a
&
c
: over-potentials at the anode and cathode, in Volts
(IR)
electrolyte
& (IR)
contacts
: potentials required to overcome the
resistance of electrolytes in solution and the electrical
contacts of the cell
Where:
A: atomic mass of the species
3600: conversion factor between hours and seconds
CE: current efficiency, the ratio of actual extent of reaction
to the theoretical one
Estimates were made in using (7), (8), and (9), which are:
1. V
I
= E (standard potential).
2. Assume activities equal to concentration in mol/L.
3. As a safety factor for a conservative estimate, take a
low CE=0.1 (10% current efficiency) to account for the
previous estimates.
For each cell, only the concentration of the metal which it is
designed to extract was calculated. Mass of the metal and
solution was taken from the mass balance and the density was
assumed to be the density of the acid solvent because it makes
up the major part of the solution (>97 wt%). Table IV shows
the energy requirement of electrolysis.
TABLE IV
ELECTROLYSIS DATA
EC 1
(Cu)
EC2
(Au)
EC 3
(Pd)
EC 4
(Ag)
A
(ion activity)
7.54E-4 5.18E-07 2.12E-07 3.82E-06
z
(ionization state)
2 3 4 1
E
0
0.3419 1.498 1 0.7996
E 0.2498 1.3741 0.9014 0.4793
V
I
0.2498 1.3741 0.9014 0.4793
A 63.546 196.967 106.42 107.868
CE
(in fraction)
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Energy (kWh/kg) 2.11 5.61 9.08 1.19
Total Energy (kWh/hr) 44.381 0.2449 0.0877 0.210
V. CONCLUSION
The recovery of precious metals can be achieved using the
proposed process, which has been divided into three main
stages. The first stage aims to achieve the maximum
separation of metals from nonmetals in order to eliminate the
bulk of nonmetals in further processing. The second stage
involves the dissolution of metals followed by selective
extraction of metals through reduction in EMEW cells. The
third stage includes treatment of the waste streams which
contain aqua regia, sulfuric acid, heavy metals and organic
slurry. With this process gold, silver, palladium and copper
with high purity can be recovered from waste PCBs that are
obtained from personal computers and mobile phones.
Calculations using the data obtained from current statistics
showed that 0.044 kg of gold, 0.18 kg of silver, 0.010 kg of
palladium and 21 kg of copper can be recovered from 125 kg
of PCBs.
Possible challenges that have been recognized include:
Lack of reliable statistics in UAE and the region
Nernst
Equation
E = E
0
+
R I
z F
ln(o)
V
I
= (E
a
+E
c
)+
a
+
c
+(IR)
electrolyte
+(IR)
contacts
(8)
Encrgy Consumption [
kwh
kg
=
v
I
P
[
A
Z
3600CL
(9)
International Conference on Chemical, Civil and Environment engineering (ICCEE'2012) March 24-25, 2012 Dubai
231
Special equipments are needed for PCB processing
Lack of proper simulation software that can handle solid
processing
EMEW technology is still relatively new
Material of construction of Stage 2 should handle the
highly corrosive reagents
Evolution of hydrogen which is highly flammable
To conclude, the goal of the study is an initiation of proper
e-waste management and resource recovery in the UAE and
the region that can boost the productivity of local economy.
REFERENCES
[1] What E-waste. (2007). Electronic References [online]. Available:
http://gulfnews.com/life-style/gadgets-technology/what-e-waste-1.25081
[2] Awareness on e-waste Recycling is Low in UAE. (2009). Electronic
References [online] Available:
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/theuae/20
09/October/theuae_October725.xml§ion=theuae
[3] Staff Report. (2011, Nov. 16). Bee'ah launches e-waste pre-sorting. Gulf
News [Online]. Available: gulfnews.com:
http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment/bee-ah-launches-e-
waste-pre-sorting-1.931517
[4] trueCycle, Inc. (n.d.) Shorter Electronics Life Span. Available:
http://www.truecycle.com/market02.html
[5] J. Cui, and L. Zhang, Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic
waste: A review,Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 158, pp. 228-
256, 2008.
[6] Y. J. Park and D. J. Fray, "Recovery of high purity precious metals from
printed circuit boards," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 164, pp.
1152-1158, 2009.
[7] Z. Gongming, L. Zhihua, and Z. Xulu, Experimental Study on Metal
Recycling from Waste PCB, in Proc. Int. Conf. Sustainable Solid
Waste Management, Chennai, India, 2007, pp. 155-162.
[8] I. Masavetas, A. Moutsatsou, E. Nikolaou, S. Spanou, A. Zoikis
karathanasis, E.A. pavlatou, and N. Spyrellis, Production of copper
powder from printed circuit boards by electrodeposition, Global NEST
Journal, vol. 11, pp. 241-247, 2009.
[9] Parsons, D. (2006) Printed circuit board recycling in Australia. 5th
Australian Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, 22-24 November
2006, Melbourne, Australia.
[10] R. E. Hester, R. M. Harrison (2009). Electronic Waste Management:
Design, Analysis and Application. Publisher: Cambridge, UK
[11] L. H. Yamane, V. T. Moraes, D. C. R. Espinosa, and J. A. S. Tenrio.
(2011, July). Recycling of WEEE: Characterization of spent printed
circuit boards from mobile phones and computers. Waste Management.
[Online]. Available: ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com
[12] P. C. Oliveira, M. Cabral, C. A. Nogueira, F. Margarido, Printed
Circuit Boards Recycling: Characterization of Granulometric Fractions
from Shredding Process, Materials Science Forum, vols. 636-637, pp.
1434-1439, Jan. 2010.
[13] J .Li , H. Lu , J. Guo, Z. M. Xu, and Y. Hezhou. Recycle Technology
for Recovering Resources and Products from Waste Printed Circuit
Boards. School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Shanghai,
China.
[14] P. C. Oliveira, F. C. Taborda, F. Margarido and C. A. Nogueira,
Physical and Chemical Processing of Printed Circuit Boards Waste,
presented at the World Recycling Forum, Shanghai, China, Nov. 2009.
[15] EMEW Electrowinning," Kurion Technologies Limited, Northants
[16] T. Treasure, "Commercialisation of the EMEW Cell," Electrometals
Mining Limited.
[17] (2011) Electrometals Technologies Limited. [Online].
http://www.electrometals.com.au/how-it-works.html
[18] H. Yang, J. Lui, and J. Yang, "Leaching copper from shredded particles
of waste printed circuit boards," Journal of Hazardous materials, vol.
187, no. 1-3, pp. 393-400, March 2011.
[19] Parsons, D. (2006) Printed circuit board recycling in Australia. 5th
Australian Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, 22-24 November
2006, Melbourne, Australia.
[20] S. R. Rao. (2006). Resource Recovery and Recycling from Metallurgical
Wastes. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
International Conference on Chemical, Civil and Environment engineering (ICCEE'2012) March 24-25, 2012 Dubai
232
TABLE V
STAGE 1 MATERIAL BALANCE DATA SHEETS
Basis (Kg PCB/day) 1000 Feed (wt %) Dust Generation - Crusher 1 Corona Specifications Falcon Concentrator Specifications Magnetic Separator 1
Hours per shift 8 Metals 28 Equipment
Dust
Released (wt
%)
Separation Efficiency
(%)
90 Metal Recovery (%) 85
Efficiency
(%)
98
Shifts per day 1 Non metals 72 Shredder 0.1
Nonmetals in Metal
Outlet (%)
5 Metal Grade of Product (%) 80
Working hours 8 Ferrous 10 Crusher 1 0.1
Metals in Nonmetal
Outlet (%)
5
Nonmetal Grade of Product
(%)
20 Magnetic Separator 2
(Kg PCB/Working hr) 125 Non ferrous 90 Feed Density (kg/m3) 30
Efficiency
(%)
98
Density of Water (kg/m3) 1000
Stream Flow Summary Table
Water Supply (kg/hr) 203.4
Feed Compositions
Mass
Flow
Rate
Property Units 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17
In PCB feed
(wt %) Total Flow
kg/hr 125 0.125 0.125 124.750 6.238
82.58
5
35.928 6.677 29.251 6.238 0.3858 6.1016 1.459 4.64
Gold 0.039
Metal kg/hr 35 0.035 0.035 34.930 1.747 1.747 31.437 6.677 24.760 1.747 0.3858 1.4307 1.216 0.215
Silver 0.156
Non-metal kg/hr 90 0.090 0.090 89.820 4.491
80.83
8
4.491 0.000 4.491 4.491 0 4.6709 0.243 4.428
Palladium 0.009
Copper 18.448
Element
Mass
Flow
Gold kg/hr 0.049 4.88E-05 4.87E-05 0.049 0.002 0.002 0.044 0.001 0.043 0.002 5.0602E05 0.0025 0.002 0.000
Iron 5.15 Silver kg/hr 0.195 1.95E-04 1.95E-04 0.195 0.010 0.010 0.175 0.004 0.172 0.010 0.0002 0.0099 0.008 0.001
Nickel 0.918 Palladium kg/hr 0.011 1.13E-05 1.12E-05 0.011 0.001 0.01 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.001 1.1677E05 0.0006 0 0
In Metal Stream (wt %) Copper kg/hr 23.060 0.023 0.023 23.014 1.151 1.151 20.713 0.414 20.298 1.151 0.0239 1.1729 0.997 0.176
Ferromagnetic 21.671
Non-ferromagnetic 78.329
0.0131 0.0406
Total Target Metals 66.614
Target Metal kg/hr
23.315 0.023 0.023 23.268 1.163 1.163 20.942 0.419 20.523 1.163
0.0525 0.1625
1.008 0.178
Gold 0.139
Other Metals kg/hr
11.685 0.012 0.012 11.662 0.583 0.583 10.495 6.258 4.238 0.583
0.0030 0.0094
0.208 0.037
Silver 0.557
Palladium 0.032
Copper 65.886
International Conference on Chemical, Civil and Environment engineering (ICCEE'2012) March 24-25, 2012 Dubai
233
TABLE VI
STAGE 2 MATERIAL BALANCE DATA SHEETS
Solvents Density(kg/L) Liters added/kg of Metal dissolved Prices/metric ton Price Range Average Price(AED)/ton Efficiencies
%
Aqua Regia 1.76 20
Nitric Acid 60%
$350-420
947.875
Undesired Metal Separation 98
Sulfuric Acid 1.8305 20 85 Gold Dissolution 97
Hydrochloric Acid 36%
$350
997.25
Silver Dissolution 98
Exchnage Rates 125 Palladium Dissolution 93
Dollars to Dirhams 3.67
Sulfuric acid 98%
$100-200
431.45
Copper Dissolution Aqua Regia 100
UK Pounds to Dirhams 5.68 55 Copper Dissolution Sulfuric Acid 1
Gold Eletrolytic Reduction 100
Molar Flow
Rates
(tons/hr)
Cost of Reagents
(AED)/hr
Silver Eletrolytic Reduction 100
Nitric Acid 0.1884 178.56 Palladium Eletrolytic Reduction 100
Hydrochloric Acid 0.5651 563.58 Copper Eletrolytic Reduction 100
Sulfuric Acid 0.1628 70.22
Stream Flow Summary Table
Property Units 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Mass Flow
Rate
Total Flow kg/hr 30.711 162.762 167.332 26.141 753.514 4.740 774.915 21.082 753.832 0.044 753.789 0.010 753.779 0.176 753.603
Precious Metal kg/hr 21.531 0 0.213 21.318 0 0.006 21.312 21.082 0.230 0.044 0.186 0.010 0.176 0.176 0
Other Metals kg/hr 4.446 0 4.357 0.089 0 0 0.089 0 0.089 0 0.089 0 0.089 0 0.089
Aqua Regia kg/hr 0 0 0 0 753.514 0 753.514 0 753.514 0 753.514 0 753.514 0 753.514
Sulfuric Acid kg/hr 0 162.762 162.762 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Non-Metals kg/hr 4.734 0 0 4.734 0 4.734 0 0 0 0 0 0
Element Mass
Flow
Gold kg/hr 0.045 0 0 0.045 0 0.001 0.044 0 0.044 0.0437 0 0 0 0 0
Silver kg/hr 0.180 0 0 0.180 0 0.004 0.176 0 0.176 0 0.176 0 0.176 0.176 0
Palladium kg/hr 0.010 0 0 0.010 0 0.001 0.010 0 0.010 0 0.010 0.010 0.000 0 0
Copper kg/hr 21.295 0 0.213 21.082 0 0.000 21.082 21.082 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Average
Composition
of Target
Metals
Gold % 0.147 0 0 0.172 0 0.028 0.006 0 0.006 100 0 0 0 0 0
Silver % 0.586 0 0 0.689 0 0.076 0.023 0 0.023 0 0.023 0 0.023 100 0
Palladium % 0.034 0 0 0.040 0 0.015 0.001 0 0.001 0 0.001 100 0 0 0
Copper % 69.341 0 0.127 80.649 0 0.000 2.721 100.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
International Conference on Chemical, Civil and Environment engineering (ICCEE'2012) March 24-25, 2012 Dubai
234