05%
Heat treatment: yes Mechanical treatment:: NIL
OBSERVATION: The structure contains tempered martensite. The given structure is identified as quenched and tempered steel.
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Exp. No : 13 Date :
STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF UNHARDENED SAMPLES
AIM: To determine the microscopic examination of unhardened samples (medium carbon steel)
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APPARATUS REQUIRED: Specimen Metallurgical microscope COMPOSITION:
C=0.6% Si=0.6% Mn=0.8% P=0.004% S=0.004%
Heat treatment: NIL Mechanical treatment: NIL
OBSERVATION: The structure contains pearlite and ferrite. The given structure is identified as medium carbon steel.
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ANNA UNIVERSITY - COIMBATORE

THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Name of the student: ______________________________________________ Register Number : ______________________________________________

Strength of Materials Lab

Prepared By Sasikumar.M & Sudhagar.M Department of Mechanical Engineering

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Strength of Materials Lab

Name of the experiment

Marks Obtai ned

Staff signat ure

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Total Number of Periods: P=45

Strength of Materials Lab

Exp. No: 1 Date :

TENSION TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD

Strength of Materials Lab

TABULATION: LOAD ( KN) EXTENSION STRESS (mm) (N/mm2)

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

TENSILE TESTING MACHINE

Strength of Materials Lab

S Ultimate Tensile strength B Fracture point

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Exp. No: 2 Date : AIM:

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Ultimate Shear Stress ( ) =

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Mild steel Rod

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Exp. No: 3 Date : AIM:

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON ALUMINIUM ROD

Ultimate Shear Stress ( ) =

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Exp. No: 4 Date AIM: :

IMPACT STRENGTH TEST (CHARPYS TEST)

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

Impact Strength I=k/A J / m2

The Kavery Engineering college

Strength of Materials Lab

The Kavery Engineering college

Name of the student: Register Number :