= (8)
Collecting the
m
terms to the right, we obtain the desired
expression of
m
in terms of the two desired states, that is
12
2
11
1
12 11
` `
1 1 1
x x x x x
m
m
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + (9)
Letting
12 11
`
1 1 1 1
x x x X
m
+ + = (10)
Eq. 9 can be written more compactly as
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
12
2
11
1
`
`
x x
X
m
(11)
Using Eqs. 6 and 7 to replace the currents, Eqs. 1 and 2 can
be expressed as integral equations in terms of the flux
linkages, that is
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
= dt
x
r w v
m
b b
11
1
1 1 1
(12)
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
= dt
x
r v
m
b b
12
2
2 2 2
`
`
` `
(13)
Collectively, Eqs. 6,7,11,12 and 13 form a basic dynamic
model of a two-winding transformer.
2.1 Core-Saturation Effect
Core saturation mainly affects the value of the mutual
inductance and, to a much lesser extent, the leakage
inductances. Though small, the effects of saturation on the
leakage reactances are rather complex and would require
constructional details of the transformer that are not
generally available. In many dynamic simulations, the
effect of core saturation may be assumed to be confined to
the mutual flux path. Core saturation behavior can be
determined from just the open-circuit magnetization curve
of the transformer. The open-circuit curve, such as that
shown in Fig. 2 is usually obtained by
plotting the measured rms value of the
terminal voltage against the no-load
current drawn on winding 1 when the
secondary terminal is open-circuited. The
effects of core saturation in a dynamic simulation have been
included after in corporating the relationship between
saturated and unsaturated values of the mutual flux linkage,
i.e. rewriting Eq. (5) as:
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
` ` i i x i i L
unsat
m
unsat
m b
unsat
m
+ = + = (14)
Similarly, in terms of the saturated flux linkages, the
saturated value of the winding currents can be expressed as:
11
1
1
x
i
sat
m
= (15)
823
12
2
2
`
`
`
x
i
sat
m
= (16)
Substituting the above expressions of
1
i and
2
` i in Eq. (14),
we obtain
12
2
11
1
`
`
x x x
sat
m
sat
m
unsat
m
unsat
m
+
=
(17)
Note that the values of
1
and
2
` in Eqs. 16 to 17 are
saturated values. Replacing
unsat
m
by
sat
m
+ and
collecting the
sat
m
terms, we obtain
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
unsat
m
sat
m
x x x
X
1 12
2
11
1
`
`
(18)
where the value of
M
x is as in Eq. 10 for the unsaturated
case, that is
12 11
`
1 1 1 1
x x x X
unsat
m
+ + = (19)
(a)Magnetization Curve (b) Saturated /unsaturated
flux linkage
Fig 2: Saturation characteristics
3. Results and Discussion
The model has been tested on single-phase transformer
[Appendix 1]. Simulation results as obtained as shown in
Fig. (4) to Fig. (5).
The parameters of a two-winding transformer have been
identified with the help of conventional test (i.e. open-
circuit and short-circuit test)
3.1 Short circuit test
As expected the referred short circuit voltage
2
` v is zero as
shown in Fig 4(b). And, the reduced voltage of 13 V(r.m.s.)
has been applied and rated current of 8.6 A is flowing
through the primary winding. (refer Fig. 4(c).
Fig. 4: Result of short circuit test(with saturation effect):
Fig. 5 : Result of open circuit test(with saturation effect):
3.2 Open Circuit test
It can be observed from the Fig 5(d) that the output current
2
` i is zero. And this is the required result from the open
circuit test.
The comparison of simulated and experimental results have
been given in table (all the quantities are in r.m.s. values):
824
Short circuit test Open circuit test
Items
Experimental Simulated Experimental
Simulate
d
Primary Voltage,
( ) v v
1
13.8 13.8 115V 115V
Secondary
referred voltage
( ) . . , `
2
s m r v v
0 0 115V 115V
Secondary
referred current
( ) . . , `
2
s m r A i
8.6 8.6 0 0
Table 1: Comparison of simulated and experimental results.
4. Conclusion
It is applied to a model of two winding transformer using
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. In this paper an effort
is made to propose a suitable approach for the simulation of
transformer including saturation effect. Close agreement
of simulated results with experimental results as obtained on
a test transformer proves the validity of proposed modeling.
This approach may be helpful to include the saturation
effect in other machines also.
5. Acknowledgement
The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to
H.C.T.M., Kaithal for the support. The author would like to
thank Dr. S.C. Gupta for his valuable suggestions.
6. References
1 Elleuch, M., and Poloujadoff, M.: A contribution
to the modeling of three phase transformers using
reluctances, IEEE Trans. on Magn.,
1996, 32, pp. 335343.
2 Ludwig, G.W., and El-Hamamsy, S.A.: Coupled
inductance and reluctance models of magnetic
Components, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1991,
6, pp. 240250.
3 Elleuch, M., and Poloujadoff, M.: Anisotropy in
three phase transformer circuit model, IEEE
Trans. Magn., 1997, 33, pp. 4319 4326.
4 de Leon, F., and Semlyen, A.: Efficient
calculation of elementary parameters of
transformers, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1992, 7,
pp. 427432.
5 Chua, L.O., and Stromsmoe, K.A.: Lumped-
circuit models for Nonlinear inductors Exhibiting
hysteresis loops, IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory, 1970,
17, pp. 564574
6 Neves, W.L., Dommel, H.W., and Xu, WILSUN:
Practical distribution transformer models for
harmonic studies, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.,
1995, 10, pp. 906912
7 Mork, B.A.: Five-legged wound-core transformer
model: derivation, parameters, implementation and
evaluation, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 1999, 14, pp. 15191526
8. Ong, C.M. :Dynamic simulation of Electric
machinery, Prantice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
NJ, 1998.
825
Appendix 1
Transformer data.
1KVA, 230/115V, 50Hz, Single phase core type
transformer.
Nomenclature
1
v ,
2
` v = primary applied voltage,
secondary referred voltage
1
i ,
2
` i = primary current, secondary
refereed current
1
r ,
2
` r = primary winding resistance,
secondary referred
resistance
b
w = base frequency
m
x = Mutual reactance
1 xl
,
2
` xl = primary winding reactance,
secondary referred
reactance
1
,
2
,
m
= primary, secondary and
mutual flux
linkage
unsat
m
,
unsat
m
L ,
unsat
m
x = unsaturated mutual flux
linkage, inductance and
reactance respectively
sat
m
= saturated mutual flux
linkage
= change in flux linkage