Frequency Selective Surfaces

Design and Analysis using the Ansoft Product Suite Richard Remski, Brian Gray, Liza Ma Ansoft Application Engineering Staff

Presentation #4

Outline
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Introduction
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FSS applications Definition, types, and characteristics Traditional analysis techniques Ansoft Designer EM Ansoft HFSS Optimization/Parameterization Non-planar FSSs

Planar FSS Analysis

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3D FSS Analysis Using Ansoft HFSS

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System Simulation Using FSSs References

What is an FSS?
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A Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is any surface construction designed as a filter for plane waves
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Evolution from Radar Cross Section (RCS) Angular/frequency dependence Band pass/band stop behavior Typically narrow band Periodic, typically in two dimensions Element type: dielectric or metallic/circuit Element shape, size, loading Element spacing and orientation

FSS Characteristics
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FSS Degrees of Freedom

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Some different types of planar FSS circuit Some different types of planar FSS circuit elements. Source: Reference [1] elements. Source: Reference [1]

FSS Applications
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Traditional Applications
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Radomes Dichroic subreflectors Reflect array lenses RFID tags Collision avoidance RCS augmentation Robotic guided paths EMI protection Photonic bandgap structures Waveguide or cavity controlled coupling Low-probability of intercept systems (e.g. stealth)

More Recent Applications

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The Ohio State University Center for Intelligent The Ohio State University Center for Intelligent Transportation Research (CITR) used an FSS embedded in Transportation Research (CITR) used an FSS embedded in a road stripe as a lane locator for a autonomous vehicle a road stripe as a lane locator for a autonomous vehicle demonstration system. (pictures: Reference [2]) demonstration system. (pictures: Reference [2])

FSS are used in dish antenna dichroic feeds & avionics FSS are used in dish antenna dichroic feeds & avionics antenna applications antenna applications 4

FSS Definitions and Types

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Planar FSSs w Printed circuits on substrates w Loaded or unloaded elements w Single or multi-layer Non-Planar FSSs w Periodic dielectric shapes w Cross-layer connected elements w Photonic bandgap (PBG) structures Circuit-equivalent effects w Band pass w Band stop

Unloaded (left) and Loaded (right) FSS circuit elements. Unloaded (left) and Loaded (right) FSS circuit elements. Loading is also accomplished in some cases by element Loading is also accomplished in some cases by element packing. (Reference [1]) packing. (Reference [1])

Dielectric Grid FSS (left) and Hexagonal mushroom Dielectric Grid FSS (left) and Hexagonal mushroom Sievenpiper PBG (right, design from Reference [3]) Sievenpiper PBG (right, design from Reference [3]) 5

Cost of Traditional FSS Design

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Periodic Moment Method (PMM) w Method-of-Moments in combination with array theory w Plane Wave Expansion technique w Specific MoM code limitations
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Substrates Element type/shape Incidence angle

Anechoic Chamber testing, even in small-scale near field Anechoic Chamber testing, even in small-scale near field ranges, is time consuming and costly ranges, is time consuming and costly

Waveguide Simulation Limitations w Unit cell analysis w Discrete incidence angles w Enforced polarizations Fabrication & Measurement w Difficult w Expensive
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Cost Time

Waveguide simulation limits analysis of behavior vs. Waveguide simulation limits analysis of behavior vs. incidence angle, which is a major design challenge for most incidence angle, which is a major design challenge for most FSS types. FSS types.

Ansoft DesignerTM Planar EM - FSS Analysis Made Easy

Ansoft Designer
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Automates planar FSS analysis

Ansoft Designer Planar EM formerly Ansoft EnsembleTM Feature Highlights
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Integrated PMM solver Full model parameterization Automated parameter sweeps Mixed-meshing capabilities Automated transmission and reflection calculation Circuit and EM Integration Variable source angle

Ansoft DesignerTM Planar EM FSS Setup Procedure

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Define Design Parameters Create stackup layers

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Ground planes Traces Dielectrics Slots Traces Size Skew Theta Phi

Draw FSS element(s)

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Define unit cell

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Define plane wave incidence

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Discretize geometry Setup solution information

Drawing FSS Element/Unit Cell

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Dynamic Drawing Interface Slot FSS Elements

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Cross slot drawn on ground layer Cross slot drawn on ground layer becomes hole in solid plane becomes hole in solid plane

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Slots drawn/meshed on ground plane layers Magnetic currents calculated Efficient compared to meshing metal Elements drawn/meshed on signal layers Electric current calculated

Metallic FSS Elements

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Crows Foot Tripole Drawn on Trace Crows Foot Tripole Drawn on Trace Layer becomes Band-reject trace Layer becomes Band-reject trace element (easily drawn as one rectangle, element (easily drawn as one rectangle, rotated and copied twice, then united). rotated and copied twice, then united). Inductive grid with central ring resonator Inductive grid with central ring resonator (For Ground layer drawing, mesh shows (For Ground layer drawing, mesh shows where metal should be omitted. Outer red where metal should be omitted. Outer red outline indicates Array unit cell size.) outline indicates Array unit cell size.)

Use Most Efficient Element Type

Full Model Parameterization

Project Variables are assigned via Project Variables are assigned via right-click from the Design Tree, right-click from the Design Tree, and afterwards are visible in the and afterwards are visible in the Properties window anytime the Properties window anytime the Project Name is highlighted. Project Name is highlighted.

Ansoft Designer Project Variables

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Full model parameterization Sweep:

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Incidence angle Scan angle Frequency, Parameterization Optimization Sensitivity Analysis

Once created, variables can be Once created, variables can be assigned to array setup, layer assigned to array setup, layer stackup, plane wave angles, as well stackup, plane wave angles, as well as more traditional parametrical as more traditional parametrical features like materials and geometric features like materials and geometric objects. objects.

Define variables for:

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Axial versus Skewed FSSs

Axial
Ansoft DesignerTM Planar EM allows axial and skewed arrays to be easily defined.

Skewed

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Define Unit Cell & Plane Wave Excitation

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Define Incident Wave

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Plane Wave Excitation

Plane of incidence phi, theta TE and TM polarizations computed automatically Center location Cell size Lattice skew angle Scan angle
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Infinite Array and Plane Wave Excitation Infinite Array and Plane Wave Excitation Settings available right from the Toolbar Settings available right from the Toolbar

Define Rectangular Unit Cell

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Plane Wave Excitation Dialog (Note: Variable Friendly!) Plane Wave Excitation Dialog (Note: Variable Friendly!)

Infinite Arrays FSSs

Infinite Array Setup Dialog, Infinite Array Setup Dialog, permitting skewed as well as permitting skewed as well as rectangular lattices (Also Variable rectangular lattices (Also Variable Friendly!) Friendly!)

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Planar FSS Case 1:

Gangbuster Array
Dx Dz lattice provides the basis for the Gangbuster Element Dx Dz lattice provides the basis for the Gangbuster Element

Gangbuster
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Linear dipole array Band-pass surface Parameterize Dx, Dz, order n, and dipole width w

Dz
n=1

2Dz Dx
n=2

Dx

3Dz
n=3

Dx
By setting the start point of an element at (x,z) and the By setting the start point of an element at (x,z) and the endpoint at (x+Dx,z+nDz), many different element lengths endpoint at (x+Dx,z+nDz), many different element lengths and packings are possible with the same overall lattice and packings are possible with the same overall lattice repeat. repeat. All drawings adapted from Figures in Reference [1] All drawings adapted from Figures in Reference [1]

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Planar FSS Case 1: Parameterized Gangbuster

Fully Parameterized Ansoft Designer EM circuit
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Parametric solution vs. frequency shown for one design

Library of possible configurations using a single model

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Response for n=2 Gangbuster shown

Results match published expectations

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Reference [1] identical results plotted, Fig 2.3

The lattice, order, and line width can all be varied with a The lattice, order, and line width can all be varied with a few central Project Variables to permit analysis of any few central Project Variables to permit analysis of any similar Gangbuster element. Or, a parametric sweep can similar Gangbuster element. Or, a parametric sweep can generate and maintain results for many variations at once. generate and maintain results for many variations at once.

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Planar FSS Case 1: Additional Gangbusters

Raising the order (n) of the Gangbuster Raising the order (n) of the Gangbuster decreases resonance frequency and decreases resonance frequency and sharpens the response sharpens the response

(Compare to Reference [1], Figure 2.5) 2.5)

n=3Gangbuster results n=3 toGangbusterresults (Compare Reference [1], Figure

n=4 Gangbuster results n=4 Gangbuster results (Compare to Reference [1], Figure (Compare to Reference [1], Figure 2.6) 2.6)

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Planar FSS Case 2: Double-Ring FSS

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Skewed FSS grid, analyzed for transmission VS frequency, off-normal incidence

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Fixed angle of incidence Compares well to literature [2] Metal extends beyond unit cell outline
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Measured and Analytical Results Measured and Analytical Results from Reference [4] from Reference [4]

Legal provided metal does not overlap when arrayed

Double Ring FSS, showing Ensemble Solver mesh Double Ring FSS, showing Ensemble Solver mesh in Ansoft Designer in Ansoft Designer 16

Planar FSS Case 3: Sievenpiper PBG

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Ansoft HFSS FSS simulation capability documented during 2000 Ansoft Roadshow Analysis using Ansoft Designer Planar EM
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Efficient results compared to measurements [3] Automated reflectionphase calculation

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Who put the FSS in HFSS?

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Planar FSS structures may be solved in HFSS

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Incident waves, periodic boundaries are features present since 2000 Ansofts phased-periodic boundaries permit off-normal analysis, unlike less general wraparound boundaries
Reference [5] Reference [5]

Different PBG and FSS structures analyzed successfully since Version 7

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Ansoft technical staff have published papers on these applications References at right may be obtained from our website or applications staff

Reference [6] Reference [6] 18

Planar FSS in HFSS: Ring FSS

Single Screen Rings. TE Case, Theta = 45 Deg Single Screen Rings. TE Case, Theta = 45 Deg

HFSS unit cell model requires air above/below the cell, as well as a terminating layer
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Standard radiation boundary acceptable for normal incidence Perfectly Matched Layer for offnormal incidence studies

Transmission Loss/dB Transmission Loss/dB

Planar ring resonator FSS modeled using HFSS

0 0 -5 -5

-10 -10 -15 -15 -20 -20 -25 -25 -30 -30 -35 -35 0 0

Measured Measured HFSS 8 HFSS 8

2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14

Frequency/GHz Frequency/GHz

Transmission and Reflection Coefficients calculated using Field Post-processing Results Plotted via Macro and compared to reference

Ring Inner Diameter: 5.6 mm Ring Inner Diameter: 5.6 mm Ring Outer Diameter: 6.1 mm Ring Outer Diameter: 6.1 mm Dielectric Thickness: 0.64 mm Dielectric Thickness: 0.64 mm Cell Size 7.24 mm Cell Size 7.24 mm Dielectric Constant: r = 11 Dielectric Constant: r = 11 FSS Design and Measured FSS Design and Measured Results from Reference [7] Results from Reference [7]

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Non-Planar FSS Structures

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Some FSS or PBG structures are constructed of periodic-defect or woodpile dielectrics

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Ansoft Designer Planar EM no longer appropriate due to 3D dielectric properties HFSS 3D analysis required
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Deformed dielectric lattices at top Deformed dielectric lattices at top (Reference [8] FSS, left and Reference (Reference [8] FSS, left and Reference [9] PBG, right) and a woodpile dielectric [9] PBG, right) and a woodpile dielectric stackup PBG at bottom (Reference [10]) stackup PBG at bottom (Reference [10])

Solve with dispersion curve analysis, direct-transmission with waveguide simulations, or reflection analysis, as described in [5] and [6].

Planar FSSs used in 3D applications may also require HFSS

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FSS in HFSS: 3D FSS Applications

Analysis of an FSS used as one wall of a dual-band waveguide structure is only possible in full 3D Field Solvers
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The FSS layer behaves as a transparent wall at the frequency of the overall WG, allowing a TE01 mode, while providing a conductive wall for higher-frequency propagation of an orthogonal WG mode in the isolated rectangular section.

Design per Reference [11]

An FSS curled around a dielectric rod forms this conceptual wireless application antenna
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Design per Reference [12]

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HFSS Case 1: Periodic Dielectric Example

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This periodic dielectric lattice FSS is solved for normal and oblique incidence using a unitcell approach in HFSS Results matched well with the data in reference [8], as shown.

Dielectric blocks are 1 x 1 x 0.2 cm, Dielectric blocks are 1 x 1 x 0.2 cm, spaced 2 cm apart. Blocks have r=10, spaced 2 cm apart. Blocks have r=10, surrounding layer r=4. Tested for surrounding layer r=4. Tested for normal and 30 degree incidence angles normal and 30 degree incidence angles from 10 12 GHz. from 10 12 GHz.

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HFSS Case 2: Loaded, Perforated Metal FSS

Another form of FSS used in avionics applications due to higher strength is the perforated metal plate [13]
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The holes are loaded with a dielectric, which also provides a pressure seal Material choice, hole diameter and spacing, and metal thickness all influence transmission.

A solid metal plate perforated with A solid metal plate perforated with holes filled (incompletely) with a holes filled (incompletely) with a dielectric filler having r=11. Green dielectric filler having r=11. Green slabs top and bottom of image are slabs top and bottom of image are perfectly matched layers (PMLs) perfectly matched layers (PMLs) while gray planes are for data while gray planes are for data extraction. extraction.

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HFSS Case 3: Square-loop FSS on Rod Antenna

Dielectric rod r=2, radius 7.5 mm. Dielectric rod r=2, radius 7.5 mm. Square-loop patches are 9 mm Square-loop patches are 9 mm outer length with 0.6 mm widths, outer length with 0.6 mm widths, spaced 3.5 mm apart in both the spaced 3.5 mm apart in both the circumferential and axial directions. circumferential and axial directions.

Dielectric rod antenna[12] analyzed using HFSS

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Match to circular waveguide input port shown. Antenna patterns conform to reference expectations, showing that the FSS will squint the main lobe from the vertical

9 GHz Antenna Gain, 9 GHz Antenna Gain, showing pattern squinted showing pattern squinted toward FSS elements toward FSS elements (only 2 columns) (only 2 columns) 24

HFSS Case 3: Anisotropic Substrate FSS

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Anisotropic substrates require HFSS

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Design contains loaded tripoles in a triangular array, arranged on both isotropic and anisotropic layers [14] Hexagonal unit-cell design created using HFSS.
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Sides are linked boundaries Top and bottom terminated with PML surfaces

Tripoles have arm lengths of 9 mm, Tripoles have arm lengths of 9 mm, trace widths of 0.5 mm, with inner trace widths of 0.5 mm, with inner spacing (opening width) of 3 mm. spacing (opening width) of 3 mm. The are arranged in an equilateralThe are arranged in an equilateraltriangle periodicity with period of triangle periodicity with period of 16.5 mm. Substrate thickness is 6 16.5 mm. Substrate thickness is 6 mm, material characteristics to mm, material characteristics to follow. follow. 25

HFSS Case 3: Aniso Substrate FSS Results

3 0 0 r = 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 r = 0 10 0 0 0 3

Theoretical Single Freq Adapt Adapt at each Frequency

Theoretical curves extracted from Theoretical curves extracted from Reference [14]. Reference [14].

Theoretical Adapt at each Freq

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System-Level Impact of FSS

FSS transmission and reflection coefficients incorporated directly into communication system analysis
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Ansoft Designer system simulation

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FSS Reflection & Transmission Analogous to Two Port Scattering Matrix

Plane Wave Excitations dont Plane Wave Excitations dont provide port information for black provide port information for black boxes! boxes!

Generate Data Table

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Select reflection & transmission coefficients for desired polarization Copy to file saves resulting data table Modify to create S2P file format

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System-level FSS:

Create a circuit parameter file

Original Data Table output shown in Original Data Table output shown in back, with modified file format shown back, with modified file format shown in Front. Only the header and in Front. Only the header and linefeed formatting are different. linefeed formatting are different.

With some edits to the line-feed format and the header, you can re-save this data table as a S2P file

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System-level FSS: Create FSS Circuit Element

Create FSS circuit element using:

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Ansoft DesignerTM
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EM Circuit System

N-port circuit element referenced to *.s2p data file

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System-level FSS: Solve!

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System-level simulation including FSS impacts

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Propagation Propagation Distance Distance

Example at right shows FSS added in the link path between two parabolic dish antennas

Antenna Antenna

Antenna Antenna FSS Black Box, FSS Black Box, containing full containing full complex complex reflection and reflection and transmission transmission coefficients coefficients

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Conclusion
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Historical FSS Analysis

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Much theoretical/measurement expertise required Long and costly build/test cycle Commercial Design Tools Available Planar and 3D EM, circuit/system capabilities
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Modern FSS Design

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Fully paramaterizable geometries, materials, analyses Automated analyses, sweeps, optimization, postprocessing Integrated design environment with EM, circuit and system analyses Flexible geometry types/shapes and array configuration Efficient design flow

Ansoft Products applied in this presentation

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Ansoft DesignerTM Planar EM Ansoft HFSS Ansoft DesignerTM circuit/system

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References
1. 2. 3. Ben A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000, ISBN 0-471-37047-9 The OSU Autonomous Vehicle Website, Ohio State University Center for Intelligent Traffic Research (CITR), http://eewww.eng.ohio-state.edu/citr/Demo97/osu-av.html D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. F. J. Broas, N. G. Alexpolous, and E. Yablanovitch, HighImpedance Electromagnetic Surfaces with a Forbidden Frequency Band, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol 47, Number 11, November 1999, pp. 2059-2074. T. K. Wu and S. W. Lee, Multiband Frequency Selective Surface with Multiring Patch Elements, IEEE Transations on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 42, Number 11, November 1994, pp. 1484-1490 I. Bardi, R. Remski, D. Perry and Z. Cendes, "Plane Wave Scattering from Frequency Selective Surfaces by the Finite Element Method", COMPUMAG Conference Proceedings, Evian France, July 2001 R. Remski, Analysis of Photonic Bandgap Surfaces using Ansoft HFSS, Microwave Journal, September, 2000 J. Huang, Te-Kao Wu and Shun-Wu Lee, Tri-Band Frequency Selective Surface with Circular Ring Elements, IEEE Trans A&P, Vol. 42 No. 2, Feb, 1994, pp. 166-175

4.

5.

6. 7.

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References
8. 9. T. F. Eibert, J. L. Volakis, D.R. Wilton and D.R. Jackson, Hybrid FE/BI Modeling of 3-D Doubly Periodic Structures Utilizing Triangular Prismatic Elements and an MPIE Formulation Accelerated by the Ewald Transformation, IEEE Trans. On Ant. Propagat., Vol. 47, May 1999, pp 843-850 John D. Shumpert, William J. Chappell, and Linda P. B. Katehi, Parallel-Plate Mode Reduction in Conductor-Backed Slots Using Electromagnetic Bandgap Substrates, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol 47, Number 11, November 1999, pp. 2099-2104 R. Gonzalo, C. Sagaseta, I. Ederra, B. Martinez, H.P.M. Pellemans, P. Haring-Bolivar, C. Mann, and P. deMaagt, The Effect of a Woodpile Photonic Crystal at Sub-millimetre Wave Frequencies used as Substrate in a Dipole Configuration, Proceedings of 24th ESTEC Antenna Workshop on Innovative Periodic Antennas, June 2001 R. J. Langley, A Dual-Frequency Band Waveguide Using FSS, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, Vol 3, Number 1, January 1993, pp 9 - 10 Cox, G.J.; Zorzos, K.; Seager, R.D.; Vardaxoglou, J.C., Study of frequency selective surface (FSS) resonator elements on a circular dielectric rod antenna for mobile communications, Antennas and Propagation, 2001. Eleventh International Conference on (IEE Conf. Publ. No. 480) , Volume: 2 , 2001, pp. 758 -761 FSS Geometry provided to Ansoft by Dr. Youseff Kalatisadeh, ERA Technology Ltd., Surrey, UK. (Prior text source not known to presentation authors.) G. Kristensson, M. Akerberg, and S. Poulsen, Scattering from a Frequency Selective Surface supported by a Bianisotropic Substrate, Publication of the Dept. of Electroscience and Electromagnetic Theory, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden, Code LUTEDX/(TEAT-7085)/1-28/(2000), Revision 1, Jan 2001

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11. 12.

13. 14.

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