William Roy S.

Agoncillo

Function of the Urinary System Once the food has reached the body systems, they are quickly used for energy. In the process, wastes materials are produced which need to be removed from the body. The solid waste material comes out through the anus, while the fluid material is eliminated through the urinary system.

Main function 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Excretion Regulation of blood volume and pressure Regulation of concentration of solutes in the blood Regulation of red blood cells synthesis Regulation of extracellular fluid pH Vitamin D synthesis

The Urinary System and Its Major Parts

1. Kidneys - two bean shaped organs about the size of a fist, they weigh about 5 ounces. They are located in the upper right and left back part of the abdominal cavity. Each kidney contains about 1,200,000 microscopic filters called nephrons. Nephrons are smaller than the smaller dots. The main function or the kidneys are to maintain the water balance and to eliminate waste materials from the blood. 2. Ureters the left and the right ureters are long muscular tubes. They are about 12 inches long with a diameter 2 to 3 millimeters. The ureters connect pelvis of each kidney to urinary bladder. They carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. 3. The Urinary Bladder the urinary bladder is a muscular sac that holds urine. It is located in front the pelvis and behind the pubis. As the bladder fills walls stretch signaling the desire to urinate. 4. The Urethra- the urethra is a muscular tube which carries urine from the bladder to the outside part of the body. In the female, it is a one inch long from the bladder to the cleft of the labia. In the male, it is several inches long from the prostate gland to the penis. When one is about to urinate, a value in the urethra relaxes to allow the urine to flow out. 5. Adrenal cortex - mediates the stress response through the production ofmineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgensynthesis.

6. Adrenal medulla - part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine(noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. 7. Internal urethral orifice is the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra. It is placed at the apex of the trigonum vesicae, in the most dependent part of the bladder, and is usually somewhat crescent-shaped; the mucous membraneimmediately behind it presents a slight elevation in males, the uvula vesicae, caused by the middle lobe of the prostate. 8. urethral sphincter - refers to one of two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra. The two muscles are the external urethral sphincter and the internal urethral sphincter. When either of these muscles contract, the urethra is sealed shut.

Bladder cancer is any of several types of malignancy arising from the epithelial lining (i.e. "the urothelium") of
the urinary bladder. The bladder is rarely involved by non-epithelial cancers (such as lymphoma or sarcoma) but these are not properly included in the colloquial term "bladder cancer." It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder.The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine; it is located in the pelvis. The most common type of bladder cancer recapitulates the normal histology of the urothelium and is known as transitional cell carcinoma.

Etiology Smoking can only partially explain this higher incidence in men. One other reason is that the androgen receptor, which is much more active in men than in women, plays a major part in the development of the cancer. The latency period of industrial exposure can be as long as 18-45 yrs of age. Industrial exposure to certain substances, such as analine dyes, asbestos and aromatic amines, may also result bladder cancer and artificial sweeteners.

Signs and Symptoms (clinical manifestation) Hematuria is the most frequently the first manifestation of bladder cancer, occurring in 85% of all cases. Disuria is pain while urinating.

Management Medical management Chemotherapy Administration - refers to the treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug or with a combination of such drugs into astandardized treatment regimen. Certain chemotherapy agents also have a role in the treatment of other conditions, includingankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. The most common chemotherapy agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, one of the main properties of most cancer cells. This means that chemotherapy also harms cells that divide rapidly under normal circumstances: cells in the bone marrow,digestive tract, and hair follicles.

Radiation therapy - is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of exposed tissue leading to cellular death. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through in order to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue. Besides the tumour itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radiologically involved with tumor, or if there is thought to be a risk of subclinical malignant spread. It is necessary to include a margin of normal tissue around the tumor to allow for uncertainties in daily set-up and internal tumor motion. These uncertainties can be caused by internal movement (for example, respiration and bladder filling) and movement of external skin marks relative to the tumor position.

Surgical management Transurethral resection of the prostate - a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. This is considered the most effective treatment for BPH. This procedure is done with spinal or general anesthetic. A triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. Outcome is considered excellent for 80-90% of BPH patients.

Ileal conduit urinary diversion - the ureters are surgically resected from the bladder and a ureteroenteric anastomosis is made in order to drain the urine into a detached section ofileum (a part of the small intestine). The end of the ileum is then brought out through an opening (a stoma) in the abdominal wall. The urine is collected through a bag that attaches on the outside of the body over the stoma. The bag must be periodically emptied of urine, and must be replaced every one or two days. Any period longer than this poses the risk of infection.