BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
REPORT ON
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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION
Reg. No. A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Acknowledgements -----------------------------------------------------------------------4 Executive Summary -----------------------------------------------------------------------5 SHIPBREAKING What is Shipbreaking? ----------------------------------------------------------History of Shipbreaking ---------------------------------------------------------Gadani Pakistans Shipbreaking Yard -----------------------------------History of Gadani Yard ---------------------------------------------------------Remembering History ----------------------------------------------------------Capacity of The Yard ------------------------------------------------------------10 Operations at The Yard --------------------------------------------------------Benefit from Shipbreaking to Economy -------------------------------------10-11 Products extracted from Shipbreaking -------------------------------------S.W.O.T. Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------Gadani Workers at Work ------------------------------------------------------ALUMINUM What is Aluminum? --------------------------------------------------------------14 11 12 13 10 6 7 7 8 9 3
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BUSINESS COMMUNICATION History of Aluminum ------------------------------------------------------------14 Generation of Aluminum -------------------------------------------------------Types of Aluminum -------------------------------------------------------------Recycling of Aluminum at Karachi -----------------------------------------RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------Reference Section -------------------------------------------------------------18 18 14 15 16-17
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PREFACE
The ship breaking and recycling industry (SBRI) converts end-of-life ships into steel and other recyclable items. Ship recycling offers the most environmentally sustainable way of disposing of old vessels, with virtually every part of the hull and machine complex being reused or recycled as scrap metal. Although the industry is beneficial from a life-cycle assessment point of view, over the years it has gravitated toward countries with low labor costs, weak regulations on occupational safety, and limited environmental enforcement. The global shift in the industry to countries with comparatively weaker regulatory systems is of particular concern as ships contain many hazards that can have significant detrimental effects on humans and the environment if not dealt with properly.
Currently, the global center of the ship breaking and recycling industry is located in South Asia, specifically Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. These three countries account for 7080 percent of the international market for ship breaking of ocean-going vessels, with China and Turkey accounting for most of the rest. Only about 5 percent of the global volume of such vessels is scrapped outside these five countries. This study focuses on the SBRI in Bangladesh and Pakistan to get a better understanding of the economics of the industry and the environmental impacts arising out of such activity and to explore possible ways in which such environmental effects may be mitigated.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH, the Most Kind and Most Merciful First of all I am grateful to ALLAH ALMIGHTY, who bestowed me with health, abilities and guidance to complete the report in a successful manner, and without HIS help I was unable to perform this task. I would like to express my gratitude to my Business Communication Teacher Mr. Nadeem Faraz Ahmed; who gave me this opportunity to fulfill this report and his encouragement always worked as moral and also to My Father Mr. Haider Ali who has helped me a lot in making this report and understanding the subject. This report is a part of our course Business Communication. This has proved to be a great experience.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The report assigned to us was to analyze any Product/Industry in the Market. I decided to choose one of Pakistans Industry Ship Breaking Industry and Metal Aluminum. I have tried my best to analyze the Ship Breaking Industry in Pakistan i.e. what is the Industry, History, The Industry in Pakistan, International Overview, and also the list of Materials/Items extracted from the industry. The reason behind choosing this topic is to explore the industry to our new generation who is almost unaware of the industry. Furthermore, I have also include information about Aluminum and its recycling process.
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HISTORY OF SHIPBREAKING
Until the late 20th century, ship breaking took place in port cities of industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. Today, most ship breaking yards are in developing countries, with the largest yards at Gadani in Pakistan, Alang in India, Chittagong in Bangladesh and Aliaa in Turkey. This is due to lower labor costs and less stringent environmental regulations dealing with the disposal of lead paint and other toxic substances. Some "breakers" still remain in the United States which work primarily on government surplus vessels. There are also some in Dubai, United Arab Emirates for tankers. China used to be an important player in the 1990s. It is now trying to reposition itself in more environmentally friendly industries
GADANI YARD
PAKISTANS
SHIPBREAKING
Gadani ship-breaking yard is the world's third largest ship breaking yard. The yard consists of 132 ship-breaking plots located across a 10 km long beachfront at Gadani, Pakistan, about 50 kilometres northwest of Karachi. In the 1980s, Gadani was the largest ship-breaking yard in the world, with more than 30,000 direct employees. However, competition from newer facilities in Alang, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh resulted in a significant reduction in output, with Gadani, today, producing less than one fifth of the scrap it produced in the 1980s. The recent reduction in taxes on scrap metal has led to a modest resurgence of output at Gadani, which now employs around 6,000 workers.
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BUSINESS COMMUNICATION In the 2009-2010 fiscal year, a record 107 ships, with a combined light displacement tonnage (LDT) of 852,022 tons, were broken at Gadani whereas in the previous 2008-2009 fiscal year, 86 ships, with a combined LDT of 778,598 tons, were turned into scrap.
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The tankers vital statistics 427 meters long, 71 meters wide and 37 meters high make her almost twice the size of the infamous Titanic, and the largest ship in the world This is the largest ship that has ever been brought here for breaking and it will be an experience for me to supervise it, says Mohammad Uzair, another veteran of the industry.
After nearly 25 years cruising international waters under its Greek owner, she pulled up her anchor for the last time in October after she was steered here by a Pakistani ship breaker. The scrapping of Kapetan Michalis is giving a one-off boost to the ship breaking industry here, which has been floundering since its hay days of the late 80s and early 90s. I still remember the days when a long queue of ships was always waiting for scrapping and almost 100,000 laborers were at work, Uzair sighs. Now there are no more than a few thousand men working here, earning around Rs 6,000 per month, and only five to six ships are anchored at any one time. Once stripped, remnants of steel, motors and pipes will be sold to steel mills and other dealers. A supervisor at the yard estimates her parts will bring in over Rs 1 billion (17 million dollars).
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In the 1970s the ship breaking industry was mainly concentrated in Europe, but high wages and the increasing cost of upholding environmental, health and safety standards led to Asia emerging as an alternative.
OPERATIONS YARD:
OF
GADANI
SHIPBREAKING
Ships to be broken up are run aground on the beach under their own power, then gradually dismantled. As the weight of the ship lessens, it is dragged further onto the beach until completely scrapped. In common with many other breakers in the region, scrapping ships at Gadani uses large amounts of local cheap labor with minimal mechanical assistance.
BENEFITS ECONOMY:
FROM
SHIPBREAKING
TO
SHIPBREAKING plays an important role in the national economy for a number of reasons:
1. Production of steel: the scrapping of ships provides the countrys main source of steel and in doing so saves substantial amount of money in foreign exchange by reducing the need to import steel materials. The iron from
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BUSINESS COMMUNICATION recycled ships supplies iron materials in the country. This does mean however, that the owners have more power and control over the amount of steel that is sold and the price it is sold at.
2. In some ways it can be considered a green industry. Almost everything on the ship and the ship itself is recycled, reused and resold. The scrapping of ships supplies raw materials to steel mills, steel plate re-manufacturing, asbestos re-manufacturing as well as providing furniture, paint, electrical equipment and lubricants, oil to the number of businesses that have spouted up specifically as a result. 3. It generates large amounts of revenue for various Government authorities through the payment of taxes. Every year the Government collects almost 9000 million taka in revenue from the shipbreaking industry through import duty, yards tax and other taxes. 4. Employment. Despite the conditions that the workers are employed under, this is an industry that employs more than 6,000 people directly. It provides employment for some of the poorest people from the region who would otherwise have no employment. These mainly economic benefits have made shipbreaking a powerful industry. But these economic benefits should be considered together with the social and environmental costs. Together, with better regulation shipbreaking can also bring social and environmental benefits.
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BUSINESS COMMUNICATION Hydraulic Oil Paints Cadmium / Mercury Radioactive Substance Oily Rags Batteries Organic Rags And; many other items
S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective.
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This photo is courtesy of Mr. Raja Islam. The place is Gadanis Ship Breaking area some 40 km west of Karachi. Ships of all sizes and shapes are broken down into small pieces of scrap here using mostly the hand tools. It is a work of sheer labor. When I first saw this picture in Raja Islams collection it was titled as Egyptian slaves at work. Breaking a ship into small pieces by using simple hand tools is probably very close in effort to building a Egyptian pyramid.
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WHAT IS ALUMINUM?
Aluminum is an abundant metallic chemical element which is widely used throughout the world for a wide range of products. Many consumers interact with some form of aluminum on a daily basis, especially if they are active in the kitchen. The element has an atomic number of 13, and it is identified with the symbol Al on the periodic table of elements. It is classified in the poor metals, sharing the property of extreme malleability with metals like tin and lead.
HISTORY OF ALUMINUM
The history of aluminum is actually quite old. Various forms of the element have been used for centuries; aluminum oxides, for example, appear in pottery and glazes from Ancient Egypt. The Romans also used aluminum, in the form of a substance they called alum. In the 1800s, Hans Christian Oersted isolated an impure form of the element, and he was followed by Friedrich Wohler, who succeeded in isolating pure aluminum in 1827
GENERATION OF ALUMINUM
At first, scientists believed that aluminum was extremely rare and difficult to extract, and the metal was at one point highly prized. Several sculptures from the 1800s illustrate this commonly held belief. In 1886, however, an American student named C.M. Hall and a Frenchman named Paul Herout developed a process for smelting ores to extract their valuable aluminum. The Hall-Heroult method is now extensively used throughout the world to isolate aluminum from ores such as bauxite.
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TYPES/USES OF ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM PLATE
Most pizza plates sold today tend to be medium or large in size, but smaller types are also available. Aluminum plates are lightweight and are often available in sizes suitable for serving small pizzas. One of the main reasons woodworkers have for replacing a router plate is that it's easier to monitor the progress of work using a clear acrylic router plate than the opaque aluminum plate. Some will also want a larger plate to increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the workpiece, contributing to the stability of the process and accuracy of the work, as well as the overall safety of the project.
ALUMINUM TUBE
Steel tubes tend to be heavier, but they are exceptionally strong as well. Aluminum tubes are much lighter, but they cannot support as much weight as steel tubes can. Being more flexible than steel, copper tubing is more easily adjusted and manipulated in small spaces and around corners. Aluminum tubing is great for making bicycle frames, and both brass and aluminum tubing are commonly used in the building of models.
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Silicon, an aluminum alloy, is used to manufacture semiconductor materials. Copper, another aluminum alloy, is used for a wide variety of purposes from shipbuilding to roofing.
ALUMINUM SHEET
Thicker aluminum sheet will normally require the use of a CO2 laser, which is more powerful than the neodymium-class lasers. Laser cutting aluminum can be accomplished by either moving the aluminum sheet beneath the optical cutting head, or by moving the optical head over a stationary sheet of aluminum.
ALUMINUM CIRCLES
Many of the satellites circling the Earth are protected from space debris by layers of anodized aluminum. The automobile industry relies heavily on anodized aluminum for trims and protective housings for exposed parts.
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(Picture 1.1)
(Picture 1.2)
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BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 2ND STEP is blending of Molten Aluminum, as shown in picture 1.3.
(Picture 1.3) In 3RD STEP the furnace is tapped, the molten aluminium poured out, and the process is repeated again for the next batch. Depending on the end product it may be cast into ingots, billets, or rods. The most demanding finished aluminum in Karachi is ingots. Therefore, generally recycler give them ingot shape. It can be billets or rods etc as per requirement of customer. (This step is shown in picture 1.4 and also Finished Aluminum Ingot is shown in picture 1.5)
(Picture 1.4)
(Picture 1.5)
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RECOMMENDATIONS
More Investment in needed in Pakistan to achieve an adequate institutional capacity, to provide ground-level protection for SBRI (Shipbreaking and Recycling Industry) workers, and to enforce environmental regulations. Although the SBRI industry is situated in a relatively unpopulated area, infrastructure improvements are needed in the capacity and safety of the main road for transport of all waste and reusable materials generated in the ship recycling yards. Significant infrastructure and capacity development in the hazardous waste management sector is required in particular in the long term in order to achieve proper storage and disposal levels leading to compliance with national regulations, the Hong Kong Convention, and other relevant international agreements. Investments in hazardous waste management and waste disposal may present opportunities for engaging in public-private partnerships to the benefit of the local urban area of Hub, the greater urban zone of Karachi, the Port of Karachi, and the ship breaking and recycling industry.
References:
WikiPedia ( http://www.wikipedia.com ) Alibaba ( http://www.alibaba.com ) Report on Shipbreaking and Recycling Industry on Pakistan 2010 (By World Bank)
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