Lab report no.

MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LAB CHARPY IMPACT TEST

SUBMITTED TO:

Mr. Raees Fida Swati

SUBMITTED BY:

Rashid Mehmood Aero_09 100101005

Date of submission:29/03/2012

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Table of content

Topics

page no.

Abstract Objective Theory Methodology

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Procedure _____________________________________ Calculations_____________________________________ Result_____________________________________ Observations_____________________________________ Conclusion_____________________________________ General Precautions___________________________________ Safety precautions___________________________________ Feedback - Suggestions for improvement __________________

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Abstract:
Impact Tests
Impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly applied force. The test measures the impact energy, or the energy absorbed prior to fracture. The most common methods of measuring impact energy are the: Charpy Test Izod Test

Charpy impact test:

Tests related to charpy impact testing include: Hardness Test Hardness Rockwell Test Hardness Vickers Test Hardness Brinell Test

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the energy needed to fracture a material to measure the toughness of the material and the yield strength. to study the strain rate and analyzed for its effect on fracture. to determine the ductility of a material. the determination of notched bar impact work the Determination of notched bar impact strength Evaluation of fracture surface characteristics

Theory:
Ductile materials

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Extensive plastic deformation and energy absorption (toughness) before fracture Brittle materials Little plastic deformation and low energy absorption before fracture When a material completely fractures into pieces, we call this aBRITTLE FAILURE.When a material is subjected to an impact load and it dont break up completely rather some part of specimen remain attached i.e. it undergoes morePLASTIC DEFORMATION.

Impact Energy
Impact energy is a measure of the work done to fracture a test specimen.When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb energy until it yields. At this point, the specimen will begin to undergo plastic deformation at the notch. The test specimen continues to absorb energy and work hardens at the plastic zone at the notch. When the specimen can absorb no more energy, fracture occurs.

The Charpy Test

While most commonly used on metals, it is also used on polymers, ceramics and composites. The Charpy test is most commonly used to evaluate the relative toughness or impact toughness of materials and as such is often used in quality control applications where it is a fast and economical test. It is used more as a comparative test rather than a definitive test.

Yield Strength and Ductility

For a given material the impact energy will be seen to decrease if the yield strength is increased, i.e. if the material undergoes some process that makes it more brittle and less able to undergo plastic deformation. Such processes may include cold working or precipitation hardening.

Notches

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The notch serves as a stress concentration zone and some materials are more sensitive towards notches than others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore very important.

Temperature and Strain Rate

Most of the impact energy is absorbed by means of plastic deformation during the yielding of the specimen. Therefore, factors that affect the yield behaviour and hence ductility of the material such as temperature and strain rate will affect the impact energy. This type of behaviour is more prominent in materials with a body centred cubic structure, where lowering the temperature reduces ductility more markedly than face centred cubic materials.

Methodology:
Apparatus:
Impact tester Test specimen tray Specimen

Charpy Test Specimens

Charpy test specimens normally measure 55x10x10mm and have a notch machined across one of the larger faces. The notches may be: V-notch A V-shaped notch, 2mm deep, with 45 angle and 0.25mm radius along the base U-notch or keyhole notch A 5mm deep notch with 1mm radius at the base of the notch.

What Does the Charpy Test Involve?

The Charpy test involves striking a suitable test piece with a striker, mounted at the end of a pendulum. The test piece is fixed in place at both ends and the striker impactsthe test piece immediately behind aa machined notch.

Determination of Charpy Impact Energy:

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At the point of impact, the striker has a known amount of kinetic energy. The impact energy is calculated based on the height to which the striker would have risen, if no test specimen was in place, and this compared to the height to which the striker actually rises.Tough materials absorb a lot of energy, whilst brittle materials tend to absorb very little energy prior to fracture.

Factors Affecting Charpy Impact Energy

Factors that affect the Charpy impact energy of a specimen will include: Yield strength and ductility Notches Temperature and strain rateFracture mechanism

Procedure:
Adjust the zero point. Raise the pendulum to a specific height and lock it.so that it makes an angle a1with horizontal. Fit the notch specimen. Release the pendulum by pressing the lever. The pendulum breaks the specimen into two halves. The pendulum then swings up to a maximum height making angle a2with vertical. The scale shows the amount of energy (joules) of the impact.

Calculations:
Force=F= 20.5 N Length=L=38.5 cm Fracture Area=A= 18 Potential Energy of the system when released=K K=FL(1+sin(-90)) Potential Energy after impact=T T=FL(1-cos()) Energy consumed for fracture=E=K-T

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Impact strength=E/A

Readings:
Specimen

K(J)

T(J)

E (J)

E (J)

Fracture Area

Impact strength KJ/ 233.33

theoretical practical Mild Steel 1610 1120 15.00 10.8 4.50 4.20

)
18

Observations
From the results it is clear that the specimen fracture differently. The mild steel fracture but did not break completely and some part of the steel still attached therefore it behaves in the ductile manner. Moreover not observing the precautions of the experiment can cause serious injury.

Conclusion:
From the experiment we concluded that the mild steel undergoes ductile fracture. Greater energy is absorbed by mild steel which shows that it is more suitable to be use in the structural construction that expose to high load ie it has greater value of stiffness.

Result:
At low temperatures some metals that would be ductile at room temperature become brittle. This is known as a ductile to brittle transition. The ductile to brittle transition temperature is strongly dependant on the composition of the metal. Steel is the most commonly used metal that shows this behaviour.For some steels the transition temperature can be around 0C, and in winter the temperature in

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some parts of the world can be below this. As a result, some steelstructures are very likely to fail in winter.

Sources of error :
Imbalanced Machine andVibrations caused by motion Air resistance Machine resistance

Precautions:
Check two or more person that specimen is kept correctly. Keep away all the persons so that the pendulum doesnt hit them while working. Note the reading when the hammer is not moving. Proper knowledge should be learned before handling the apparatus

Suggestion for improvement :

There should be a protective case around the apparatus so that no body get go closer to it. For reading digital methods should be used.