Gary Bowen - DT164 Thesis (Draft Oct 16) v5

Dublin Institute of Technology
Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction ................................................................................................... 4
1.1.0 Definition of BIM .......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.0 Introduction to the Use of BIM ...................................................................................... 5 1.3.0 Importance of BIM ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Importance to the Construction Industry & Building Users ............................................... 6 1.3.2 Importance of BIM for Quantity Surveyors ........................................................................ 7 1.X.0 Research Questions, Aims & Objectives......................................................................... 8 1.X.0 Rationale for the Research ............................................................................................ 8 1.X.0 Limitations / Scope of The Study ................................................................................... 9 1.X.0 Synopsis ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.X.0 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2 Literature Review......................................................................................... 10

2.1.0 Use of BIM in the Construction Industry ...................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Use of BIM by Different Disciplines .................................................................................. 11 2.1.1 Use of BIM for Different Project Types ............................................................................ 11 2.1.2 Use of BIM for Different Project Sizes .............................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Use of BIM for Different Procurement Paths ................................................................... 11 Refer to Chapter 4 for Industry surveys regarding adoption and use of BIM................................ 12 2.2.0 BIM Dimensions ......................................................................................................... 13 2.3.0 BIM for Cost Consultants ................................................................................................ 14 2.4.0 BIM for Contractors Surveyors .................................................................................... 15 2.6.0 Value of BIM and Return on Investment .......................................................................... 17 2.7.0 Value by Project Phase for AEC Firms.......................................................................... 18 2.7.1 Project Phases where Quantity Surveyors Benefit from BIM .......................................... 19 2.8.0 Barriers to Implementing BIM and Non-BIM Users....................................................... 23 2.8.1 Non-BIM Users.................................................................................................................. 23 Other reasons for companies not implementing BIM includes the lack of sufficient time to evaluate it (49%) and software being too expensive (41%). Non-users also believe that their clients are not using BIM, with 87% believing that clients are using it on 15% or less of projects. As BIM is not fully embraced in Europe, some companies do not see a threat from not implementing BIM. ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.8.2 Barriers, Challenges and Obstacles to Implementing BIM ............................................... 23 2.8.3 The Mis-Information of BIM ............................................................................................. 24 2.8.4 Perception of Spending More on I.T. and Technology ..................................................... 25 2.9.0 BIM and The Cloud ..................................................................................................... 26 2.9.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing..................................................................................... 26 2.9.2 Cloud Computing Case Study ........................................................................................... 27 2.10.0 Interoperability & BIM Standards .............................................................................. 30 2.10.1 Interoperability ............................................................................................................... 30 2.10.2 BIM Standards ................................................................................................................ 30
buildingSMART alliance Seeks Industry Input on National BIM Standard ......................... 31

Gary Bowen Draft Thesis Page | 1
Dublin Institute of Technology 2.11.0
Literature Review Summary ...................................................................................... 34
Chapter 3 - Methodology ................................................................................................ 35 Use of BIM in Western Europe & North America Industries ............................................. 42 In the Western European findings, 70% of BIM experts report being heavy users, meaning more than 60% of a users project portfolio involves BIM. This is in line with North American experts, of whom 67% are heavy users. ........................................................................... 43 Industry Study - Use of BIM by Different Disciplines ........................................................ 46 Contractors Experiences of BIM ...................................................................................... 47 BIM Attitudes Amongst Non-Users ................................................................................. 48 Industry Attitudes of Barriers and Obstacles to BIM Adoption ......................................... 50 Industry Experience of BIM Value and Return on Investment .......................................... 52 Industry Proposed Methods to Improve BIM .................................................................. 58 Industry Attitudes of the Future of BIM .......................................................................... 60
McGraw-Hills Construction Survey showed that a third of BIM adoption in Western Europe (34%) occurred over 5 years ago. Since that time BIM adoption has steadily grown - averaging slightly more than 10% each of the subsequent years. In the past year however, there has been a slight surge, with nearly 20% of adoption taking place since early 2009. ................................. 60 Of the BIM adopters, 46% of European users have adopted it within the last three years, this can be compared with 66% in North America. While 59% of users employ BIM frequently on their projects today (>30% of projects), the number using it at that level could increase to 76% in the next two years. ................................................................................................................... 60 2.6.1 University of Southern California Survey on BIM ROI ...................................................... 62 2.6.2 BIM Implementation Costs ............................................................................................... 64 2.6.3 Return on Investment - Conclusion .................................................................................. 64
CITA Irish Survey on BIM................................................................................................. 65 Industry Software ........................................................................................................... 66

2.5.0 BIM Technology and Software..................................................................................... 66 2.5.1 Software Used by the AEC Industry and Quantity Surveyors ........................................... 66 2.5.2 Tasks AEC Companies use BIM Software For ................................................................... 67 2.4.3 BIM Quantity Takeoff Software for Quantity Surveyors .................................................. 67 2.5.4 BIM Software Licence Costs ............................................................................................. 68 2.5.5 BIM Software Available for Quantity Surveyors ............................................................... 69 2.5.6 Computer Operating Systems .......................................................................................... 71
Industry view on Requirements for Implementing BIM ................................................... 72 Future Outlook / Potential Adoption Drivers................................................................... 72 Chapter 5 - BIM Implementation Case Study ................................................................... 73 Chapter 6 - Analysis of Findings ...................................................................................... 75
Gary Bowen Draft Thesis
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Chapter 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 76 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 77 References ..................................................................................................................... 79
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
For many years, the construction industry has been viewed as being inefficient (Eastman, et al. 2008). This inefficiency not only stretches from the early concept stage to the construction stage, but can also continue throughout the life of the building. As Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the ability to improve the efficiency at the various pre and post contract stages of a project, this thesis will analyse the benefits of BIM to Quantity Surveyors and will also look at the cost aspects / return on investment of BIM on construction projects.
1.1.0
Definition of BIM
The National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee define BIM as: A digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition. The fundamental premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. Jim Bedrick (Director of Systems Integration) argues that any definition for BIM should be based upon function as: BIMs value is not simply as a better drafting tool, but as an enabler of significant process improvement in the design and construction of buildings. BIM is a disruptive technology that is transforming many of the traditional processes for quantity surveyors. BIM also invites strategic re-thinking of processes and production to achieve a quantity surveyors three-part goal of cost, quality and time: Cost: Due to better coordination and collaboration within the project team, the project will benefit from a reduction in design change requests. In addition to this, cost planning and reporting takes less time with 5D quantity-take off and estimating tools. Quality: As there is more knowledge about the building earlier in the life cycle regarding 3D visualisation, 4D planning, 5D costing information and 6D sustainability performance, the building can be built to a higher standard and at reduced costs to traditionally built buildings. Time: With 4D software and processes, BIM projects benefit from faster procurement, increased use of pre-fabricated building components and off-site construction, which leads to earlier project completion dates.
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1.2.0
Introduction to the Use of BIM
Although there are published facts and figures that BIM processes and technology improve the efficiency and reduce costs on construction projects, the construction industry has yet to embrace the full capacity of BIM. Based upon separate studies by McGraw-Hill Construction, Architosh, and Gilligan and Kunz, North American construction companies used BIM on approximately one-third of projects in 2007. In 2010, this figure has increased to approximately half of projects in North America. There is currently no reports carried out as to the use of BIM in Ireland, although [MAYBE IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE?!?] [ALSO MAYBE ALSO CHECK BACK WITH THE CITA EIN GROUP IN NOVEMBER?]. The author notes however that surveys from software companies such as Architosh or Autodesk may have alternative or profit-making motives, and therefore may not be an accurate representation of the use of BIM. The use of BIM is discussed in further detail in Chapter 2, Section 2.1.1.
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1.3.0
Importance of BIM
1.3.1 Importance to the Construction Industry & Building Users

In a 2010 article entitled 4D, 5D, 6D BIM, Peter Cholakis, Senior Consultant at RS Means, defines why BIM is important for each discipline related to the building:
Discipline Owners / Developers Planners / An Bord Pleanla Real Estate Companies Valuers Mortgage Bankers Designers Engineers Cost Estimating Specifiers Contracts & Lawyers Importance of BIM High level summary information about their facilities, planning, budgeting and decision support. Existing information about physical site and program needs
Information about a site or facility to support purchase or sale Information about the facility to support valuations Information about demographics, corporations, and viability Planning and site information Electronic model to import design & analysis software Electronic model to obtain accurate quantities and share comparables Intelligent objects from which to specify & link to later phases More accurate legal descriptions as well as more accurate to defend or on which to base litigation Construction Contractors Intelligent objects for bidding and ordering and a place to store gained information Sub-Contractors Clearer communication and same support for contractors Fabricators Can use intelligent model for numerical controls for fabrication Code Officials Code checking software can process model faster & more accurately Facility Managers Provides product, warranty and maintenance information Maintenance & Sustainment More easily identify, track, budget, and schedule; repair, replacement, maintenance needs Renovation & Restoration More easily identify, track, budget, and schedule capital reinvestment requirements. Disposal & Recycling Better knowledge potential reuse / adaptation. Scoping, Testing, Simulation Electronically build facility and eliminate conflicts, simulate growth needs. Safety & Occupational Health Knowledge of what materials are in used in building Environmental / An Taisce Improved information for environmental impact analysis Plant Operations 3D visualisation of processes Sustainability, Energy, BER, Optimised energy analysis including energy and condition analyses BREEAM, LEAD concurrently. Space & Security 3D objects provide better understanding of usage, flow and security issues. Risk Management Better understanding of potential risks and how to avoid them Occupant Support Better wayfinding and visibility into availability. An Garda Sochna / Fire Services Timely and more accurate information for first responders.
Without prejudice to the above benefits, this thesis is more concerned with the importance of BIM solely to a quantity surveyor, although the surveyor must still be aware of the benefits a complete model can bring to the various parties involved. The following page illustrates in more detail specifically why BIM is important for quantity surveyors.
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1.3.2 Importance of BIM for Quantity Surveyors

The below is a non-exhaustive list of why BIM is important for estimators, and consultant / contractor quantity surveyors. This list comes from a combined and large range of sources, those of which can be viewed in the References section of this thesis.
Stages Benefits at all stages Importance of BIM to Surveyors & Estimators Clients are demanding more in less time Need for estimators & quantity surveyors to be more efficient Less repetitive and mundane work Increased cost efficiency and reduced cost spending on projects BIM promotes earlier collaboration of multiple disciplines BIM promotes coordination of subcontractors & services Increased demand for the use of I.T. by surveyors Reduction in software, hardware, broadband & storage costs Quantity surveyors can work together from different cities & offices Reduction in paper, printing & distribution costs Allows for efficient error checking More accurate and quicker cost plans / estimates Model elements can be linked to cost database Ability to view 3D model as it develops in to 4D & 5D model At concept stage, surveyor has a better understanding of building shape and function Improved energy efficiency / sustainability (Useful for life-cycle costing estimates or 6D requirements) Procurement can be synchronised with design and construction Design errors and omissions can be discovered before construction (clash detection) Reduced tending & procurement costs for both estimators & consultants
Concept & Pre-Contract Stage
Post-Contract & Construction Stage
Reduced turnaround for interim valuations (measures of work done to date etc) Reduction in programme duration Reduced changes to design once project is on site Surveyor can react quicker to design team change requests Design and construction planning (4D) can be synchronised Reduced time for final re-measures of provisional quantities
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1.X.0
Research Questions, Aims & Objectives
The purpose of this thesis is to carry out research on : the use and cost benefits of BIM on construction projects from a quantity surveyors perspective In order to carry out this research effectively, the author has identified the following aims and objectives: 1. Investigation into the use of BIM in the construction sector. 2. To identify particular software packages available for the construction sector, and to explain their technologies and functions. 3. To examine the advantages and disadvantages of BIM to a surveyor at the various pre & post contract stages in a project: 4. To demonstrate, by means of a BIM Implementation case study, the current ways in which BIM and innovation is used by surveyors in the construction industry and to discover any new ways in which BIM processes and technologies could be improved for quantity surveyors.
1.X.0
Rationale for the Research
The author noted in his thesis proposal (Submitted to the Department of the Built Environment at Dublin Institute of Technology in May 2010) that much of the research for Building Information Modelling has been carried out by designers and software companies. Alot of the case studies and reports focus on the benefits from a design perspective, and limited information is available on the return on investment, quality of bill of quantities, and time-savings on producing cost plans etc. There is therefore an opportunity in this thesis for an indepth study by a quantity surveyor for the benefits and disadvantages of BIM from a cost management aspect. In tandem with this, there is also scope for research on the monetary benefits of converting from 2D and traditional processes to 3D/4D/5D/nD BIM processs (Dimensions explained further in Chapter 2). From a programme aspect, the majority of construction industry professionals find that the overall project duration on BIM projects is reduced (Becerik-Gerber & Rice, 2009). One of the primary motivators for quantity surveyors to adopt new technologies is the opportunity for direct gains and strategic benefits in their own firms. As an increase in the amount of fiscal information would be beneficial for Irish surveyors wishing to adopt BIM, this thesis will provide uptodate facts and figures on changing to BIM processes and tools.
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1.X.0
Limitations / Scope of The Study
In order to gain accurate and uptodate results on the effectiveness of BIM regarding costs, quality & time, the primary data for this study will be gathered in countries where BIM is well established. Although BIM is starting to gain momentum in Ireland, the main sources of information will come from UK and North American based companies, however some of these companies have branches of their firm in Ireland. The author will undertake a comparison between certain software such as Autodesk Revit Architecture, Autodesk Quantity TakeOff, Exactal CostX, NavisWorks, Synchro / Nomitech Cost OS etc, and these will be reviewed from a cost management viewpoint. They will not examine in full any of the design benefits or ones which primarily relate to the field of Engineering / Architecture as extensive research already exists from these aspects.
1.X.0
Synopsis
Chapter Content
1.X.0
Conclusion
As the use of BIM grows in the construction industry, there will be an increasing demand from quantity surveyors for the benefits and limitations of BIM tools and processes. An increase in the availability of fiscal information in converting from traditional to BIM will also be required, and so this thesis will provide up-to-date fiscal information and facts for surveyors using BIM. This will be achieved through both a substantial study of existing literature and an extensive industry research into firms who have adopted BIM. This research is also being carried out so the author can advise asto the future role of the quantity surveyor.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chris Hart summarises a literature review as a process that should: Focus on a specific problem, issue or debate Relate to that problem, issue or debate in terms that show a balance between the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the topic Include a clearly stated research methodology based on the existing literature Provide an analytical and critically evaluative stance to the existing literature on the topic
Hart concludes that a master's dissertation is therefore a demonstration in research thinking and doing. For the literature review section, the author searched for information using textbooks, published papers / reports, and academic journals. These texts mainly relate to studies carried out in North America where BIM has gained significant usage in recent years (See Use of BIM in section X.X.). The thesis can hopefully be used by Irish construction firms wishing to adopt BIM within the coming years. In addition to this, a large proportion of the North American publications are no more than three years old which has provided up-to-date and accurate information for this literature review. As outlined in Chapter 1, much of the research for BIM has been carried out by designers and software companies. A lot of the case studies and reports focus on the benefits from a design perspective, and limited information is available on the return on investment, quality of bill of quantities, and time-savings on producing cost plans etc (Although a small selection of publications on cost information are mentioned below). Therefore within this literature review, there is an opportunity for an in-depth study by a quantity surveyor for the benefits and disadvantages of BIM from a cost management aspect. The well-known publications which primarily deal with the fiscal aspects of BIM include: Becerik-Gerber, B. and Rice, S. An Assessment of Building Information Modelling Value and Use, (2009) Becerik-Gerber, B. and Rice, S. The Perceived Value of Building Information Modelling in the U.S. Building Industry, (2010) Eastman, et al. BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey (2008)
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2.1.0
Use of BIM in the Construction Industry
2.1.1 Use of BIM by Different Disciplines

Each discipline on a construction project has its own unique workflow and demands and therefore each have different requirements in regards to BIM. Architects find the most value in BIMs ability to improve their design process. McGraw-Hill noted in their 2010 SmartMarket Report that 62% of engineers found high or very high value of BIM in the construction phase, more even than contractors (52%) and far more than architects (40%). There are no written reports with regard to percentages that quantity surveyors use BIM, however this is discussed further in Chapter 5 BIM Implementation Case Study.
2.1.1 Use of BIM for Different Project Types

In North America, the AEC industry have adopted BIM for the majority of construction projects including residential, commercial, educational, medical, and entertainment etc. Transportation, power and religious projects also use BIM, however not to the extent of the other abovementioned project types. There is currently no significant published data for project type breakdown in Ireland.
2.1.2 Use of BIM for Different Project Sizes

BIM can be used on projects of all sizes and costs, however for projects in excess of 100m, BecerikGerber and Rice have showed that BIM is seen as more suitable.
2.1.3 Use of BIM for Different Procurement Paths

In 2008, Eastman et al, noted that BIM is best suited for Design and Build. The 2009 survey carried out by Becerik-Gerber and Rice backs this up, as over 50% their 424 respondents delivered projects under the traditional method of design and build. The primary reason for this is because a single entity is responsible for design and construction and both areas participate during the design phase.
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Owner / Client
Design and Build Contractor
Engineering Consultants
Architects
Quantity Surveyors
Subcontractors
BIM Manager
Fig. X.X. Design & Build Responsibility Chart
Eastman et al, note that other procurement routes can benefit from the use of BIM, but may achieve only partial benefits, particularly if the BIM technology is not used collaboratively during the design phase. Refer to Chapter 4 for Industry surveys regarding adoption and use of BIM.
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2.2.0
INTRO 2D BIM:
BIM Dimensions
3D BIM: This dimension represents the geometry of the building and is a collection of objects such as walls, slabs, columns, doors, windows, etc. However for the 3D elements to be categorized as BIM, they must contain intelligent data, and not just be a 3D representation of traditional 2D-drawings
4D BIM: the combination of time and geometry creates the fourth construction dimension., coordination and clash detection come next in the workflow. "Clash detection" is all about BIM objects and where they intersect each other. "Constructability" combines clash detection with 2D and 4D information to provide a much richer and more comprehensive coordination process. 5D BIM: 3D BIM elements have assembly structures which can also include the cost of the item, the cost of the labour to install it, the tools and materials necessary to install it, and its quantities per location. These items combined can produce a cost-loaded 5D Model. 6D BIM, 7D BIM, nD BIM and/or xD BIM Peter Cholakis, Senior Consultant at RS Means, notes there are no formalized definitions from IFMA, APPA, NASFA, FCC, or NIBS, beyond 5D. Cholakis recommends using, and extending as needed, current terms from NIBS et al. Dimensions beyond 5D, often referred to as 6D, 7D, nD or xD, can include: Sustainability Life Cycle Costing Procurement Health & Safety.
Cholakis also notes that the dimensions of BIM are not consistent with other sciences or processes. (e.d. 5D is a theoretical physics concept that refers to alternate universes, whereas with BIM, it refers to cost etc). Some argue that the AEC industry needs to figure out a better way to market cost, and this is where they refer to the abovementioned BIM dimensions as nD or xD. For the purpose of this dissertation, the author will use the definitions set down by the IFMA and NIBS.
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2.3.0 BIM for Cost Consultants

It is well documented that preparing cost plans in the traditional manner is a labour intensive and time consuming process. (The term traditional in this thesis refers to pre-BIM processes which could include 2D drawings, manual measurement by estimators and / or the non-collaborative processes which the many professionals in the Irish construction industry have become accustomed to). BIM has the ability to speed up the cost estimating and cost planning process for consultants. With non-BIM or traditional projects, the architect will usually get a cost estimate at the mid and endpoints of the design phase. It can then take up to two or three weeks for the quantity surveyor to produce each cost estimate. Jim Bedrick, director of Systems Integration, points out that the quantity surveyor undertakes a lot of design work from one estimate to the next. If the architect has gone down a design path which results in the project being over-budget, this delay in feedback can cause a large amount of time and work to be wasted. Because todays BIM tools and software such as Autodesk or Graphisoft have the ability to extract materials directly from a model and feed them into a cost database, this increases the speed, accuracy and frequency of the estimates. Bedrick points out here that the cost feedback can be used to guide the design rather than repair it through value engineering which traditionally is a cost cutting process that compromises on the design.
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2.4.0
BIM for Contractors Surveyors
Contractors surveyors who use BIM technologies can benefit from both savings in time and money, and also benefit from reduced errors and disputes. However the building model must be accurate so the contractor can fully avail of the returns BIM can yield. Eastman, C. et al (2008) list six main reasons why a contractor will avail of a building model (A more detailed list is illustrated in Chapter 4): Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reasons Why A Contractor will Avail of A Building Model Clash detection Quantity takeoff and cost estimating Construction analysis and planning Integration with cost and schedule control Offsite fabrication Verification, guidance, and tracking of construction activities Table 1 Reasons why a Contractor will avail of a Model. Source: Eastman et al, 2008
Due to the traditional process of non-collaboration, contractors surveyors can be forced to manually perform quantity takeoffs which can be time consuming, tedious, error-prone, and an expensive process. Therefore detailed cost estimates, coordinated drawings, and detailed schedules are often performed late in the design process. As mentioned in Section 2.02 (BIM for Consultants Surveyors), performing these actions at a later stage can often result in value engineering as onsite problems were not identified early enough. However this methodology is beginning to change for contractors who use BIM tools. Eastman, C. et al (2008) also note that contractors must push for early involvement in construction projects, or seek out owners that require early participation. This early involvement can also include subcontractors and suppliers having an early input into the project. However the traditional procurement path can limit a contractors surveyors ability to contribute their costing knowledge to the design stage of the project. The author notes that this issue can be overcome by appointing a contractor as a consultant or advisor during the design stage, so the project can benefit from their cost and design input prior to tendering for the construction stage of the contract. A similar process could follow with subcontractors for the major design drivers of the building, including the steel, facade and M&E subcontractors for example. This close contractor coordination will allow accurate clash detection before they become problems and disputes on site. The coordination also allows for more off site prefabrication which reduces site costs and time and improves accuracy. The author argues however that if there is an increased level of offsite fabrication, the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland (RIAI) and Government Construction Contracts Committee (GCCC) contracts should ensure the contractor is paid for this work off site to keep their cashflow healthy, and the decision for payment should not solely be at the Architects discretion. As mentioned above the building model must be accurate for contractors surveyor to yield accurate results. However the level of detail in a building model depends on what functions it will be used for. For accurate cost planning and tender estimation, the model must be sufficiently detailed to provide
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the material quantities needed for cost estimation which should include temporary works (scaffold and excavation etc) and show how the construction will be phased (concrete pours etc).
Refer to Chapter 4 for industry surveys on BIM for Contractors.
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2.5.0
BIM Technology and Software
As this thesis also covers a wide range of BIM software and technology, it is important to note BIM is not a solely a technology, but a business process that is embedded within and supported by technology. The BIM software discussed in this thesis does not supply BIM; it only supplies the basic components of BIM. It is up to quantity surveyors to deliver the true value of BIM through cost planning, cost reporting and 5D consulting. BIM Technology and Software is discussed in detail within Chapter 4 Industry Attitudes and Experiences of BIM.
2.6.0
Value of BIM and Return on Investment
There are a variety of ways that quantity-surveying companies can benefit from adopting and implementing BIM. Most of these improvements are related to productivity gains and an enhanced ability to secure new work. With regard to productivity gains, these can include Reduced errors and omissions in construction documents Reduced cycle time of specific workflows (Cost planning etc) Reduced rework External gains can include Offering more modern cost consulting services Marketing new business to new clients Maintaining repeat business with past clients
A more comprehensive list of benefits for quantity surveyors is discussed in Section 1.3.2 Use of BIM for Quantity Surveyors, and also section XX Project Phases where Quantity Surveyors Benefit from BIM.
The Value of BIM and Return on Investment is discussed in detail within Chapter 4 Industry Attitudes and Experiences of BIM.
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2.7.0
Value by Project Phase for AEC Firms
Quantity Surveyors can benefit from BIM phases when offering their services throughout the life of a development, but are experiencing more value in some phases than others. Surveyors see the most value as the 5D-model becomes more developed and the construction on site progresses. The below graph shows the phases within projects where AEC companies (Not specifically quantity surveyors) place particular attention on BIM processes [Taken from Gilligan and Kunz (2007)]
Pre-Project Planning Support Conceptual Design Support Design Definition Support Construction Documents Support Field Construction Management Support Operations & Maintenance Other 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 2006 2007
Fig x.x - Project Phases Which Companies Place Particular Attention on BIM In the above graph Gilligan and Kunz have shown that all AEC companies place at least 50% importance on BIM processes at all stages from pre-project planning to on site construction management. The construction documents stage has the highest importance at 76% importance: Support Construction Documents. BIM pays off for surveyors and design team members as more data is entered into the model. With the addition of specifications for contractors, BIM aids in improving communication between the design consultants and the building team. Design Development. The design capabilities of BIM are among its most obvious and immediately understood aspects, particularly as more detailed models are created. As discussed in section XX, the cost planning stage can be reduced in time as surveyors can produce more accurate estimates in less time than it traditionally took to complete. Support Field Construction Management. BIM can save time and money for quantity surveyors. This is a benefit that becomes clear during construction. For example with automated quantity take-off, little measurement will be required for design team change requests. In addition to this, using programmes like Autodesk Navisworks Manage, clashes will be minimised which will reduce budget and programme duration.
The following section analysiss the specific project phases and areas where quantity surveyors benefit from BIM.
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2.7.1 Project Phases where Quantity Surveyors Benefit from BIM

2.7.1.1 Pre-Contract
BIM can be used to speed up cost plans and estimates at the pre and post contract stage. Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB), the oldest consulting engineering firms in the United States have been using Autodesk Revit for estimating since 2003. In a report published by Autodesk in 2007, it was pointed out that PB rely on extracting quantities from the Revit model before importing them into Microsoft Excel for costing. PB typically produce at least two cost estimates. One at the end of schematic design and secondly, a complete estimate at the end of detailed design. Prior to Revit, their first estimate used to be quite general, usually based on standard rule of thumb square footage costs (Similar to the square meter costs published annually by cost consultant firms Davis Langdon LLP and Bruce Shaw Partnership). Tom Brooks, the Director of Architecture at PB, notes: By using the quantities from Revit, we get detailed estimates much earlier in the process. The initial estimate may have included only allowances for finishes, but with the level of detail in Revit we can often replace allowances for actual quantities - even during schematic design. As mentioned in Section XX, reducing the quantification effort means quantity surveyors can more effectively apply their time and knowledge to higher value estimating activities (Allocating appropriate rates and risk etc). In addition to this, the design team members can use the information within their design model to easily double check estimating quantities. This facilitates concurrent estimating during the design process. This is a huge pre-contract benefit which results in both time-savings and a reduction in errors for quantity surveying outputs.
2.7.1.2
BIM Quantification to Costing
Quantity surveyors and estimators can use BIM technology to facilitate the laborious task of quantity takeoff and to quickly visualise, identify, and access conditions, and provide more time to optimise prices from subcontractors and suppliers. Because the uncertainty associated with material quantities is reduced, the risk is therefore reduced. A case study showing this is discussed in Chapter 4. Estimators must identify a method of getting quantities and material definitions out of a building information model into a cost estimating system. Eastman, C. et al (2008) describe three ways this can be done:
A Application Programming Interface (API) uses a direct link between the costing system and the BIM model via a plug-in or third-party tool. E.g. Sage Timberline via Innovaya, or Graphisoft Estimator. The estimator can associate the components of the building model directly with assemblies or items in the estimating package. Eastman, C. et al (2008) note that this process works well for contractors who have a specific standardised estimating package and BIM tool.
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B Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) connection to estimating programs such as Exactal CostX, Innovaya, OnCentre On-Screen Takeoff, and Autodesk QTO. These software packages are specialised quantity takeoff tools which import data from the BIM model. This allows quantity surveyors to use one takeoff tool without having to learn the feature of a BIM design tool. Surveyors will use a combination of both manual and automatic quantity take off features to measure in accordance with ARM4. E.g. the BIM model can automatically generate the quantities for plasterboard partitions, however when measuring three-way junctions or four-way junctions, these quantities will need to be manually calculated by the surveyor as the model does not currently recognise these plasterboard junctions as separate items. C Export Quantities to Estimating Software (E.G. Output to Microsoft Excel). In comparison to the two approaches outlined above, quantity takeoffs done within software such as Autodesk Revit or Graphisoft ArchiCAD and outputted to Microsoft Excel provide the quantity surveyor with a simple and controlled way to cost estimating. Sawyer and Grogan (2002) show that Microsoft Excel is the most commonly used estimating tool used by surveyors and estimators. A more recent survey carried out by Sujit Sivanand, Executive Director at Acette in Canada, shows that out of 48 respondents, the most commonly used software for inputting quantities includes Excel, Buildsoft, On-Screen Takeoff, Timberline and Esti-mate, however not all this software utilises the full power of the BIM model. Eastman, C. et al (2008) also note that this approach may require significant setup and adoption of a standardised modelling process.
Figure X.X. Conceptual Diagram of a BIM quantity Takeoff and estimating process. Source Eastman et al. (2008)
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Points to note in industry review or personal use of the software: 3 or 4 way junctions, soldier course, not labelled correctly, columns base to top. ARM4 items etc etc etc. edge of concrete slab formwork, height etc. (can be done by selecting height, but surveyor needs to work with that as it wont automatically do it, unless an IF function was set up in excel. )
2.7.1.3
More Accurate Tender Rates
In accordance with the Liaison Committee Codes of Practice for Tendering and Contractual Matters 2006, the lowest priced acceptable tender should be accepted. Contractors who bid low often have the intention of using change orders to recover profits. With conceptual estimates, a contractors quantity surveyor can focus on a true estimate based upon quantities, location and previous rates. These three elements can lead to better subcontractor negotiations. In tandem with this, subcontractors can offer more accurate rates when tendering if the contractor or clients quantity surveyor has shared the model with them. In theory, this allows the subcontractor to reduce their contingency which can reduce their overall price. The author suggests that this abovementioned theory cannot currently be tested in Ireland, due to subcontractors not pricing any contingency and then pricing below-cost to win projects in the current competitive market.
INSERT TENDER PRICE INDEX HERE
Vico Software also note that if a subcontractor is on board with a contractor at an earlier stage, they can both collaborate to resolve constructability. By working on the virtual construction, they can avoid inefficiencies on site and therefore, there is less need for a contingency. The author points out that this may not be correct in a traditional tender process, as the subcontractor will tender for the job before working on the model with the contractor. The collaboration may take place however, if the subcontractor was invited to act as a consultant in design team discussions prior to tender.
2.7.1.4
Better Programmes and Planning at tender stage
With some projects, the completion date may have a more critical weighting than the bottom line cost for tenders. Tenderers can often have difficulty explaining their schedules and programmes to Clients and Surveyors, especially if they do not submit their programme in a gantt chart or graphical presentation. Using 4D at tender stage will overcome this. Software such as Autodesk Navisworks or Primavera allows tenderers link their programme to the 3D model and this allows for easier review of their programmes at the tender analysis stage.
Once the contractor is on site, any delays can be removed due to more accurate planning and scheduling.
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2.7.1.5
Procurement Pre-Qualifications
When pre-qualifying contractors for a tender list, clients and surveyors and know that a competent and experienced contractor will deliver the best results for the project. A pre-qualification requirement may look for contractors who communicate well and who can demonstrate their skill by using a 5D BIM model. Vico Software note that showing a 5D model to a client or surveyor follows the old adage, "a picture is worth a thousand words". Another American contractor noted, "The 5D model made it possible to take what I saw so clearly in my head and let the Client see it, too. This is one of the first benefits of BIM."
2.7.1.6
Variations and Client / Design Team Requests
Fewer request for informations (RFIs) is the second-highest rated way to improve value with BIM. Communication of project data is critical to meeting this goal.
2.7.1.7
xxx
Cost Reporting Final Accounts
2.7.1.8
Remeasures and final accounts etc.
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2.8.0
Barriers to Implementing BIM and Non-BIM Users
2.8.1 Non-BIM Users

In 2009, McGraw Hill Construction asked non-adopters of BIM why they havent adopted these processes and what they will need to start. They pointed out that the top rated reason why nonusers havent adopted BIM it not enough demand from clients. Nearly half of non-users who havent tried BIM are open to exploring its potential value as they believe that BIM will be highly or very highly important to the industry in five years. McGraw-Hill recommend to non BIM users: Delaying adoption will leave you further behind. McGraw-Hill recommendation, 2009 Other reasons for companies not implementing BIM includes the lack of sufficient time to evaluate it (49%) and software being too expensive (41%). Non-users also believe that their clients are not using BIM, with 87% believing that clients are using it on 15% or less of projects. As BIM is not fully embraced in Europe, some companies do not see a threat from not implementing BIM.
2.8.2 Barriers, Challenges and Obstacles to Implementing BIM

McGraw-Hill Construction argue that improved interoperability between software applications is the top industry improvement that will increase BIM value. Seventy percent of companies in their survey say more clearly defined BIM deliverables between parties is highly to very highly important to increasing the value of BIM. Eastman et al. echo this and say that improved processes in each phase of design and construction will reduce the number and severity of problems associated with traditional processes. They define four main challenges to be expected with BIM:
2.8.2.1
Challenges with Collaboration and Teaming
Methods to permit adequate sharing of model information by project team members is an issue (Autodesk Revit allows for this by allocating access levels). If the design team use traditional methods, the contractor will have to create a model after the design is complete (This occurred on Beacon in Sandyford, Dublin) If the project team use different modelling software, there may be interoperability issues, although most surveying software is compatible with each other (See Section 2. X.X. for a detailed software comparison). Although with Architects for example, Kevin Connolly, board member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) interoperability efforts noted "The proprietary and conflicting nature of various software packages results in enormous waste and ineffectiveness, with approximately $16 billion *13 billion+ in annual losses for the design and construction industries." Gary Bowen Draft Thesis Page | 23
2.8.2.2
Legal changes to documentation ownership and production
Legal concerns are presenting challenges as to who owns the model elements. Surveyors for example may not wish to upload costing information to the model. These costs take a considerable amount of time to build up and therefore may be easily passed on if they are accessible to everybody. In North America, companies such as The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) and the AIA are developing guidelines for contractual language to cover issues raised by the use of BIM technology. The RIAI have advised that there are no guidelines currently being developed in Ireland.
2.8.2.3
Technology and Software
The BIM Forum note that it can be difficult to share models without industry standards and interoperability. In tandem with this, certain BIM Software can demand high powered computers and the initial high investment for these may be a barrier to implementing BIM.
2.8.2.4
Implementation issues
Further information on the barriers and obstacles to BIM Implementation are found in Chapter 4 Industry Attitudes towards BIM.
2.8.3 The Mis-Information of BIM

Anthony Frausto-Robledo, owner of the online CAD/3D publication, Architosh, noted that he misinformation of BIM is doing more damage than good. Articles which offer misleading information, false or out-of-date facts will not help the development of BIM. Misleading financial information on BIM may even deter new adopters. For example, Martyn Day at AEC Magazine says that both mechanical/electrical and structural engineering firms were quick to adopt 3D and he suggests that architects are lagging in BIM adoption. The majority of texts and publications note that nobody in the construction industry has been quick to adopt BIM. Out of all the practises, the earliest adopters have been architects according to the McGraw-Hill Smartmarket report. Regarding the engineering firms, McGraw-Hill note that only 22% of engineers see themselves reaping a high value on Return on Investment from BIM. Clearly the McGraw-Hill and Architosh reports are presenting contradicting facts. The value of BIM is also often misunderstood. The true value of BIM in not in 3D modeling, clash detection, or providing architects and AEC firms a with a better way to sell new projects/buildings.
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The value of BIM is in information and the associated aspects of collaboration and life-cycle building management / total cost of ownership. Finally the various definitions of BIM are also a huge aspect of mis-information. Keith Snook, RIBA Director of Research and Technical points out that the "proliferation of interpretations of the definition of BIM is at present hampering the adoption of a method of working that will revolutionise construction and improve the quality and sustainability of what the design and construction team delivers to the client.
2.8.4 Perception of Spending More on I.T. and Technology

In 2004, the architecture and planning firm Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas and Company in the U.S. created a strategic technology committee to see what leading firms were doing to improve product delivery. One of the initatives set up by the committee included the roll out of Revit Architecture, and web-based conferencing. As a result of this strategic technology initiative, Hanbury Evans spent more on technology as a percentage of revenues, however they got a great deal in return for this investment and their earnings per full time staff are rising. This is because the BIM tools have automated the mundane tasks and now the employees can start spending more time doing what they were hired to do and can put their time into billable hours.
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2.9.0
BIM and The Cloud
2.9.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is internet-based computing where shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, similar to an electricity grid. Instead of a surveying company building its own I.T. infrastructure to host databases or software, a third party hosts them in its large server farms. The surveying company has access to its data and software over the internet (which in most diagrams is shown as a cloud).
Fig X.X Cloud Computing. Source: Nitesh Ambuj, Wordpress.com The International Data Cooperation (IDC) recently reported that worldwide IT spending on cloud services is expected to reach 45.5 billion in 2014 which is up from 13 billion in 2009. That adds up to a compound annual growth rate of 27.4 per cent. The IDC note that traditional IT product growth is expected to be only 5 per cent over the same period. With regard to the legal aspects of cloud computing, Matheson Ormsby Prentice (MOP) noted in a 2009 article that the large scale processing power, storage capacity and sophisticated SaaS models capable of competing with the current market technology standards are currently available only from a small number of bigger players. As a result, contract terms available to AEC clients are not really negotiable. However MOP recommend that AEC firms demand a service level agreement which promises, say, 99.7 per cent uptime. They also recommend that any firms considering converting to cloud computing ensure that their provider is a member of the Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF). This forum ensures best practice and a level of standardisation amongst cloud computer providers.
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2.9.2 Cloud Computing Case Study

In a 2010 report, Chris France of Little Diversified Architectural Consulting described how his architectural and engineering firm in North America built a private cloud to incorporate their high performance graphics workstations. Frances firm had the first AEC workstation cloud in production and they are on track to reduce their workstation expenses by 67% between the years 2010 - 2020. The above benefits have been made possible by the reduced broadband and storage costs. In Ireland for example, UPC (Chorus NTL) provide broadband to businesses of up to 100Mb/s. In tandem with this, hardware costs and rack-mounted server-class workstations in the clouds are now within financial reach of most firms. The driving force behind the cloud innovation at Little Diversified Architectural Consulting was Building Information Modelling. France describes how Littles cloud strategy kills 11 birds with one stone and these business benefits are summarised below:
2.9.2.1
Growing desktop computing needs
Even for obtaining quantities, 3D design programmes like Revit utilise high-powered processors. Because the cloud can provide access to high performance workstations, cloud computing has increased Littles computer refresh cycle from 2 years to 4-5 years.
2.9.2.2
Collaborating over Wide Area Geography
It can be common to have construction companies from different cities working on the same building model. By shifting everyone to the cloud, Little were able to give the same office experience to a distributed project team.
2.9.2.3
Collaborating with Outside Firms on the Same Model
As many QS firms do not have all the BIM design resources within their company, they can hire external consultants to help complete the costing processes. As many of these consultants are using BIM tools, they can all work on the same model just like employees of the same firm do. With cloud computing, Little found real time collaboration was simple between external entities.
2.9.2.4
IT Infrastructure Cost Consolidation
Prior to implementing cloud computing, Little used to have 57 physical servers (with a cost totalling 145,000). Now they have only 2 physical servers, totalling 30,000. In tandem with this, the 50 terabytes of storage they manage is now virtualised which has reduced Littles annual expenses of 600,000.
2.9.2.5
Regional Office IT Infrastructure Consolidation
When Little moved two of their regional Los Angeles offices into one, they also moved the entire regional office to the clouds. This consolidation saved money and increased efficiency.
2.9.2.6
General Purpose Business Applications
Moving Littles business to the clouds enabled them to avail of high performance graphics workstations to run high demanding programmes such as Autodesk Revit.
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2.9.2.7
Full Mobility
As more and more employees spend an increasing amount of time away from their desk, full mobility (running office appliances anywhere, anyplace) is becoming more important and easier with cloud computing. Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) allows home workers to access the remote high performance workstation and to use its computing resources. As shown below, both an Apple iPhone and Apple iPad can be used just as easily as a Microsoft Windows PC to view and edit the BIM model. All the phone or tablet device needs is a Remote Desktop Protocol app from the iTunes App Store, such as LogMeIn Ignition v1.1.138, iTap RDP Client v1.4.1 or ezDesktop VNC and RDP v1.2.1. A sample video showing this function can be viewed at http://www.XXXXXXXXXX.com
Fig X.X Accessing Revit Architecture 2011 on the Clouds with an iPhone 2G
2.9.2.8 2.9.2.9
IT Automation and Support Reduction Business Continuity, Disaster 2.9.1.10 Recovery, and Security
On the cloud, it is much easier for I.T. staff to deploy and manage new software applications.
Due to the time and disk requirements, not many firms back up their desktops and laptops. With a cloud strategy, firms can keep corporate and client information in the cloud where it is backed up and replicated.
2.9.2.11
Locked Down Corporate Desktops and Unlocked Personal Laptops
This is where a firm can lock down a cloud computer and not allow any personal applications or data. Should an employee wish to store personal information, pictures and music, they can use a local laptop.
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2.9.2.12
Rendering and Animation Farm
By having a high performance graphics workstation in the cloud, fully rendered walkthroughs of the building can take place without affecting the processing power of the users machine. If rendering were to take place locally (which can sometimes take days), this would slow down the users machine and reduce productivity. Although fully rendered videos are normally carried out by architects for a Clients purpose and not by surveyors.
In conclusion, Littles high performance workstations cloud strategy benefited from eleven of the abovementioned business advantages. Due to the high availability and low cost of cloud computing in Ireland, there is a huge potential for Irish based firms to also reap the same benefits which Little have experienced.
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2.10.0
2.10.1
Interoperability & BIM Standards

Interoperability
Interoperability is the sharing of information between different models, which according to Ian Howell, the Chief Executive Officer of Newforma, is considered critical to the success of BIM. Howell notes Demanding support for open data standards and non-proprietary access to BIM data is an urgent priority for the industry if we are to avoid the inefficiencies and recurring inaccuracies of data re-entry. Poor interoperability and data management costs the U.S. building industry approximately 12.7 billion a year, or approximately 3-4% of the total industry turnover (Gallaher et al. 2004). The importance of interoperability is also echoed in Keith Snooks 2009 paper on BIM. Shook writes: The most pressing demand is true interoperability and the capability for proper integration allowing the inputs of the various professionals and specialist to come together. Interoperability is based upon software companies offering the ability to save models in nonproprietary file formats. This is so information can then be exported from one model to this file format and then imported into another model and round tripped. An example of interoperability between software would be an architect designing the original building structure in Graphisoft ArchiCAD, exporting this data into a non-proprietary file format so a quantity surveyor can open this model in Autodesk Quantity TakeOff. The two main non-proprietary file formats supported by most of the main BIM packages are Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and Green Building XML (gbXML). Autodesk Revit 2011 for example supports a wide range of industry standards and file formats including: CAD formats: ADSK, DGN, DWF, DWG, DXF, IFC, SAT, and SKP Image formats: BMP, PNG, JPG, AVI, PAN, IVR, TGA, and TIF Other formats: ODBC, HTML, TXT, MDB, XLS, FBX, and gbXML
Stephen Hamil, Head of Software Development at NBS, adds: Having information in an industry open standard format allows all members of the project team, owners, operators, designers, constructors, regulators and other stakeholders to be able to work with BIM data from cradle to grave. It also allows software developers to produce applications that can work with data in a standard format to produce applications that analyse the energy consumption or structural performance of a building.
2.10.2
BIM Standards
The phrase Quality in, quality out adopts a lot of meaning when a 3D model begins its 4D and 5D life cycle outside of design software such as Revit or ArchiCAD. If elements are not labelled correctly or the building is not modelled appropriately, the quantities which the BIM automatic quantity takeoff function will calculate may be incorrect.
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In 2009, the AEC (UK) BIM Standard published a report to improve the process of design information production, management and exchange. The AEC (UK) BIM Standards builds on the guidelines defined by world-wide standard initiatives, including BS1192:2007, the US National BIM Standard (NBIMS) and existing internal company procedures. They recommend that prior to production of a BIM model the requirements of the output expected from the BIM model should be specified. The approach to the modelling should then reflect that need. For example in the case of modelling structural concrete frames it is important to consider the construction of the concrete frame. Vertical structure may need to be stopped below the soffit of the slab and restarted above the slab surface for quantities to be accurate. It is therefore imperative for quantity surveyors to push for accurate and standardised models from the design team before the production of the model. Although as of 2010, there are no standard contract conditions in Ireland for such a process.
In September 2010, the National BIM Standard - US (NBIMS), an initiative of the National Institute of Building Sciences (Building SMART Alliance) published the Project Committee Rules of Governance Version 2.2. The purpose of this document is to establish Rules of Governance for the National BIM Standard (NBIMS) Project Committee
NEWS
buildingSMART alliance Seeks Industry Input on National BIM Standard

Aug 17 2010 The buildingSMART alliance needs some help with its building information modeling (BIM) standard. The Alliance, which is both a council of the National Institute of Building Sciences and the North American chapter of buildingSMART International, has the responsibility of developing the United States National BIM Standard (NBIMS). Version 1 of NBIMS established the overview, principles and methodologies of what the standard will be. The Alliance is now beginning the development process for Version 2 (the nitty-gritty of the standard itself) and needs industry input.
BIM has the potential to involve all aspects of the facilities industry, including architects, engineers, contractors, insurers, unions, manufacturers, lawyers, homebuilders, vendors, owners, consumers, local, state and federal governments, codes and standards developers, and testing representatives. Therefore, the Alliance is working to assemble a project committee of representatives from all of these sectors. NBIMS Version 2 will be the first true consensus BIM standard for the United States and it likely will be the basis of several other nations BIM standards around the world, so industry input (both domestic and international) is crucial.
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After assembling the project committee, the Alliance will issue a call for ballot submissions, followed by an industry review and comment period, then a resolution period. Voting on the final changes is expected to take place in July 2011, with the completed National BIM Standard Version 2 projected to be released at the end of that year.
The opportunity to participate on the NBIMS Project Committee and throughout the development process is open to all members of the Alliance and the National Institute of Building Sciences. To learn more about membership, the committee and to download an application, visit http://www.buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/nbims/committee/.
The NIBS Board of Directors approved the National BIM Standard-United States Rules of Governance. (PDF)
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2.11.0
Literature Review Summary
Non used stuff Most firms handle BIM tasks in-house. The study shows that relatively little is being spent on outside BIM consultants, with 59% saying they hired no consultants at all.
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Chapter 3 Methodology
Under aims and objectives, change wording from McGraw-Hill Construction conducted the 2010 Business Value of BIM in Europe Study to assess adoption of BIM across the construction industry in France, Germany and the United Kingdom and to gauge the perception of value that firms are receiving by implementing BIM.
From reviewing the literature on Building Information Modeling, the author has found that BIM a collaborative process that can be used to increase productivity and efficiency on construction projects from initial design conception to the eventual demolition of the facility. The author found BIM is a process which quantity surveyors can use to get more accurate quantities in less time than traditional processes, and this results in a quicker turnaround time for cost plans. It was also found that many BIM software tools offer features such as clash detection and the integration of the project schedule into the software. This leads to reduced errors on site and quicker project schedules, which directly leads to reduced project costs. Reviewing literature has led the author to form his own opinions and hypotheses. Richard F. Fellows and Anita M.M. Liu note in Research Methods for Construction (2003) that it is important to include a hypothesis when the research is based upon theory and previous work. This hypothesis sets out to test the existence of certain variables and/or any relationship between them. Fellows and Liu note that quantitative studies are the most obvious instances of research projects that have a hypothesis to test. The surveys carried out in Chapter 4 are quantitative studies and therefore the hypothesis formed by the author in Chapter 2 is valid. It must be noted that the majority of literature in Chapter 2 originated from North America, however the author has learned that Northern America surveying practices do not fundamentally differ from what is found in the Irish construction sector. Fellows and Liu note there are three requirements for a hypothesis: 1. It should be testable so that it may be supported or rejected from empirical evidence. 2. It should be positive testing the hypothesis concerns what is, not what ought to be. 3. It should be expressed in clear and simple language so that it means the same to everyone (i.e. it is consistent, of constant meaning). This chapter seeks to establish a procedure to test the validity of the authors hypothesis, that BIM is a process which increases a cost consultants productivity and can help directly to reduce costs and project duration on a construction project.
Survey Methodology
Initial studies are essential to ensure that the research has not been carried out already and also to determine or confirm the aim, objective and hypothesis. Alan Bryman and Duncan Cramer (2005) note that it is important to consider the main processes of the information system, which includes the desired outputs, the available data or information, the required conversions. Bryman and Gary Bowen Draft Thesis Page | 35
Cramer note that once a theory has been formulated, it is likely that the researcher will want to test it. They have illustrated this research system as a step-by-step process:
Chart 2 - The Research Process. Source: Alan Bryman and Dan Cramer (2005)
Bryman and Cramer have illustrated in the above chart that all research is based upon the fundamentals either known or expected. The theory was identified during the initial background reading on BIM and lead to the formation of a hypothesis and the next process involves testing this hypothesis. Step four involves choosing the methodology of the research. In this thesis, this is a combination of industry surveys carried out by American and European research companies (Quantitative study on left hand side of chart), and a self observation case study of implementing BIM within a Canadian cost consultant firm (Qualitative Study on right hand side of chart). Although one detailed self-observation case study was chosen for this thesis, the author references a number of other examples of BIM being used in the industry, and this is to further confirm the authors hypothesis further. From the abovementioned methods, the data is collected and analyzed. The author then draws conclusions about the findings in Chapter X and highlights certain areas for further research.
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Questionnaires
The questionnaires used in this thesis gather basic quantitative data and are not suited to a qualitative opinion. The questionnaires chosen for this thesis are useful for gathering information from a wide range of roles and disciplines from North America (2009), Europe (2010) and Ireland (2010). For Chapter 4, the author has chosen to use six existing recent industry surveys on BIM carried out by McGraw-Hill Construction (2nr), Architosh, the University of Southern California (2nr), and CITA Limited. The author has chosen to use these surveys carried out in the last 18 months rather than formulate a new survey for three main reasons: The questions asked in the current surveys directly correspond with the questions the author wishes to ask. It would therefore be unreasonable to reissue the same questions to the same companies. Because the author works for a cost consulting firm with offices in most major cities implementing BIM, confidentiality roadblocks would be a huge aspect for competitive consulting firms responding to fiscal questions within the survey. Survey responses are generally quite low in the construction industry. The author wishes for a high response rate to analyze the data appropriately, and by analysing surveys from six surveys, the author has up-to-date response data on the information he requires from over 4,000 AEC companies.
The first two surveys used are from the McGraw-Hill Construction SmartMarket reports on the business value of BIM. These are the result of two surveys of thousands of AEC companies in North America and Europe. The author has chosen to use the findings from these two industry surveys in his thesis due to the: Accuracy and Industry reputation of McGraw-Hill Construction research. The total sample size (3,176) used in the two surveys benchmarks a 95% confidence interval with a margin of error of +/-2%. Both surveys encompass a wide range of AEC disciplines across two continents. o The North American survey had 2,228 complete responses. The total category displayed throughout the report includes 598 architects (27%), 326 engineers (15%), 817 contractors (37%), 118 owners (5%), 73 building product manufacturers (3%) and 296 other industry respondents. o The Western Europe survey had 948 complete responses. The total category displayed throughout the report includes 404 architects (43%), 162 engineers (17%), 194 contractors (20%) and 188 other industry respondents (20%)including owners, planners, building product manufacturers, government agencies, various integrated firms and consultants. Findings are based upon up-to-date information: o The Western Europe industry research was conducted through an Internet survey of industry professionals between May 27 and August 13, 2010. o The North American industry research was conducted through an Internet survey of industry professionals between May 28 and July 2, 2009.
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48% of the respondents in the Western Europe Survey were from the UK, and the other 52% were from France and Germany. There is a strong resemblance between UK construction practises and Irish construction practises with regard to methods of construction and contracts etc. Therefore the author is satisfied that if Ireland were to be included within the survey, the results would be close to those who responded in the UK. This assumption is backed up by Irish research on BIM carried out by CITA Limited in September 2010. The responses from Irish participants in the survey bears a strong resemblance to similar responses from UK companies asked by McGraw-Hill Construction in their 2010 industry survey.
The below table shows the disciplines from the Contractor responses in the McGraw Hill survey. Almost half (45%) of contractor respondents are either construction managers or quantity surveyors.
Contractor Responses - Discipline Profiles

Construction Manager Quantity Surveyor 28% 28% General Contractor Electrical Contractor Civil / Site / Geo-Tech Contractor Concrete Fabricator / Contractor Mechanical/Sheet Metal/Plumbing Contractor
2% 3% 3% 4%
17% 15%
Graph 3 - Contractor Responses - Discipline Profiles
For the purposes of the McGraw-Hill Construction industry survey, the focus on the European study is on the three countries with the largest construction markets in Western Europe: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, which together represent approximately 40% of the non-residential European construction industry. Throughout the course of Chapter 4 in this Thesis, the phrase Western Europe refers to these three countries. Although BIM adoption, implementation and experience of value in other European countries may vary from these results, the author feels that McGraw-Hill Constructions survey appropriately represents the overall state of BIM in Western Europe in 2010. This is backed up from another survey of 23 European BIM users as the state of BIM in Europe based upon an index and trends report by Arch-Vision in 2009. As mentioned above, between September 22 and October 14, 2010, CITA Limited carried out industry research in to the use of Building Information Modeling in Ireland. This survey of ten
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questions was issued electronically to CITA members via surveymonkey.com. CITA members encompass companies from a broad range of disciplines including Architects, Engineers, Quantity Surveyors, Software Vendors, IT Consultants, Contractors, Project Managers and Energy Assessors. The purpose of the CITA survey was to investigate the benefits of BIM and to generate ideas for the general advancement of BIM for the Irish Construction Industry. In mid-October 2010, the author analysed the responses from this survey and the findings are included within Chapter 4. The author has also reviewed and analysed data from the Architosh BIM Survey Report, dated March 3 2010. This BIM industry research is based on a survey of 410 AEC firms. Although the respondents I this survey are primarily from the USA, other respondents also include AEC firms from the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Canada and Norway. This survey benchmarks a 95% confidence interval with a margin of error of +/-4.4%. Finally, the author has investigated BIM questionnaire survey responses from the University of Southern California. During 2009 and 2010, Dr. Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Samara Rice carried out a North American based survey to over 400 construction professionals on the return on investment (ROI) for BIM. Similar to the Architosh survey mentioned above, Becerik-Gerber and Rices survey benchmarks a 95% confidence interval with a margin of error of +/-4.4%. Their survey investigated the tangible costs associated with: Printing Document shipping Travelling Staff and space requirements Hardware Software Training Changes in project duration and costs
Analysing the data from the above six industry questionnaires will give the author a detailed view from 3,000 respondents on the use and growth of BIM in the AEC industry, its effectiveness on reducing both hard costs (construction) and soft costs (consultants), and its ability to reduce project duration.
Participant-Observation Case Study

In The Art of Case Research (1995), Dr. Robert E. Stake notes that a case study gathers qualitative information about the particularity and complicity of the case study under investigation. The author has chosen to undertake a self-observation case study on implementing BIM tools and processes within a cost-consulting practise. The author feels this is extremely relevant for quantity surveyors as the majority of cost consulting and other AEC firms are yet to adopt BIM, but plan on adopting it in the future. (Refer to Use of BIM in the Industry in Chapter 4 for further information.) Robert K. Yin in Case Study Research (2009) describes doing case study research as a linear but iterative process:
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Kin describes the choice to use a case study method as being dependant on the researchers question or hypothesis. As the author wishes to discover how and why BIM projects are more efficient than traditional projects, the case study method is relevant as this method requires an extensive and indepth study of implementing BIM in a cost consultant practise. (Proving that the BIM processes are more efficient is covered in the quantitative research - industry questionnaires). The author has chosen a cost-consulting firm in Canada to use for his self-observation case study on BIM implementation. He notes that the Canadian Industry has only a slightly higher percentage of BIM users than the Irish industry, and so there is not as much of a difference in BIM usage between Canada and Ireland then there currently is between the USA and Ireland. Within Chapter 5, the author will set out the stages involved in setting out a BIM implementation plan and the processes necessary to implement BIM within the industry. Kin describes the abovementioned process as participant-observation which he notes is a special mode of observation in which you are not merely a passive observer. Instead, you may assume a variety of roles within a case study situation and may actually participate in the events being studied. Breadth v Depth Analysis of Industry Research The below chart compares the three types of survey techniques with regards to breadth and depth anaysis:
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Graph 4 - Breadth v. Depth in "Question Based Studies. Source: Fellows and Liu (1997) The questionnaires chosen for this thesis are more suited for getting a broad overview of BIM, but the results contain a limited depth. The self-observation case study has the advantage that the concept of BIM implementation can be isolated and examined in depth. However as per any case study, this isolation could lead to a bias view. In chapter 4 and 5 the author will present and analyze the findings of the industry questionnaires and case study. Using both these methods in tandem with the findings from the literature review will provide the author will sufficient information to prove his hypothesis and also achieve his aims and objectives.
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Chapter 4 - Industry Attitudes and Experiences of BIM

This chapter contains the results of a number of Industry surveys and interviews carried out. Some of BIM well-known industry research which deal with the fiscal aspects of BIM include: McGraw-Hill Construction Smart Market Report, The Business Value of BIM - Getting Building Information Modeling to the Bottom Line (2009) McGraw-Hill Construction Smart Market Report, The Business Value of BIM in Europe: Getting Building Information Modeling to the Bottom Line in the United Kingdom, France and Germany (2010) Architosh 2010 BIM Survey Report (2010) [No BIM fiscal aspects covered, use of BIM only]. Becerik-Gerber, B. & Rice, S. An Assessment of Building Information Modelling Value and Use, 2009 Becerik-Gerber, B. & Rice, S. The Perceived Value of Building Information Modelling in the the U.S. Building Industry, 2010 CITA Limited, Industry Survey on BIM in Ireland (2010) [No BIM fiscal aspects covered, use of BIM only].
Use of BIM in Western Europe & North America Industries

With regard to the use of BIM in the AEC industry, there are critical differences in the adoption of BIM in Western Europe compared to North America. McGraw-Hill Construction showed that in 2009 almost 50% of the North America industry was using BIM and all users plan significant increases in their use. In 2010 however, they showed that only just over a third (36%) of the Western European industry participants reported having adopted BIM. To add to McGraw-Hills statistic, a separate BIM Survey Report from Architosh in 2010 stated that 60% of Northern American firms have adopted BIM in some usage. Whilst this figure is close to McGraw-Hills 50% figure from their North America survey, it is noted that the Architosh survey is based upon only 410 respondents and may be higher as the survey was carried out 9 months after the McGraw-Hill survey. Based upon the growth in BIM from 2007 to 2009 as seen in the below chart, it seems reasonable that BIM growth in North America firms could grow by approximately 10% in 9 months. In a European survey carried out by Arch-Vision in 2009, they noted that the awareness (74%) and use (17%) of BIM is the highest among the architects in the Netherlands. UK architects are also comparably often acquainted with BIM (41%). These figures show a positive step towards increasing efficiency within the industry.
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Use of BIM in the AEC Industry

50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 48%
29%
36% 2007 2009 2010
Northern America Western Europe
Graph 1 - Use of BIM in the AEC Industry. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009 & 2010 As mentiond above, the above table shows an increase in the use of BIM in the North American Industry by 20% from 2007 to 2009. One of the main reasons why the use of BIM has increased by so much is so companies can gain a competitive advantage. (A brief list of advantages for all parties associated with a building project is listed in Chapter 1, and this is preceded by an expanded list of advantages specifically for quantity surveyors). McGraw-Hill Construction reported that half of firms who offer BIM services see a significant business benefit. In tandem with this, two-thirds of users say BIMs ability to help a company maintain repeat business with clients brings at least a moderate level of value. This is an important point to note for surveying companies who wish to bring in as much business as possible in Ireland over the coming years. The Northern American & Western Europe markets are different in terms of how long AEC companies have been using BIM. Over a third of Western European BIM users (34%) have over 5 years of experience using BIM which compares against only 18% in North America. The Author notes that with the above facts taken into consideration, this shows that the growth of BIM has been greater in North America, as they now have a higher usage of BIM in their AEC industry. In the Western European findings, 70% of BIM experts report being heavy users, meaning more than 60% of a users project portfolio involves BIM. This is comparable against North American experts, of whom 67% are heavy users. The below graph illustrates how long each BIM adopter has been using BIM. The author reiterates the fact that it seems unusual that 34% of Western European respondents indicated they have been using BIM for over five years, when the rest of Western Europe is currently slow to adopt BIM (64% non-users in 2010).
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Years Using BIM

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1 Year Northern America Western Europe 2 Years 3 Years 22% 18% 14% 18% 14% 10% 10% 6% 10% 18% 26% 34%
4 Years
5 Years
5+ Years
Graph 2 - Years Using BIM. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction 2010
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The below graph illustrates how the level of detail which designers and contractors use their BIM models. The author highlights that even though Contractors are the disciple which sees the highest return on investment for BIM (discussed in section x), 77% of Western European Contractors have still not adopted BIM. Reasons for this are discussed in Chapter 2 and within this Chapter in the following section.
BIM Usage and Adoption

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 77% 63% 54% 23% 15% 6%
4% 7%11%
Architect Engineer Contractor
6% We are not using BIM We are creating We are using (authoring) BIM tools to We are creating models analyze models and analyzing models but are not creating our own models
19% 15%
Graph 5 - BIM Usage And Adoption. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010
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Industry Study - Use of BIM by Different Disciplines

Architects have the highest level of BIM adoption and proficiency. Nearly half of architects (46%) have adopted BIM, with 42% of architects creating BIM models and 19% also analyzing them. One of the differences McGraw-Hill noted in their European survey versus their North American survey is the adoption rate of BIM among contractors. Contrary to North America, where BIM adoption amongst contractors is 50%, BIM has only been embraced by 24% of Western European contractors. In Europe, Contractors have the lowest level of BIM adoption and proficiency, with only 23% saying that they are using BIM and only one quarter (26%) indicating that they consider themselves expert or advanced.
Project Participants Who are Perceived to Experience the Most Value

Building product manufacturers/distributors Specialty contractors Owners MEP engineers Fabricators Construction managers/ general contractors Structural engineers Architects 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 11% 23% 26% 34% 40% 42% 46% 52% 60%
Graph 3 - Project Participants who are perceived to Experience the Most Value. Source: McGrawHill Construction, 2009 McGraw-Hill did show however that contractors see the highest return on investment for BIM with 71% reporting positive results. Contractors see more tangible benefits on site, such as savings from clash detection. Similar to how the quantity surveying aspects of BIM are only being developed, the contractors aspects are also relatively new, and so additional value will be gained as a contractors BIM processes are developed even further. 4D software such as Autodesk Navisworks for example helps a contractor reduce construction risks and assess and validate the design accuracy of the model. As the use of similar products becomes more widespread, this will increase the return on investment for contractors even further. Return on Investment for BIM is reviewed in further in Section XX.
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Contractors Experiences of BIM

The below graph illustrates the most important benefits of BIM for Contractors. The author notes that majority of these benefits relate directly or indirectly to cost:
Most Important Benefits for Contractors

Recruiting and retention of staff Fewer claims/litigation Increased profits Reducing overall project duration Reducing cycle time of specific workflows Younger staffs learning of how buildings go together is improved Reduced construction cost Maintaining repeat business with past clients Reduced errors and omissions in construction documents Offering new services Reducing rework Marketing new business to new clients 0% 10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Graph 4 - Most Important Benefits for Contractors. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009
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BIM Attitudes Amongst Non-Users

McGraw-Hill noted from their industry survey that although nearly two-thirds of Western European AEC companies are not using BIM today, most non-users are open to evaluating its potential benefits. Only a small percentage (4%) have used it and then decided not to use it again. Unlike North America, where 13% of potential users have no interest in BIM, in Western Europe there is a far higher percentage (27%) of potential users that have no interest in using it.
BIM Attitudes Amongst Non-Users

We have used BIM but decided not to use it anymore 9% 23% 4% 27% We are not interested in it and have no interest in it We have not used it but are upen to exploring its potential value 37% We have not used it an dbelieve it will be valuable for us but have not yet begun evaluating it We have not used it but are actively evaluating it
Graph 5 - BIM Attitudes Amongst Non-Users. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010
There are a number of factors that could motivate non- adopters to begin using BIM. Just like those who are using BIM today, non-users want to see it improve communications & collaboration, increase design efficiency, eliminate errors, make a safer worksite and reduce costs. Productivity issues are a primary driving factor. All non-users list improved communication among all parties in the design and construction process as their top benefit. Improved accuracy is also a big potential draw for non-users. Both architects and engineers have indicated that they see value in BIM producing more accurate Construction documents. Accuracy in cost estimation for quantity surveyors is discussed in detail in Chapter 5.
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The below graph shows the potential adoption drivers for non-users of BIM:
Factors Influencing Decision to Adopt BIM in the Future
Improved scheduling capabilities
50%
Reduced number and need for information requests
53% 50% 55% 56% 55% 50% 59%
Safer worksites
Less time drafting; more time designing
Reduced construction costs
Improved budgeting and cost estimating capabilities
51% 61%
Owners demanding it on their projects 66% Reduced number of field coordination problems 68% Improved communication between all parties in the design and construction process 57% 70% 54% 71%
More accurate construction documents
Western Europe Northern America
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Graph 6 - Factors Influencing Decision to Adopt BIM in the Future
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Industry Attitudes of Barriers and Obstacles to BIM Adoption

As discussed in Chapter 2, Eastman et al. say noted that improved processes in each phase of design and construction will reduce the number and severity of problems associated with traditional processes. The below graph illustrates what the Northern American Industry considers to be the most important obstacles to BIM Adoption:
Most Important Obstacles to BIM Adoption
Required hardware upgrades too expensive
Functionality doesnt apply well enough to what we do
Software too expensive
Havent had sufficient time to evaluate it
Not enough demand from clients and/or other firms on projects 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Graph 7 - Most Important Obstacles to BIM Adoption The items in the above table are echoed in the responses from the CITA BIM survey in Ireland. Irish respondents indicated a number of obstacles to BIM adoption, most notably: Heading Client Driven Responses from CITA Members for Areas Which Need Development Demand for BIM from Clients and Contractors....only once BIM is a requirement will consultants change their working methodologies to accommodate BIM.
Social BIM, not Lonely BIM Involvement from a number of key shareholders from constructors, architects, vendors government or state bodies. i.e. Not just the architect doing BIM, but everyone on the project. Training & Software Costs and upgrading can be quite high
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Dublin Institute of Technology Awareness of Benefits
There is currently not enough awareness of the benefits of BIM Ireland
Agreed Procedures & The Building Smart Alliance: National BIM Standard Standards Table 8 Obstacles to BIM Implementation. Source: CITA Limited, 2010
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Industry Experience of BIM Value and Return on Investment (ROI)

Perception v. Formally Measuring BIM Value Whilst some companies measure the ROI with BIM, others go by their perception of value. This thesis is more concerned with the actual measurement of ROI and figures based upon companies formally measuring BIM are discussed below. Companies who formally measure their ROI for BIM have reported higher returns than those who simply just estimate their returns.
Seven in ten BIM users who measure ROI see positive returns, compared to half of those who only go by their perception of value. McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009 According to the respondents in Dr. Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Samara Rices industry survey on the perceived value of BIM, in order to effectively study the value for BIM for significant returns on investment, this may take between 5-8 years to complete as the industry is still in the early stages of adoption. Obviously efficiencies such as consistency, accuracy, availability and coordination of project information can be measured in less time, however there is still a huge and steep learning curve for those who are ready to adopt BIM processes. It is also important to note that whilst trying to evaluate the benefits in converting from traditional to BIM processes, there are two aspects in measuring the value gained. Tangible benefits are quantifiable and measurable. However there are a lot of benefits which fall into the semi-intangible or intangible category and lack the weight of clear financial improvements. These include: Improved product quality Better decision making capabilities Increased availability of data
Again, the tangible benefits are the ones that can be measured. The time and monetary investments required for quantity surveyors to convert to BIM for example are both considerable and costly. These include I.T. hardware upgrades, investigation into and the purchase of new software, training, time spent planning and implementing BIM, time lost during the conversion to BIM, and possibly BIM marketing costs. In an increasingly competitive market, Irish surveying firms will need financial proof that an investment in BIM will yield a return before they invest in new software and processes. Whilst this return used to be circa 3 years, investors are now looking to produce a return within 1 year. Becerik-Gerber and Rice found that 41% of the respondents saw an overall project profitability increase with the use of BIM, with only 12% of the respondents reporting a decrease. For firms who had more experience with BIM, their Return on Investment was likely to be higher. For respondents implementing BIM on 100% of their projects, 73% found an increase in profitability and only 3% stated a decrease. (Here the increase in profitability includes both a reduction in project duration and associated costs).
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McGraw-Hills respondents are slightly different to the findings of Becerik-Gerber and Rice. Whilst Becerik-Gerber and Rice found 41% see an ROI, McGraw-Hill noted that two in every three (66%) users of BIM users say they see positive ROI on their overall investment in BIM. The author suggests that one in three who either sees no change / negative ROI may be currently going through the learning curve stage, as the report notes 87% of expert users are experiencing a positive return with BIM. McGraw Hill found that 93% of BIM users believe there is potential for increased value from BIM in the future. The future of BIM is discussed further below in section X.X.
Level of Business Value of BIM
Level of Business Value of BIM

3% 4% We're getting everything out of BIM that we believe it can provide us We're getting no meaningful value from BIM 45% We're getting a lot of value from BIM but believe there is more to be gained We're just scratching the surface of how much value BIM can provide us
48%
Graph 9 - Level of Business Value of BIM. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009
The industry also responded that not all benefits of BIM provide equal value, and differences in benefits are illustrated below:
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BIM Benefits Contributing The Most Value

Reduced number of RFIs (Requests for Information) Better cost control/predictability Fast Client Approval Cycles Reduced changes during construction Reduced conflicts during construction Improved overall project quality Improved collective understanding of design intent 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 43% 43% 44% 56% 59% 62% 69% 70%
Graph 6 - BIM Benefits Contributing The Most Value. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010
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Becerik-Gerber and Rices industry survey on the value of BIM included research questions on three main headings: Project duration Space and staff requirements Printing, document shipping and travel costs
Project Duration
Below examines the responses to the changes in project duration for BIM users. 66% of respondents either reported an increase in duration or else no change for the schematic and conceptual design stages. The author notes that this might be due to the additional set up time required to implement BIM successfully, and perhaps the additional time required to form an accurate BIM model. The author proposed that surveyors should consider altering their fee structure (more frontloading?) if more time is required at the initial stages.
Changes in Project Duration from BIM Use
Schematic Design
29%
34% 37%
Conceptual Design
29%
36% 36%
Detailed Design
22% 30%
48%
Bid Preparation
10%
46% 45%
Construction Less Time No Change More Time
7.50% 10.00%
34.50%
58%
0.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Graph 10 - Changes in Project Duration from the Use of BIM. Source: Dr. Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Samara Rice (2009) The most substantial decrease in duration is the construction stage where 58% of respondents reported a reduction. The author notes that this will obviously have a reduced effect on the preliminary costs for contractors as they will on site for a reduced period. He also suggests that for Gary Bowen Draft Thesis Page | 55
surveyors who undertake Project or Bank Monitoring, shorter project duration will have a reduction in the number of monthly fees the firm takes in. REFER TO THAT ARTICLE THAT DISCUSSED FEES IN THE CASE STUDY. This is discussed further in the case study in Chapter 5. Each one of the time reductions in the above graph, whether small or large, adds up to a total overall reduction that is noticeable and impacting upon the ROI.
Space and Staff Requirements

In this section, the majority of respondents indicated no change in staffing requirements; however 10% reported an increase in staffing requirements. 60% indicated no changes in their space needs, whilst 11% reported a decrease in space requirements. For a surveying office, this could be one less person taking off quantities on a project due to an efficiency increase in using BIM software for example.
Changes in Space and Staff Requirements

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Do Not Know Not Applicable Space Staff Unchanged 12% 7% 14%13% 9% 13% 11% 21% 42% 60%
More
Less
Figure x.x Changes in Space and Staff Requirements from use of BIM.
Source: Dr. Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Samara Rice (2009)
The above table shows that whilst there are some savings in space and staff requirements, these are not significant savings. This clearly shows the unlikelihood of BIM providing savings to an individual company through changes in staff and space needs. However later in this chapter, the author will review staff productivity and output per unit. INSERT PART HERE ON STAFF PRODUCTIVITY AND OUTPUT PER UNIT, paul t. , maybe put that in the lit review and refer to it Ff
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Printing, Document Shipping and Travel Costs

Becerik-Gerber and Rice showed there are substantial cost reductions in printing, document shipping and travel costs when using BIM, and only a small majority of firms reported a cost increase in printing, shipping and travel costs.
Changes in Printing, Shipping and Travel Costs

47% Printing Costs 8% 45%
45% Document Shipping Costs 3% 53%
Travel Costs 4.50% Costs Less No Change Costs More
42% 53.50%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Figure x.x Changes in Printing, Document Shipping and Travel Costs from use of BIM.
Source: Dr. Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Samara Rice (2009)
Whilst these cost reductions might be only a small percentage of total project costs, Becerik-Gerber and Rice note that any cost reduction which is a by-product of a process change should be surveyed and factored appropriately into ROI modelling and benchmarking. Reduced printing, shipping and travel costs is also a result of BIM implementation, as seen in the Case Study in Chapter 5.
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Industry Proposed Methods to Improve BIM

It was seen in the above industry surveys that most companies see value in BIM, however this section focuses on the factors that hinder their ability to obtain better results. Based upon survey results from in North America, Mainland Europe and Ireland, the author has examined a number of areas that industry users think are highly important to increasing their business benefits. Softwarerelated issues top the list of areas that need to be addressed to improve business value, including better interoperability between software applications and enhanced functionality of BIM software. Others are illustrated in the below graph and table:
Methods To Improve The Value of BIM

More readily available outsourced modeling Integration of BIM data with mobile More readily available training in BIM More hard data demonstrating the business Reduced cost of BIM software Willingness of AHJs (Authorities Having More incoming entry-level staff with BIM skills More use of contracts to support BIM and More 3D building product manufacturer-specific More external firms with BIM skills More owners asking for BIM More internal staff with BIM skills More clearly defined BIM deliverables between Improved functionality of BIM software Improved interoperability between software 0% Western Europe 25% 41% 43% 39% 51% 49% 51% 51% 60% 54% 55% 54% 54% 54% 58% 62% 70% 65% 63% 69% 65% 67% 62% 69% 70% 70% 78%
63%
76% 79% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Northern America
Graph 11 - Methods to Improve The Value of BIM. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009 & 2010
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From reviewing the survey responses to the CITA survey, the author has listed the top responses for improving BIM and the its value: Heading Responses from CITA Members for Areas Which Need Development
National Standard Building A work breakdown structure for the Irish Construction sector needs to Elements be developed, the National Standard Building elements are not sufficient for BIM IFCs and Interoperability Wider adoption of IFC's and interoperability generally. No single platform solution will offer access to the full range of advantages which can be offered to the construction and estates/building management industries. BIM Cost Estimating Not expanded on in survey response, but discussed further in Chapter 5. Table 12 Additional Methods to Improve The Value of BIM. Source: CITA Limited, 2010
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Industry Attitudes of the Future of BIM

McGraw-Hills Construction Survey showed that a third of BIM adoption in Western Europe (34%) occurred over 5 years ago. Since that time BIM adoption has steadily grown - averaging slightly more than 10% each of the subsequent years. In the past year however, there has been a slight surge, with nearly 20% of adoption taking place since early 2009. Of the BIM adopters, 46% of European users have adopted it within the last three years, this can be compared with 66% in North America. While 59% of users employ BIM frequently on their projects today (>30% of projects), the number using it at that level could increase to 76% in the next two years.
BIM Usage on Projects (2010 & 2012 Projected)

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% <15% 2010 2012 (Proposed) 15-30% 7% 25% 17% 16% 18% 15% 44% 58%
30-60%
>60%
Graph 7 - BIM Usage on Projects. Source: McGraw Hill Construction
About one quarter of non-users (24%) believe that BIM will be highly or very highly important to the industry in five years. However, one-third of non-users believe that BIM will have low or no importance. One of the reasons for this negative perception of BIMs future may be that there is a lack of internal understanding of BIM. Lack of internal understanding of BIM (55%) was the number one reason why non-users have delayed their adoption of BIM. Other highly rated reasons included the cost to implement BIM (52%) and to purchase BIM software (51%) and also that it seems less efficient on smaller projects (50%). (Size of projects is discussed further in section xx.)
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Importance of BIM in Five Years

Very High Importance 6% 11%
High Importance
18% 31%
Moderate Importane 39% Low Importance 16% No Importance 10% 22% 44%
3% 0% 5% 10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Graph 8 - Importance of BIM in Five Years. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009 & 2010
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Industry Attitudes of the Future of BIM

McGraw-Hills Construction Survey showed that a third of BIM adoption in Western Europe (34%) occurred over 5 years ago. Since that time BIM adoption has steadily grown - averaging slightly more than 10% each of the subsequent years. In the past year however, there has been a slight surge, with nearly 20% of adoption taking place since early 2009. Of the BIM adopters, 46% of European users have adopted it within the last three years, this can be compared with 66% in North America. While 59% of users employ BIM frequently on their projects today (>30% of projects), the number using it at that level could increase to 76% in the next two years.
BIM Usage on Projects (2010 & 2012 Projected)

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% <15% 2010 2012 (Proposed) 15-30% 7% 25% 17% 16% 18% 15% 44% 58%
30-60%
>60%
Graph 9 - BIM Usage on Projects. Source: McGraw Hill Construction
About one quarter of non-users (24%) believe that BIM will be highly or very highly important to the industry in five years. However, one-third of non-users believe that BIM will have low or no importance. One of the reasons for this negative perception of BIMs future may be that there is a lack of internal understanding of BIM. Lack of internal understanding of BIM (55%) was the number one reason why non-users have delayed their adoption of BIM. Other highly rated reasons included the cost to implement BIM (52%) and to purchase BIM software (51%) and also that it seems less efficient on smaller projects (50%). (Size of projects is discussed further in section xx.)
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Importance of BIM in Five Years

Very High Importance 6% 11%
High Importance
18% 31%
Moderate Importane 39% Low Importance 16% No Importance 10% 22% 44%
3% 0% 5% 10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Graph 10 - Importance of BIM in Five Years. Source: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2009 & 2010
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2.6.1 University of Southern California Survey on BIM ROI 2.6.2 BIM Implementation Costs
In the survey carried out by Becerik-Gerber and Rice in 2009, they concluded that the U.S. construction industry is unable to pass on the costs of implementing BIM to clients. They noted that 85% of the respondent firms are absorbing the costs of BIM software, hardware, training and updates. Only 4% of clients are directly covering any of these costs. [CHECK THIS IN THE INDUSTRY SURVEY]. Frequent builders such as, Primark (Pennys Retail Store) for example, are requesting BIM on all their new projects, whereas infrequent builders are not willing to invest in these perceived expenses. In the U.S.A., the Construction Users Roundtable (CURT) has recommended that owners demand that their project teams collaborate using BIM. Frequent builders are of course requesting BIM on projects as these costs are retainable and reusable (software, training, learning curve costs etc). As it stands now, the cost of BIM is primarily borne by architects, engineers and contractors Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Samara Rice, 2009 Owners are as likely as contractors to see a high ROI with seven out of ten owners reporting positive results. BIM Implementation costs are discussed further in the BIM Implementation case study (Chapter 5).
2.6.3 Return on Investment - Conclusion

Calculating the value of BIM is still a challenging topic for both the academic and professional world, and there are many methods to measure the ROI on BIM. Whether BIM reduces costs or not, the construction industry is adopting BIM based technologies and methodologies at a rapid rate, as demonstrated in 2009 at the annual University of Southern California Symposium on Building Information Modelling. This is backed up by Becerik-Gerber and Rices findings that more than 20% of their respondent firms indicated they now use BIM on 100% of their projects. Whilst some texts state the return on investment for BIM is not immediate, Autodesk have stated that Irish construction companies prefer to see a return on software by the end of the first year. It is therefore important to track the return over both the short and long term. However particular focus should be on the long-term benefits, as this is the element which will prove to companies not currently availing of BIM that implementing such processes will have a positive impact on their profit line. With regard to the return on investment in the future, the majority of BIM users say they see value in BIM today, but the full potential of its benefits have yet to be realised. Very few BIM users say they are getting everything out of BIM that they believe it can provide.
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Architosh Survey on BIM

Key Findings & Emerging Themes There are eight key findings discussed in detail in the report summarized as follows: 1. Autodesk Revit and Graphisoft ArchiCAD were the two leading discussed BIM programs by participants in the survey. They both appear to capture more of the following: mind share, evaluation share, and adoption share are greater than their key rivals. 2. Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft ArchiCAD and Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect all appear to have upward momentum in the BIM market as compared to rivals and as firms leave behind key 2D CAD systems. Autodesk AutoCAD is the single largest exit CAD program. 3. Participants in this opt-in BIM survey as a whole were much more aggressive in the adoption of new innovative information technologies than the industry as a whole. The percentage of those who identified with Innovator or Early Adopter status on the Rogers Diffusion of Innovation Curve was surprisingly high. 4. Just over 60 percent of participants said their firms had adopted BIM in some BIMusage capacity. 5. The number one reason why both firms and individuals were interested in BIM adoption is because they believe it leads to better design of buildings than just 2D CAD alone. Improving efficiency of design documentation was a clear second priority. 6. 42 percent of participants do not believe BIM adoption within architecture will lead to greater pay or salary within the field of architecture, despite the efficiency promises and assumptions of BIM. This turned out to be a paradoxical result compared to other key results in the data. 7. 66 percent of participants said they were extremely interested in evaluating an Apple BIM program if it met the generalized description in the survey question. Bear in mind that 50 percent of the firms in this survey were using Windows in their majority capacity. 8. The survey results clearly indicate a growing demand for multi-platform (Windows and Mac) support from industry software leaders, particularly Autodesk. More larger firms like NBBJ (see interview in ISV Report) are finding both increased demand and use of Apple Mac computers, particularly laptops, within their organizations (see ISV Report for an entire section devoted to the discussion of Apple in relation to BIM in the architectural industry). Both analytic and synthetic discussion centers around several key themes from the
Gary Bowen Draft Thesis Page | 65
report. They are detailed in full in the Full and ISV Report versions. They are: BIM Adoption: Definition and Challenges The definition of BIM is still loose enough as to seriously challenge architects to know whether they are truly doing BIM or not. Without a baseline definition of BIM the determination of BIM adoption becomes murky at best. BIM and the Business of Architecture The I in BIM could equally stand for Investment, Innovation and Income, insofar as what BIM means to the business of architecture. BIM is both imposing positive and negative pressure simultaneously on the bottom lines of architecture firms. A rich array of the complexity of this issue is discussed in detail and reported in the key interviews in particular. BIM and the Social Value of Architectural Practice Based on commentary and survey results we address how BIM can come to bear on how society views architects and the services they provide. Apple + BIM: Generating Discussion Putting Apple into the discussion helped generate a wide-ranging discussion about BIM software: whats wrong with it; whats right with it; and what it could and should be.
Industry Software
2.5.0
BIM Technology and Software
As this thesis also covers a wide range of BIM software and technology, it is important to note BIM is not a solely a technology, but a business process that is embedded within and supported by technology. The BIM software discussed in this thesis does not supply BIM; it only supplies the basic components of BIM. It is up to quantity surveyors to deliver the true value of BIM through cost planning, cost reporting and 5D consulting.
2.5.1 Software Used by the AEC Industry and Quantity Surveyors

In a 2009 survey carried out by Becerik-Gerber and Rice on the software used by BIM companies, Becerik-Gerber and Rice pointed out the wide range of software used by the 424 respondents. They concluded that the industry has mainly adopted BIM solutions that focus on the design aspects (Revit, ArchiCAD, Tekla etc) more than the ones which focus on quantity surveying solutions such as 4D scheduling, 5D cost estimating, and code checking (Vico, Synchro) etc. Contractors on the other hand use a wider range of BIM speciality solutions, including cost and change review and 4D scheduling. The software findings in Becerik-Gerber and Rices survey are echoed in the Architosh 2010 BIM Survey which states: Autodesk Revit and Graphisoft ArchiCAD are the two leading Gary Bowen Draft Thesis Page | 66
discussed BIM programmes by participants in the survey Architoshs survey also states that Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft ArchiCAD and Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect all appear to have upward momentum in the BIM market. Autodesks AutoCAD is the single largest exit CAD program. These facts are important for quantity surveyors who wish to commence training for BIM software. In addition to this, quantity surveyors will need to be familiar with the file formats which these packages have, as certain IT surveying solutions have the ability to measure using these formats (E.g. Both Autodesk Quantity Takeoff (QTO) and Exactal CostX can measure an Revit file (.rvt), however the Revit file format must be converted to a Design Web Format (.dwf) file prior to importing to Autodesk QTO.
2.5.2 Tasks AEC Companies use BIM Software For

Becerik-Gerber and Rices 2009 survey noted that visualisation, clash detection and building design were the top three tasks for BIM users. As-built model generation, building assembly, construction sequencing, massing studies, cost estimating, model based estimating, feasibility studies, environmental analysis and sustainability certificate compliance followed in their survey. As the terms cost estimating and feasibility study are too broad for this study, the below sections will review these terms in more detail to show how quantity surveyors can use BIM processes and software to their benefit.
2.4.3 BIM Quantity Takeoff Software for Quantity Surveyors

Cost estimating and automatic quantity takeoff are aspects of the building process that benefit from computable building information. When quantity surveyors prepare cost estimates in a traditional manner, they used to undertake manual takeoffs from their drawings (using either hardcopy drawings with a ruler or else softcopy drawings and a digitiser). These methods pose a high risk for human error. By using a BIM for quantity takeoff, Autodesk for example have noted that: By using a building information model instead of drawings, the takeoffs, counts, and measurements can be generated directly from the underlying model. Therefore the information is always consistent with the design. And when a change is made in the design a smaller window size, for example the change automatically ripples to all related construction documentation and schedules, as well as all the takeoffs, counts, and measurements that are used by the estimator. This is of benefit to quantity surveyors as between 50%-80% of time required to create a cost estimate is spent calculating quantities. In 2008, the Construction I.T. Alliance Exchange (CITAX) project for example noted that time-savings between 57% and 70% are possible for computer aided measurement. However, this is dependent on the scale of the project to be measured and the format of computer-aided measurement used (automatic quantity takeoff or digitiser). By automating the task of calculating quantities, BIM allows quantity surveyors to use the time saved to focus on higher value project-specific factors and billable hours. The construction services that quantity surveyors bring to a project (such as identifying risks and gathering current prices etc), and
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not the brick-counting, is the real value quantity surveyors bring to each project. This is one of the primary reasons why the time-savings in quantity takeoff does not reduce the demand for quantity surveyors. A spring 2010 article by Andreas A. Jimenez in the Journal of the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors has noted that the role of an estimator or quantity surveyor will not be replaced by BIM tools. Jimenez believes that the value that the quantity surveyor provides is a reliable cost by surveying the quantities spitted by the BIM virtual takeoff tool. This includes: Looking for non-modelled items Applying appropriate waste (If rate comes from a non-ARM4 rate) Altering rates for location and difficulty, etc Applying contingency rate for project (based upon risk and level of information etc) Entering current prices and checking with actual costs tracked on similar projects
In 2010, Vico Software noted they are often asked the question: Does the use of BIM for quantity takeoff and cost planning require a change in the job description of estimators. i.e. do estimators have to become modelers prior to performing an automatic quantity takeoff? In summary, Vico argue that there is no change as BIM means an enrichment of the job description, not a redefinition. Vico also noted that there can is an industry fear amongst surveyors for ensuring the model is correct as BIM modelling tools can be complex to learn and complete correctly. However when project teams define and agree on the content, methodology and naming conventions used in BIM models, these models can provide usable input for quantity takeoff. Vico noted it is quite likely that not all quantities can be obtained from the design model, but the model's visual feedback and the ability to mix and match' with manual quantities will make it possible to quickly start taking advantage of BIM tools. The author confirms this is correct from his own quantity takeoff work where manual takeoff compliments automatic quantity takeoff. (E.g. three-way and four-way intersections in partitions must be measured under ARM4, and these are not picked up by BIM measuring tools as they are not defined as separate items in the model). Further benefits of BIM for quantity surveyors at the various pre and post contract stages of a project are discussed in Section 2.6.1.
2.5.4 BIM Software Licence Costs

It is difficult to compare licence costs on a like-for-like basis, because purchasing BIM software depends a lot on: The software distributer negotiating a price The number of licences required by the surveyor The time the licence is purchased - Construction peak prices will obviously be higher than the prices in recessionary times. The number of alternative packages being purchased.
However as a guide, individual or network licences for BIM software can cost between 1,000 to 8,000 each. Autodesk Revit for example can cost approximately 5,500 per licence with annual
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maintenance costs of 800. The full version of Autodesk Navisworks costs 8,000 per license with Autodesk Quantity Takeoff costing 2,000 per license. Hardware costs for BIM will vary upon local computing or cloud computing and this is discussed in section X.X.
2.5.5 BIM Software Available for Quantity Surveyors

The below section analysis a number of software currently available for quantity surveyors. The list, which is by no means exhaustive, also includes a range of software primarily used by designers or planners, but software which quantity surveyors must be familiar with for collaborative purposes.
2.5.5.1
Autodesk Revit 2011
Autodesks main BIM product is Revit, which encompasses Revit Architecture, Revit MEP and Revit Structure. McGraw-Hill note that Revit is probably the most widely used of the modelling Tools, a fact which is backed up in the Architosh 2010 BIM Survey. Revit has a very similar functionality to the other major solid modellers. I.e. a designer can model almost anything in any of the software tools. For quantity surveyors and estimators, Revit includes a quantity take-off function whereby automatic quantities can both be generated from the model, and then updated as the model changes. The quantity surveyor can alter the quantity units in order to measure the building in accordance with the Agreed Rules of Measurement (ARM). For example, blockwork can be measured in area, whereas partitions can be measured in linear meters. Revit also has the ability to export its model quantities to cost-estimating software such as Innovaya of Autodesk QTO. McGraw-Hill note that the connection is a one-way transfer of quantitative information and that all interpretations of this information are made in the cost-estimating software. In Northern America, Autodesk Revit is being used extensively on the Freedom Tower in New York City (The site of the World Trade Centre). When completed, the Freedom Tower will be 541 meters tall and will contain approximately 241,546 square meters of floor area.
2.5.5.2
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff (QTO)
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff is used by quantity surveyors and estimators for calculating quantities as it has several additional functions over Revits own internal quantity takeoff function. Within this software quantity surveyors can create templates to measure a building in accordance with ARM4. The software allows both automatic quantity takeoff and manual digitising in both 2D and 3D. In addition to obtaining quantities, quantity surveyors can also use the built in spreadsheet to add additional information to the quantities and rates such as labour and material breakdowns. As well as measuring quantities from intelligent BIM models, Autodesk Quantity Takeoff can also measure from non-intelligent formats such as .jpg or .pdf image files. Quantities and quantity reports can also be exported to Excel for further purposes. The capability to remember past element assignments and automatically reassign similar items in future Autodesk QTO projects is of benefit for surveyors. This means that once an ARM4 template is
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set up for one project, it can be integrated into QTO for future take-offs. QTO can also quantify items not typically modelled, but need to be under ARM4, such as concrete formwork. Although from the authors experience of the software, it does not quantify non-modelled items such as three-way and four-way intersections for plasterboard partitions (ARM Ref. x>x.x.x.x). These must be calculated manually. The initial model take-off in QTO is done by going to the Takeoff drop down and selecting Model. This reads all elements exported from Revit to the 3D DWF (QTO is yet to read .rvt files directly), and incorporates parameters associated with these elements for use in the Autodesk QTO reports. Items can then be assigned from the takeoff to the ARM4 catalogue elements that have all cost and assembly information associated with them.
2.5.5.3
Graphisoft ArchiCAD 14
Graphisoft ArchiCAD is similar to Autodesk Revit and is the second most used design software for BIM in North America.
2.5.5.4
Bentley
Bentley produce software for the design, fabrication, and construction of projects. Bentley MicroStation is a 3D platform used for developing and assembling construction models. In Australia, Bentley Architecture and Bentley Structures are being used to capture existing conditions and facilitate the refurbishment and acoustical retrofit of the Sydney Opera House.
2.5.5.5
xxxxx
Exactal CostX Synchro / Nomitech Tekla
2.5.5.6
xxxx
2.5.5.7
Tekla software addresses structural steel, steel reinforcing in concrete, and precast concrete modeling. The software can take the project from the design phase, through detailing, into production and assembly. The engineer, for example, can create the model that begins the design and structural analysis process and forward it on for use in fabrication and installation. The software also has the ability to model reinforcing steel and precast concrete components for concrete construction.
2.5.5.8
Vico
Vico is a new company, but the engine behind its Constructor is ArchiCAD. With Constructor, cost calculations can be created from the model by attaching a link from to a model part. These costs can then be broken up into materials, labour and other resources.
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2.5.5.9
Autodesk Navisworks Manage
Navisworks is beneficial for initial explorations of the building model. The primary function of Navisworks is to provide 3D model interoperability for the building design. Many different software tools are being used by many different disciplines that all produce 3D models in different file formats. Most of these tools do not import or export one anothers native file formats, thus Navisworks has provided a model viewer that can read almost any 3D file format. Detecting clashes is also possible in Navisworks and the one that provides a quick return on investment. It is capable of finding and identifying all instances where model parts clash / take the same space in the model which is beneficial for the coordination of building systems and services. The clashes not only are found and listed, but also can be managed until they are dismissed or resolved. Using Navisworks reduces errors and risk on site, thereby leading to reduced project costs. Navisworks also has time liner function which can provide a simulation or sequence for the project elements. By either importing a construction schedule from an outside software (Primavera, Microsoft Project etc) or by building a new schedule in Time Liner, the 3D model components can be linked to a scheduled task, and thus can be seen appearing in a timed sequence. A sample of this can be viewed at http://www.
2.5.6 Computer Operating Systems

The majority of BIM software is designed to run on Microsoft Windows machines, and most software providers such as Autodesk and Nomitech provide support for Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 platforms. In addition to offering software for Microsoft Windows platforms, some software manufactures such as Graphisoft also offer ArchiCAD for the Apple Mac based operating system, Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard). Software which is only supported on a Microsoft Windows machine can be run as a virtual machine on an Apple Mac computer. Software such as Parallels Desktop 5 for Mac (70) or Vmware Fusion 3.1.0 (80) allows surveyors run their Microsoft Windows programmes such as Autodesk Revit or Exactal CostX on their Mac. This is not a major problem however as the majority of quantity surveying firms in Ireland run machines running Microsoft Windows XP. The author believes it will be only a few years until software developers support Apple Mac computers. In Architoshs 2010 survey, 66% of participants said they were extremely interested in evaluating an Apple BIM program, particularly with Autodesk. With regard to the speed BIM software can run at, the majority of Windows and Apple based software are designed for both 32-bit and 64-bit operating system computers.
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Industry view on Requirements for Implementing BIM Future Outlook / Potential Adoption Drivers
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Chapter 5 - BIM Implementation Case Study

5.1.0 Introduction to BIM Implementation Need a competitive advantage. If you dont offer BIM services, you will get left behind. Buy-in from management and cost consultant staff. Drafted a BIM plan and formed a BIM pilot group to implement it.
5.2.0
BIM Implementation Plan
BIM Plan Brainstorming on White Board MS Project BIM Implementation timeline 5.3.0 Pilot Group for BIM Implementation
BIM Pilot group to keep implementation strategy focused and on target to achieve BIM goals Obtaining early design and completed models from architects to test the take off process on
5.4.0
Software & Hardware for BIM Implementation
Review how this take off integrated with the companies cost database (Sage timberline) BIM software review for company needs Upgrade of I.T hardware for BIM models QTO Steel 10% extra
5.5.0
Barriers to Implementing BIM
Software, Hardware, not a lot of cost consultant companies have done this in Canada. High costs. 5.6.0 Other Considerations for BIM Implementation
Meeting with architects to review analysis of needs (two way street meetings what they want from a cost consultant, and what I as a cost consultant want from the architect) Review of fees for a BIM project Speaking to firms in the U.S. who have implemented BIM
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Consideration of Social BIM v Lonely BIM for implementation Update of company cost plans and reports to reflect aspects of BIM (e.g. cost plans now include screen shots of the 3D-model to show the main cost drivers of the building)
5.7.0
Implementation Costs
Costs of BIM Implementation (Time from 2 cost consultants, Software, Hardware, Whiteboard, Conferences and Transport etc)
5.8.0
Marketing Firms BIM Capabilities
BIM marketing, attendance at local and national BIM meetings
5.9.0
Future Aspects for BIM Implementation
Other BIM aspects, value engineering, 4D, 6D 7D
5.10.0 Review of Implementation Plan and Lessons Learned Conclusion
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Chapter 6 - Analysis of Findings

Analysis of findings from Literature Review, Industry Review and Case Study
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Chapter 7 Conclusion
Conclusion of Thesis and recommendations for further research.
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List of Abbreviations
2D 3D 4D 5D AEC API APPA ARM4 BIM CAD CCIF CIQS CITA CITAX CPIC EULA GB gbXML GPU IDC IFC IFMA IT MB MEP Two-Dimensional Geometry Three-Dimensional Geometry Project Time / Schedule / Programme Project Costing Information Architecture Engineering & Construction Application Programming Interfaces Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers Agreed Rules of Measurement, 4th Edition Building Information Modelling Computer Aided Measurement Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors Construction Information Technology Alliance Construction Information Technology Alliance eXchange Construction Project Information Committee End-user license agreement Gigabytes (1,000 megabytes or 1,000,000 bytes) of storage Green Building Extensible Markup Language Graphics Processing Unit International Data Cooperation Industry Foundation Classes International Facility Management Association Information Technology megabytes (1,000 bytes) of storage Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing
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Dublin Institute of Technology MOP NASFA NBIMS NIBS NBS ODBC QS QTO RAM RDP RFI RIBA ROI SaaS SCS SPSS UPS XML xD or nD Matheson Ormsby Prentice
National Association of State Facilities Administrators National BIM Standards Committee National Institute of Building Sciences National Building Specification Open Database Connectivity Quantity Surveyor Quantity Take Off Random-access memory emote Desktop Protocol Request for Information Royal Institute of British Architects Return on Investment Software as a Service Society of Chartered Surveyors Statistical Package for the social Science Universal Power Supply Extensible Markup Language Sustainability, Facilities Management, Procurement and/or Health & Safety
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References
Books:
Eastman, C. et al. BIM Handbook A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers & Contractors, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey, 2008 Dzambazova, T. et al, Revit Architecture 2010 BIM for Beginners Wiley Publishing Inc, Indinia, 2009 Naoum, S. Dissertation Research and Writing for Construction Students, Second Edition Butterworth-Heinemann, UK, 2007 Moustakas, E. Phenomenological Research Methods, Sage Publications Ltd, USA, 1994 Giorgi, A. Sketch Of A Psychological Phenomenological Method, Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985 Fellows, R. F. and Liu, A.M.M Research Methods for Construction Blackwell publishing, 2003 Bryman, A and Cramer D. Quantitative Data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A Guide for Social Scientists Psychology Press, 2005 Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Yin, Robert K., 2009, Case Study Research, Fourth Edition, Sage Publications Inc. Hardin, B, (2009) BIM and Construction Management: Proven Tools, Methods, and Workflows Sybex Jernigan, F. E. (2008) Big Bim, Little BIM, 4Site Press, Second Edition
Articles / Reports:
Gallaher, M et al., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the U.S. Capital Facilities Industry, Maryland, 2004
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Teicholz, P. Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Labor Productivity Declines in the Construction Industry: Causes and Remedies, 2004 http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2004/issue_4.html Bedrick, J. BIM and Process Improvement, 2005 http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2005/issue_20.html France , C. BIM and the Cloud, 2010 http://www.aecbytes.com/feature/2010/BIM_Cloud.html Becerik-Gerber, B. & Rice, S. The Value of Building Information Modeling: Can We Measure the ROI of BIM?, California, 2009 http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2009/issue_47.html Eastman, C. et al. Managing BIM Technology in the Building Industry, 2008 http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2008/issue_35.html Wright, S. C. Two Steps Forward, No Going Back: How Our Firm is Using Technology to Gain a Strategic Advantage, 2008 http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2008/issue_38_pr.html Jones, S., McGraw-Hill Construction, Building Information Modeling (BIM) Transforming Design and Construction to Achieve Greater Industry Productivity, New York, 2008 http://construction.ecnext.com/mcgraw_hill/includes/BIM2008.pdf Autodesk, Autodesk Revit Architecture 2010 - Brochure http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/revit_architecture_2010_brochure.pdf Autodesk, Autodesk Revit Architecture 2010 Questions & Answers http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/revitarch10_faq_customer_final.pdf Howell I. & Batcheler, B., Building Information Modeling Two Years Later Huge Potential, Some Success and Several Limitations Autodesk Inc., White Paper Building Information Modeling, 2002 http://www.laiserin.com/features/bim/autodesk_bim.pdf Khemlani, L. Building the Future, 2009 http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2010/AU2009_Exhibitors.html Hamil, S. BIM and building properties 2010 http://www.thenbs.com/topics/PracticeManagement/articles/buildingInformationModellin g_02.asp Society of Chartered Surveyors, Requirements & Competencies Guide http://www.scs.ie/members/education/student_probationers/apc_files/requirementsandco mpetenciesguide.pdf Construction IT Alliance Limited, CITAX Project; Module 5 Computer Aided Measurement, 2008 http://d136186.u33.dc-servers.com/cita3/Downloads/45.pdf
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Rasdale, M. (Matheson Ormsby Prentice), Cloud Road - In the rush for cloud computing, are legal issues getting lost in the mist? 2009 http://www.mop.ie/publications/Cloud-Road-Inthe-rush-for-cloud-computing--are-legal-issues-getting-lost-in-the-mist.htm Pollalis, S. & Becerik-Gerber, B. Computer Aided Collaboration in Managing Construction Cambridge: Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 2006 http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/white_paper_computer_aided_collaboration_constr uction.pdf Becerik-Gerber, B. & Rice, S. An Assessment of Building Information Modelling Value and Use, 2009 http://i-lab.usc.edu/Papers/CIB%20W78_Becerik-Gerber.pdf Becerik-Gerber, B. & Rice, S. The Perceived Value of Building Information Modelling in the the U.S. Building Industry, 2010 http://www.itcon.org/data/works/att/2010_15.content.02423.pdf Gilligan, B. & Kunz, J. VDC use in 2007: Significant Value, Dramatic Growth, and Apparent Business Opportunity (2007), CIFE Homepage, Stanford University Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering. http://cife.stanford.edu/online.publications/TR171.pdf Arch-Vision, European Architectural Barometer, http://www.reportbuyer.com/samples/3080658cc085e573b23f4b7ddf540477.pdf, 2009 McGraw-Hill Construction, SmartMarket Report, The Business Value of BIM in Europe: Getting Building Information Modeling to the Bottom Line in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. 2010 McGraw-Hill Construction, SmartMarket Report, The Business Value of BIM: Getting Building Information Modeling to the Bottom Line. 2010
Websites:
http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/pc/index?id=3781831&siteID=123112 https://students.autodesk.com/ http://www.laiserin.com/features/bim/ http://www.exactal.com/ http://www.cpic.org.uk/en/current-projects/building-information-modelling.cfm http://www.cpic.org.uk/en/ http://www.ppm5d.ie/software_synchro.shtml http://www.synchroltd.com/
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Dublin Institute of Technology http://www.linkedin.com
http://www.nomitech.eu/cms/en/videos/videoShow.html http://i-lab.usc.edu/ http://cife.stanford.edu/online.publications/TR171.pdf http://bimforum.org
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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Chapter 2 Literature Review......................................................................................... 10

buildingSMART alliance Seeks Industry Input on National BIM Standard ......................... 31

Dublin Institute of Technology 2.11.0

Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Literature Review Summary ...................................................................................... 34

CITA Irish Survey on BIM................................................................................................. 65 Industry Software ........................................................................................................... 66

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Dublin Institute of Technology

Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Gary Bowen Draft Thesis

Dublin Institute of Technology

Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Gary Bowen Draft Thesis

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Introduction to the Use of BIM

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

1.3.1 Importance to the Construction Industry & Building Users

Gary Bowen Draft Thesis

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

1.3.2 Importance of BIM for Quantity Surveyors

Concept & Pre-Contract Stage

Post-Contract & Construction Stage

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Research Questions, Aims & Objectives

Rationale for the Research

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Limitations / Scope of The Study

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Dublin Institute of Technology

Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Chapter 2 Literature Review

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Dublin Institute of Technology

Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Use of BIM in the Construction Industry

2.1.1 Use of BIM by Different Disciplines

2.1.1 Use of BIM for Different Project Types

2.1.2 Use of BIM for Different Project Sizes

2.1.3 Use of BIM for Different Procurement Paths

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Design and Build Contractor

Fig. X.X. Design & Build Responsibility Chart

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Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

Gary Bowen Draft Thesis

Dublin Institute of Technology

Masters In Applied Construction Cost Management

2.3.0 BIM for Cost Consultants

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