British Army

"Royal Army" redirects here. For other uses, see Royal Army (disambiguation).

British Army

Active

1707 present

Country

Kingdom of Great Britain(17071800) United Kingdom (1801 present)

Allegiance

HM Queen Elizabeth II

Type

Army

Size

142,620 Regular and Territorial 121,800 Regular Reserve

Part of

Ministry of Defence

Patron

Monarch- currently HM Queen Elizabeth II

Commanders
Chief of the General Staff Gen. Sir Peter Wall KCB CBE ADC Gen

The British Army is the land warfare branch of Her Majesty's Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the unification of the Kingdom of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. It has been managed by the Ministry of Defence since 1964. The full-time element of the British Army is referred to as the Regular Army since the creation of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908. The British Army is deployed in many of the world's war zones as part of both Expeditionary Forces and in United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The British Army is currently deployed in Kosovo, Cyprus, Germany, Afghanistan and many other places. All members of the Army swear (or affirm) allegiance to the monarch as commander-in-chief. However the Bill of Rights of 1689 requires Parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a standing army in peacetime. Parliament therefore annually approves the continued existence of the Army. In contrast to the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the British Army does not include Royal in its title. Many of the Army's constituent Regiments and Corps have been granted the "Royal" prefix and have members of the Royal Family occupying senior positions within some regiments. The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff, currently General Sir Peter Wall KCB CBE ADC Gen.

]History

The Duke of Marlborough was one of the first generals in the British Army, fighting campaigns in the War of the Spanish Succession.

The British Army came into being with the merger of the Scottish Army and the English Army, following the unification of the Kingdom of England and theKingdom of Scotland, as the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated existing English and Scottish regiments, and was controlled from London.[1]

From the time of the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, Great Britain and its successor the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military andeconomic powers of the world.[2]

Early British Empire

The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire, and British dominance of the world, the British Army played an important role in the colonisation of India and other regions.[3] Typical tasks included garrisoning the colonies, capturing strategically important territories, and participating in actions to pacify colonial borders, provide support to allied governments, suppress Britain's rivals, and protect against foreign powers and hostile natives.

The death of General Wolfe during theBattle of the Plains of Abraham; the campaigns of the French and Indian Warresulted in British control of modern Canada.

British troops also helped capture strategically important territories, allowing their empire to expand throughout the globe. The army also involved itself in numerous wars meant to pacify the borders, or to prop-up friendly governments, and thereby keep other, competitive, empires away from the British Empire's borders. Among these actions were the Seven Years' War, theAmerican Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, theSepoy Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian raids, the Irish War of Independence, its serial interventions intoAfghanistan (which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire), and the Crimean War (to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid). As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the Seven Years' War and subsequently suppressed a Native American uprising in Pontiac's War. The British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada.

See also: British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

The Duke of Wellington's and Field Marshal von Blcher's triumph over Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo

The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in multiple campaigns across Europe (including continuous deployment in the Peninsular War), the Caribbean, North Africa and later inNorth America. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Bulcher defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the pope in 1171. English republican dictator, Oliver Cromwell's campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns (most notably Drogheda) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War. The English Army (and subsequently the British Army) stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. It was faced with the prospect of battling Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots peoples in Ireland, who alongside their other Irish groups had raised their own volunteer army and threatened to emulate the American colonists if their conditions were not met. The British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster (Wolfe Tone's United Irishmen) in the 1798 rebellion.

The Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879 saw a small British force repel an overwhelming attack by Zulu forces; eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded for the defence.

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires (and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought

the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars,[7] and the Boxer Rebellion, Mori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857,[11] the Boers in the First andSecond Boer Wars,[11] Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids[12] and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.[7] Following William and Mary's accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Mary's father, James II.[20] Following the 1707 union of England and Scotland, and the 1801 creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British foreign policy, on the continent, was to contain expansion by its competitor powers such as France and Spain. The territorial ambitions of the French led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. Russian activity led to the Crimean War.[14] After 1745 recruits were increasingly drawn from Scotland; by the mid-1760s between one fifth and one third of officers were from Scotland. The vastly increasing demands of imperial expansion, and the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century, which gave the British Army its modern shape, and redefined its regimental system. The British army also lagged behind other nations in some aspects of their military. On Queen Victoria's death, they did not have a general staff, a permanent divisional and corps organization, or enlistment by conscription. The Haldane Reforms of 1907, formally created the Territorial Force as the Army's volunteer reserve component.[24]

[edit]World

Wars

Main articles: British Army during World War II and British Army during World War I

The Second Battle of El Alamein reversed German ambitions in North Africa, and is often cited as one of the turning points of the Second World War.

British Mark I tank during the First World War. Note the guidance wheels behind the main body which were later scrapped as they were unnecessary. Armoured vehicles of this time still required much infantry and artillery support and still do to a lesser extent today. Photo by Ernest Brooks.

Great Britain's dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, notably Germany. The UK was allied with France (by the Entente Cordiale) and Russia, and when the First World War broke out in 1914, the British Army sent the British Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium to prevent Germany from occupying these countries.[25] The British Army created the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in Egypt and sent it toGallipoli in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Constantinople and secure a sea route to Russia.[26] After the retreat from Gallipoli nearly 400,000 men in 13 divisions from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt formed a strategic reserve in Egypt called the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.[27][28] With most of the strategic reserve sent to the Western Front, an Egyptian Expeditionary Force of two British infantry and one Australian and New Zealand mounted division in Eastern Force, successfully defend the Suez Canal and Romaniin 1916 from German and Ottoman incursions.[29][30] This force captured the Sinai and garrisoned the extendedlines of communication, but in early 1917 their advance was stopped at Gaza until towards the end of the year when a greatly enlarged force of infantry and mounted troops captured Beersheba, most of southern Palestine andJerusalem. Allenby's force, now including Indian Army units which replaced a number of British units sent to the Western Front, captured the southern Jordan Valley in 1918 and carried out two major, but unsuccessful attacks to Amman and Es Salt and occupied part of the Jordan Valley, during preparations for his final successful assault in September at the Battle of Megiddo. As a result of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's capture of two Ottoman armies, an armistice with the Ottoman Empire was signed on 31 October 1918.[31] The War would be the most devastating in British military history, with near 800,000 men killed and over 2 million wounded. In the early part of the war, the professional force of the BEF was virtually destroyed and, by turns, a volunteer (and then conscripted) force replaced it. Major battles included the Battle of the Somme.[32] Advances in technology saw advent of the tank,[33] with the creation of the Royal Tank Regiment, and advances in aircraft design, with the creation of the Royal Flying Corps,

which were to be decisive in future battles.[34] Trench warfare dominated strategy on the Western Front, and the use of chemical and poison gases added to the devastation.[35] The Second World War broke out in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.[36] British assurances to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany. Again an Expeditionary Forcewas sent to France,[36] only to be hastily evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940.[37] Only the Dunkirk evacuation saved the entire Expeditionary Force from capture.[37] Later, however, the British would have spectacular success defeating the Italians and Germans at the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa,[38] and in the D-Day invasion of Normandy with the help of American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand forces. [39] Almost half of the Allied soldiers on D-day were British.[40] In the Far East, the British army battled theJapanese in Burma.[41] The Second World War saw the British army develop its Special Air Service, Commando units and the Parachute Regiment.[42]

[edit]Postcolonial

era

Soldiers from the Parachute Regimentguard Argentine prisoners of war during theFalklands War.

After the end of the Second World War, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960.[43] This period also saw the process of Decolonisation commence with the end of the British Raj, and the independence of other colonies in Africa and Asia. Accordingly the army's strength was further reduced, in recognition of Britain's reduced role in world affairs, outlined in the 1957 Defence White Paper.[44] This was despite major actions in Korea in 1950[43] and Suez in 1956.[45] A large force of British troops also remained in Germany, facing the threat of Sovietinvasion.[46] The British Army of the Rhine was the Germany garrison formation, with the main fighting force being I (BR) Corps. The Cold War saw significant technological advances in warfare and the Army saw more technologically advanced weapons systems come into service.[47]

Despite the decline of the British Empire, the Army was still deployed around the world, fighting wars in Aden,[48] Indonesia, Cyprus,[48] Kenya[48] andMalaya.[49] In 1982 the British Army, alongside the Royal Marines, helped to recapture the Falkland Islands during the Falklands conflict againstArgentina.[50] In the three decades following 1969, the Army was heavily deployed in Northern Ireland, to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary (later the Police Service of Northern Ireland) in their conflict with republican paramilitary groups, called Operation Banner.[51] The locally recruited Ulster Defence Regiment was formed, later becoming the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992. Over 700 soldiers were killed during the Troubles. Following the IRA ceasefires between 1994 and 1996 and since 1997, demilitarisation has taken place as part of the peace process, reducing the military presence from 30,000 to 5,000 troops.[52] On 25 June 2007, the Second Battalion Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment vacated the Army complex at Bessbrook Mill in Armagh. This is part of the 'normalisation' programme in Northern Ireland in response to the IRA's declared end to its activities.[53]

Today
[edit]Personnel
The British Army is purely a professional force since National service came to an end. The full-time element of the British Army is referred to as the Regular Army since the creation of the reservistTerritorial Force in 1908. As of 1 November 2011, the British Army employs 109,520 Regulars[54] (which includes the 3,780 Brigade of Gurkhas) and 33,100 Territorials for a combined component strength of 142,620 soldiers. In addition there are 121,800 Regular Reserves of the British Army.[55] The strength of the British Army is continually evolving. A publication released on 18 July 2011 entitled "Future Reserves 2020 - The Independent Commission to review the United Kingdom's Reserve Forces" envisioned that by 2015 the Territorial Army will be increased to a trained strength of around 30,000 personnel (38,000 including those in training).[56] Furthermore the Commissions view is that post 2015 the trained strength of the Territorial Army will continue to increase allowing for a British Army (Regular and Territorial) with a trained strength of 120,000 personnel by 2020. This reform will bring the ratio of regular and part-time personnel of the British Army in-line with US and Canadian allies. As per the October 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review the regular British Army will be reduced to a trained strength of 95,500 personnel by 2015 (around 105,000 including those in training). However, post 2015, and in conjunction with the Commissions planning as set out in "Future Reserve 2020" the regular army will be reduced to around 84,000 trained personnel by 2020.

Equipment

Challenger II main battle tank.

Warrior IFV.

AgustaWestland Apache attack helicopter

L85A1 Rifle (now replaced by the L85A2).

Modern equipment of the British Army Infantry The basic infantry weapon of the British Army is the L85A2 assault rifle, sometimes equipped with an L17A2 underbarrel grenade launcher and with several variants such as the L86A2, the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine variant, issued to tank crews. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG); indirect fire by 51 and 81 mm mortars. Sniper rifles used include theL118A1 7.62 mm, the L115A3 and the AW50F, all produced by Accuracy International. Some units use the L82A1 .50 calibre Barrett

sniper rifle. More recently the L128A1 (Benelli M4) 'combat shotgun' has been adopted, and is intended for close quarters combat in Afghanistan.[61][62] Armour The British Army's main battle tank is Challenger 2.[63] Other armoured vehicles include Supacat "Jackal" MWMIK and the Iveco "Panther" CLV.[64] TheWarrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle is the primary armoured personnel carrier, although many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (tracked) are used, as well as the Saxon APC and FV430 series now being reengined and uparmoured and returned to front line service as Bulldog.[65] The British Army commonly uses the Land Rover Wolf and Land Rover Defender.[66] Artillery The Army uses three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), AS90 and L118. The MLRS was first used operationally inOperation Granby and has a range of 70 km (43 mi).[67] The AS-90 is a 155 mm self-propelled gun.[68] The L118 Light Gun is a 105 mm towed gun used primarily in support of 16 Air Assault Brigade, 19 Light Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade (Royal Marines).[69] The Rapier FSC Missile System is the Army's primary battlefield air defence system, widely deployed since the Falklands War[70] and the Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile) is a surface-to-air weapon, launched either by a single soldier or from a vehicle-mounted launcher. [71] Army Aviation The Army Air Corps (AAC) provide direct aviation support for the Army, although the RAF also assist in this role. The primary attack helicopter is the Westland WAH-64 Apache, a licensebuilt, modified version of the AH-64 Apache that will replace the Westland Lynx AH7 in the anti-tank role.[72] TheBell 212 is used as a specialist utility and transport helicopter, with a crew of two and a transport capacity of 12 troops.[73] The Westland Gazelle helicopter is a light helicopter, primarily used for battlefield reconnaissance and control of artillery and aircraft.[74] The Eurocopter AS 365N Dauphin is used for Special Operations Aviation[75] and the Britten-Norman Islander is a light aircraft used for airborne reconnaissance and command.[76]

[edit]Recent [edit]Gulf

and current conflicts

War

Main articles: Gulf War and Operation Granby The ending of the Cold War saw a significant cut in manpower, as outlined in the Options for Change review.[77] Despite this, the Army has been deployed in an increasingly global role, and contributed 50,000 troops to the coalition force that fought Iraq in the Gulf War.[78] British forces were put in control of Kuwait after it was liberated. 47 British Military personnel died during the Gulf War.[79]

[edit]Balkans

conflicts

Main article: Yugoslav wars

The British Army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992; initially this force formed part of the United Nations Protection Force. In 1995 command was transferred to IFOR and then to SFOR. Currently troops are under the command of EUFOR. Over 10,000 troops were sent. In 1999 British forces under the command of SFOR were sent to Kosovo during the conflict there. Command was subsequently transferred to KFOR. Between early 1993 and June 2010, 72 British military personnel died on operations in the former Yugoslavian countries of Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia.

Afghanistan

British soldiers in Afghanistan.

In 2001 the United Kingdom, as a part of Operation Enduring Freedom with the United States, invaded Afghanistan to topple the Taliban. The 3rd Divisionwere deployed in Kabul, to assist in the liberation of the troubled capital. The Royal Marines' 3 Commando Brigade (part of the Royal Navy but including a number of Army units), also swept the mountains.] The British Army is today concentrating on fighting Taliban forces and bringing security to Helmand province. Approximately 9,000 British troops (including marines, airmen and sailors) are currently in Afghanistan, making it the second largest force after the US. Around 500 extra British troops were deployed in 2009, bringing the British Army deployment total up to 9,500 (excluding Special Forces).[86] Between 2001 and March 2012 a total of 405 British military personnel have died on operations in Afghanistan.[87]

Iraq War

British soldiers in Iraq

In 2003, the United Kingdom was a major contributor to the United States-led invasion of Iraq. There was major disagreement amongst the domestic populace but the House of Commons voted for the conflict, sending a force that would reach 46,000 military personnel.[88] The British Army controlled the southern regions of Iraq and maintained a peace-keeping presence in the city of Basra until their withdrawal on April 30, 2009. 179 British Military personnel have died on operations in Iraq.[89] All of the remaining British troops were fully withdrawn from Iraq after the Iraqi government refused to extend their mandate.[90]

Northern Ireland
Although having permanent garrisons there, the British Army was initially deployed in a peacekeeping role codenamed "Operation Banner" in Northern Ireland in the wake of Unionist attacks on Nationalist communities in Derry and Belfast and to prevent further Loyalist attacks on Catholic communities, under Operation Banner between 1969 and 2007 in support of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and its successor, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). There has been a steady reduction in the number of troops deployed in Northern Ireland since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998. In 2005, after the Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an end to its armed conflict in Northern Ireland, the British Army dismantled posts and withdrew many troops, and restored troop levels to that of a peace-time garrison. Operation Banner ended at midnight on 31 July 2007, bringing to an end some 38 years of continuous deployment, making it the longest in the British Army's history. An internal British Army document released in 2007 stated that the British Army had failed to defeat the IRA but had made it impossible for them to win through the use of violence. Operation Helvetic replaced Operation Banner in 2007 maintaining fewer servicemen in a much more benign environment. From 1971 to 1997 a total of 763 British military personnel were killed during the "Troubles". Some 300 deaths during the conflict were attributed to the British Army, including paramilitary and civilians. A total of 303 RUC officers were killed in the same time period. In March 2009, two soldiers and a Police Officer were killed in separate dissident republican attacks in Northern Ireland.