Laser Communication

PRESENTED BY,

TRISHA PAUL Dept. ECE(8th sem) Roll No. 08182003028 Reg. No. 081820110199

What Is Laser Communication?

Laser communications systems are wireless connections through the atmosphere. They work similarly to fiber optic links, except the fact that, in lasers, beam is transmitted through free space. A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process called stimulated emission. The term "laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

Light
Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of
Radiation

Free Space Laser Communication

Transmitting information via a laser beam
Video Data Sound

Terrestrial / Space based systems

010001100110 111011001111 001010000010 101110010001 111001011011

Properties of Laser Light

Laser light is very different from normal light.

Monochromatic: One specific wavelength (Color) determined by the

amount of energy released when the electron drops to a lower orbit.

Coherent: Organized -- each photon moves in step with the others. All of
the photons have wave fronts that launch in unison.

Directional: A laser light has a very tight beam and is very strong and
concentrated. A flashlight, on the other hand, releases light in many directions, and the light is very weak and diffuse. To make these three properties occur takes something called stimulated emission. This does not occur in ordinary flashlight -- in a flashlight, all of the atoms release their photons randomly. In stimulated emission, photon emission is organized.

DIFFERENT STEPS
A laser makes light by passing

electricity through a gas. This makes the gas emit (give out) light waves at a precise wavelength. The light waves bounce back and forth along a tube between two mirrors. This encourages the gas to give out more light exactly in step with the original light waves. It also amplifies (makes brighter) the beam of light

How Does the Transmitter? What is it Work?

The

transmitter involves:
Laser

Transmitter Signal Signal processing electronics

(analog/digital) Signal Laser Receiver modulator Laser (visible, near visible wavelengths)
laser

Modulation
AM
Easy with gas lasers, hard with diodes

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

PFM (Pulsed FM)
Potentially the highest bandwidth

(>100kHz)

What is the Receiver?

The

receiver involves:

Telescope (referred to as antenna) Signal processor Detector

-PIN diodes
-Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) -Single or multiple detectors

Often both ends will be equipped with a receiver and transmitter

Laser Diode
Laser Diodes include Photodiodes for feedback to insure consistent output

Types of Lasers
Lasers are designated by the type of lasing material employed:

Solid-state Lasers: Lasing Material Distributed in a Solid Matrix

ruby or Nd:YAG (Neodymium: Yttrium- Aluminum Garnet ;1,064 nm). lasers emit energy in the far-infrared, used for cutting.

Gas Lasers: He, HeNe, Most common gas lasers; visible red light. CO2 EXCIMER lasers: (the name is derived from the terms excited and
dimers) use reactive gases, such as chlorine and fluorine, mixed with inert gases such as Ar, Kr or Xe. When electrically stimulated, a pseudo molecule (dimer) is produced. When lased, the dimer produces light in the ultraviolet range.

Dye lasers: use complex organic dyes, such as rhodamine 6G, in

liquid solution or suspension as lasing media. They are tunable over a broad range of wavelengths.

Semiconductor lasers: diode lasers, are not solid-state lasers.

These electronic devices are generally very small and use low power. They may be built into larger arrays, such as the writing source in some laser printers or CD players.

Human Spectral Response

Laser Classes
Class I Sealed systems

Class IA- Output < 4.0 mW

Class II Output <1mW Class IIIa Output 1mW - 5mW

Class IIIb Output 5mW 500mW

Harmful to eyes, diffuse viewing OK

Class IV Output >500mW

Harmful to skin and eyes, diffuse viewing

hazardous

APPLICATIONS OF LASERS
In medical
Military

Industrial and commercial

Atmospheric In Space

 The

MEDICAL USE

HEART TREATMENT

use of lasers has revolutionized medicine.There are six different types of lasertissue interaction illustrated as:

(Heat,Photochemistry,Photoablation,Florescence,Ioniza tion).

The accuracy of the laser assures that only the

desired portion of a specimen is affected by the laser. The strength of the laser provides any medical treatment with adequate power to ablate the plaque. The efficiency of the laser provides a better medical treatment because it takes less repetitions of the treatment to complete the procedure. A laser beam fired into the heart can help people suffering from angina pectoris Lasers can be used to correct defects of the lens and cornea as well as repair tears and holes in the retina.

EYE TREATMENT

Industrial USE
MATERIAL PROCESSING

DRILLING

Laser cutting,
Laser welding, Laser brazing, Laser bending, Laser engraving
Blind hole obtained by using an excimer laser beam on CFC

or marking, Laser cleaning, weapons etc.

Passing hole obtained by using an excimer laser beam on CFC

IN MILITARY
Target designation and ranging, Defensive countermeasures,

Communications
Directed energy weapons.

LASER RANGEFINDER

Revolver equipped with laser sight.

COMMERCIAL USE

HP LaserJet 4200 series printer

Laser printer

Lasers used for visual effects during a musical performance.

Laser engraving

Atmospheric Use
Airborne Laser (ABL)

CAPABILITIES
Operates autonomously, above the clouds, outside the range of threat weapons but sufficiently close to enemy territory Engages early, destroying ballistic missiles in their boost phase of flight over launch area Cues and tracks targets, communicating with other joint theater assets for layered defense system

In Space
Two-way laser communication in space has long been a goal for NASA because it would enable data transmission rates that are 10 to 1,000 times higher than traditional radio waves. While lasers and radio transmissions both travel at light-speed, lasers can pack more data. It's similar to moving from a dial-up Internet connection to broadband.

The new communication system

Advantages over RF?

Bandwidth
for Laser Communication (LC) is 100 times greater than for

RF.

Power
in LC is directed at target, so much less transmission

power required. Also the power loss is less.

Size / Weight
LC antenna is much smaller than RF.

Security
Due to low divergence of laser beam, LC is more secure

than RF.

THANK YOU