Curso Stat Graphics Lean Sigma

Curso de Statgraphics para Lean Sigma
La informacin aqu contenida es solo para propsitos didcticos, se tomo como referencia la informacin de ayuda del paquete STATGRAPHICS Centurion, marca registrada de STAT POINT TECHNOLOGIES, Inc
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma
Contenido
EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS............................................................... 3 ENTRADA y FORMAR DOS COLUMNAS DE DATOS NUMRICOS Y UNA DE CARACTERES.................................. 3 1. DIAGRAMA DE PARETO ................................................................................................................................... 4 2. DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA ............................................................................................................................... 5 3. ESTADSTICA DESCRIPTIVA .............................................................................................................................. 7 4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL ......................................................... 13 5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS ........................................................................................... 16 6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO ............................................................................................................................ 21 7. CARTAS DE CONTROL P ................................................................................................................................. 23 8. CARTAS DE CONTROL np ............................................................................................................................... 25 9. CARTAS DE CONTROL C ................................................................................................................................. 27 10. CARTAS DE CONTROL u ............................................................................................................................... 28 11. ESTUDIO R&R .............................................................................................................................................. 30 EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS..................................................................................................................... 35 12. REGRESIN LINEAL...................................................................................................................................... 35 13. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA MEDIA....................................................................................................... 39 14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR ........................................................................... 41 15. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA PROPORCIN (Binomial) .......................................................................... 44 16. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS MEDIAS ..................................................................................................... 46 17. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS PAREADAS .............................................................................................................. 54 18. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS PROPORCIONES ....................................................................................... 61 19. ANOVA DE UNA VA .................................................................................................................................... 63 20. TABLA DE CONTINGENCIA .......................................................................................................................... 71 21. CARTAS PARA NEGOCIOS DE BARRAS, DE PASTEL Y DE LNEA DE COMPONENTES ................................... 76 22. DISTRIBUCIONES DE PROBABILIDAD PARA VALORES CRTICOS Y NMEROS ALEATORIOS ....................... 79 23. CARTAS DE CONTROL PARA SU PROCESO Y GRAFICADO EN EXCEL ........................................................... 90 HERRAMIENTAS DE LA FASE DE MEJORA ............................................................................................................. 96 DISEO DE EXPERIMENTOS CLASICO................................................................................................................ 96 Diseo de experimentos de Taguchi............................................................................................................... 121
EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS

ENTRADA y FORMAR DOS COLUMNAS DE DATOS NUMRICOS Y UNA DE CARACTERES
Colocarse en la columna Col_1 y con botn derecho del ratn, seleccionar la opcin de MODIFY COLUMN para indicar si se quieren datos Numricos o de Texto. Paso 1 Paso 2 Paso 3
Paso 4 y 5, colocarse en columnas Col_2 y Col_3 y con botn derecho, sel. MODIFY COLUMN
NOTA: Es importante ir pasando los resultados al reporte con Copy Analysis to StatReporter e irlos borrando con clik en la X de la seccin de grficas y resultados, para liberar espacios
1. DIAGRAMA DE PARETO
Paso 1. Cargar datos en las columnas de Defectos y Cantidad. Obtener el Diagrama de Pareto
Defectos Cantidad A 23 B 12 C 67 D 98 E 3 F 120
OK Paso 2. El reporte se muestra a continuacin
Con Botn derecho
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Obtener los datos numricos:
Paso 4. Agregar al reporte, con el cursor en el anlisis y botn derecho del ratn
Este reporte se puede abrir con una ceja en la parte inferior de la pantalla
2. DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA
Paso 1. Preparar la columna de CAUSAS en Col_4 u otra libre con ancho de 13 caracteres
Paso 2. Cargar los datos siguientes en la columna de causas: a) Al inicio se pone el problema a atacar b) Cada causa principal se pone normal c) Cada una de las sub causas correspondientes a las causas principales se escriben debajo de la misma antecedidas de un punto. d) Cada una de las sub causas correspondientes a las sub causas se escriben debajo de la misma antecedidas de dos puntos
Causas PROBLEMA Personal .pb .pc ..pd ..pf Material .ma .mb .mc ..md ..mf Ambiente .aire .agua .tierra ..t1 ..t2
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Ejecutar las siguientesinstrucciones
Paso 4. El diagrama obtenido es el siguiente:
3. ESTADSTICA DESCRIPTIVA
Paso 1. Preparar la columna de VISCOCIDAD en Col_1 u otra libre con ancho de 13 numeric
Paso 2. Cargar datos en columna 1

Viscocidad 6.00 5.98 5.97 6.01 6.15 6.00 5.97 6.02 5.96 6.00 5.98 5.99 6.01 6.03 5.98 5.98 6.01 5.99 5.99 5.98 6.01 5.99 5.98 5.99 6.00 5.98 6.02 5.99 6.01 5.98 5.99 5.97 5.99 6.01 5.97 6.02 5.99 6.02

6.00 6.02 6.01
Paso 3. Instrucciones para la estadstica descriptiva
Paso 4. Con el segundo cono del anlisis pedir las opciones siguientes:
Paso 5. Los resultados numricos son los siguientes: Summary Statistics for Viscocidad
Paso 5. Obtener las grficas de los datos con el tercer cono del men:
Las grficas se amplan colocndoles el cursos y dando dos clicks
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CORRIDA EN EXCEL Paso 1. Usar los datos de viscosidad Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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Indicar el rango donde estn los datos, indicar que la primera celda el etiqueta, indicar la celda donde se muestran los resultados y resumen de estadstica. Paso 3. Resultados
Viscocidad Mean Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Confidence Level(95.0%) 5.998536585 0.00464024 5.99 5.99 0.029712033 0.000882805 16.67650192 3.36583295 0.19 5.96 6.15 245.94 41 0.009378275
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4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL

Con los datos de viscosidad ejecutar las instrucciones siguientes: Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control I-MR
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X and MR(2) - Initial Study for Viscocidad Number of observations = 41 0 observations excluded X Chart ------UCL: +3.0 sigma = 6.07899 Centerline = 5.99854 LCL: -3.0 sigma = 5.91808 1 beyond limits MR(2) Chart ----------UCL: +3.0 sigma = 0.0988757 Centerline = 0.03025 LCL: -3.0 sigma = 0.0 2 beyond limits Estimates --------Process mean = 5.99854 Process sigma = 0.0268174 Mean MR(2) = 0.03025
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Obtener la carta de Rango mvil MR
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Excluir el punto fuera de control Colocarse en la grfica X y con botn derecho seleccionar ANALYSIS OPTIONS y en EXCLUDE Manual, Exclude Subgroup 5 OK
5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS

Con los datos de viscosidad ejecutar las instrucciones siguientes: 16
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control X
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control R
Paso 3. Excluir el punto fuera de control Colocar el cursor en la grfica, ANALYSIS OPTIONS y EXCLUDE subgroup 1
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CORRIDA EN EXCEL Paso 1. Arreglo de datos

=Xmedia -+ 2.66*Rmedio LIC LSC 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08 5.92 6.08
Viscocidad 6.00 5.98 5.97 6.01 6.15 6.00 5.97 6.02 5.96 6.00 5.98 5.99 6.01 6.03 5.98 5.98 6.01 5.99 5.99 5.98 6.01 5.99 5.98 5.99 6.00
Media 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Rango 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.14 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
Rmedio 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
LICr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=3.267*Rmedio LSCr 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099
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5.98 6.02 5.99 6.01 5.98 5.99 5.97 5.99 6.01 5.97 6.02 5.99 6.02 6.00 6.02 6.01 Promedio 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.04 0.03 0 0.03 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.03 0.03 0 0.01 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.04 0.03 0 0.05 0.03 0 0.03 0.03 0 0.03 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.01 0.03 0 Rango Promedio =ABS(B44B45) 0.03 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099 0.099
6.00 =PROMEDIO(B6:B46)
Paso 2. Graficar rea verde como carta I y rea amarillo como rango mvil INSERTAR GRAFICA DE LNEA
6.2 6.15 6.1 6.05 6 5.95 5.9 5.85 5.8 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 Viscocidad Media LIC LSC
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0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 Rango Rmedio LICr LSCr
6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO

Paso 1. Con los datos anteriores, determinar la capacidad del proceso, considerando que los lmites de especificacin son LIE = 5.98 y LSE = 6.06:
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Paso 2. Los resultados son los siguientes: Analysis Summary Data variable: Viscocidad Distribution: Normal sample size = 41 mean = 5.99854 standard deviation = 0.029712 6.0 Sigma Limits +3.0 sigma = 6.08767 mean = 5.99854 -3.0 sigma = 5.9094 Observed Estimated Specifications Beyond Spec. Z-Score Beyond Spec. -----------------------------------------------------------USL = 6.06 2.4390% 2.07 1.9290% LSL = 5.98 12.1951% -0.62 26.6354% -----------------------------------------------------------Total 14.6341% 28.5644%
Aqu el Ppk y el Pp corresponden al Cp y Cpk CLCULO EN EXCEL Zi, Zs, P(Zi), P(Zs), Pz(Total), Cp y Cpk Zs = (LSE-Xm)/Sigma = (6.06 5.99) / 0.02971 = 2.07 22
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma P(Zs) = DISTR.NORM.ESTAND.INV(-2.07) = 1.92% Zi = (5.98 5998) / 0.02971 = -0.62 P(Zi) = DISTR.NORM.ESTAND.INV(-0.62) = 26.63% P(Z total) = 28.564% Cp = (LSE LIE) / (6*Sigma) = (6.06 5.98) / (6*0.0297) = 0.45 Ppk = menor de las Zi y Zs sin signo / 3 = 0.062 / 3 = 0.21
7. CARTAS DE CONTROL P
Preparar las columnas de Serv_No_Confiables y Muestra (colocarse en las columnas vacas y seleccionar MODIFY COLUMN). Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes (Serv_No_Conf es la proporcin de los servicios a las muestras):
Serv_no_conf 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.17 0.21 Muestra 98 104 97 99 97 102 104 101 55 48 50 53 56 49 56 53 52 51 52 47
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Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control p
p - Initial Study for Serv_No_Conf Number of subgroups = 20 Average subgroup size = 71.2 0 subgroups excluded p Chart ------UCL: +3.0 sigma = 0.299274 Centerline = 0.166749 LCL: -3.0 sigma = 0.0342228 0 beyond limits Estimates --------Mean p = 0.166749 Sigma = 0.0441753
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8. CARTAS DE CONTROL np
Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes:

Prod_Defect 20 18 14 16 13 29 21 14 6 6 7 7 9 5 8 9 9 10 9 10
Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control np con un tamao de muestra de n = 200
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Paso 3. Los resultados obtenidos son los siguientes:

np - Initial Study for Prod_Defectuosos Number of subgroups = 20 Subgroup size = 200.0 0 subgroups excluded np Chart -------UCL: +3.0 sigma = 22.0757 Centerline = 12.0 LCL: -3.0 sigma = 1.92429 1 beyond limits Estimates --------Mean np = 12.0 Sigma = 3.35857
The StatAdvisor
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9. CARTAS DE CONTROL C
Paso 1. Con los siguientes datos:
Manchas 8 13 7 8 5 13 7 12 27 10 12 6 10 9 13 7 8 5
Paso 2. Instrucciones
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Paso 3. La carta de control es:
10. CARTAS DE CONTROL u

Paso 1. Con los siguientes datos:
Errores 9 11 2 5 15 13 8 7 5 2 4 Facturas 110 101 98 105 110 100 98 99 100 100 102
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4 2 5 5 2 3 2 1 6 98 99 105 104 100 103 100 98 102
Paso 3. Carta de control u
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11. ESTUDIO R&R

Paso 1. Cargar las columnas de datos:
Parte 1 1 2 2 3 3 Operador 1 1 1 1 1 1 Medicin Intento 1 157.5 2 150 1 180 2 172.5 1 150 2 157.5
Etctera
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Resultados
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Considerar los lmites de especificacin: LSE = 487.5 LIE = 37.5 o tolerancia de 450 y 5.15 sigmas Colocarse en los resultados y con botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS cargar esta informacin:
Paso 4. Solicitar los resultados:
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Paso 5. Pedir la grfica R&R plot
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EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS

12. REGRESIN LINEAL
Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes en la hoja de trabajo del paquete:
Y_Resistencia 160 171 175 182 184 181 188 193 195 200 X_%Fibra 10 15 15 20 20 20 25 25 28 30
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Resultados
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Paso 4. Seleccionando el rea de resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS, se puede acceder a otros modelos de regresin:
CLCULO EN EXCEL Paso 1. Usar los datos anteriores Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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Indicar el Rango de entrada Y y X , de los datos incluyendo sus etiquetas de columna (seleccionar LABELS), indicar la celda donde se quiere el rango de salida y seleccionar residuos.
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Los resultados de salida son:
Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.984962 R Square 0.970149 Adjusted R Square 0.966418 Standard Error 2.203201 Observations 10 ANOVA df Regression Residual Total 1 8 9 Significance SS MS F F 1262.067 1262.067 260.0004 2.2E-07 Signif. Si 38.83277 4.854097 p<0.05 1300.9 Standard Upper Lower Upper Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0% 2.521529 57.03857 9.91E-12 138.0097 149.639 138.0097 149.639 0.116508 16.12453 2.2E-07 1.609968 2.147303 1.609968 2.147303
Intercept b X_%Fibra m
Coefficients 143.8244 1.878635
Paso 4. Interpretacin La regresin es significativa (P value < 0.05) El porcentaje de correlacin es alto (0.97) La ecuacin de regresin es Y = b + mx = 143.8244 + 1.878635*X_%Fibra_m
13. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA MEDIA

(se hace con la prueba t de Student) Sea Ho: Mu = 40 Ha: Mu <> 40 Paso 1. Determinar los estadsticos de la muestra. Se toma una muestra de 50 partes dando una media de 35 y desviacin estndar de 4 39
Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:
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Paso 4. Si se quiere una prueba de dos colas (NOT EQUAL), cola izquierda (LESS THAN) o cola derecha (GREATER THAN) se seleccionan los resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS
14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR

(se hace con la prueba Chi Cuadrada) Sea Ho: Sigma = 6 Ha: Sigma <> 6
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Paso 1. Se toma una muestra de 50 piezas, se evala la desviacin estndar, dando un resultado de 4.8
Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:
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Paso 4. Si se quiere una prueba de dos colas (NOT EQUAL), cola izquierda (LESS THAN) o cola derecha (GREATER THAN) se seleccionan los resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS
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15. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA PROPORCIN (Binomial)

Sea Ho: p = 0.3 Ha: p <> 0.3 Paso 1. Se toma una muestra de 100 piezas y se obtiene una proporcin de 0.25 Paso 2. Instrucciones
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Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes
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16. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS MEDIAS

Sea Ho: Mu1 Mu2 = 0 Ha: Mu1 Mu2 <> 0 Paso 1. Se toman dos muestras de 48 tiempos de servicio de dos departamentos A y B
Servicio A 6 Servicio B 10
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7 4 3 5
Etctera Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Se seleccionan las pruebas deseadas con las instrucciones siguientes en el Menu tabular:
Los resultados son los siguientes 47
a) Comparacin de desviaciones estndar
b) Comparacin de medias 48
Paso 4. El anlisis grfico se muestra a continuacin
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CALCULO EN EXCEL a) Probar la igualdad de varianzas (Prueba F) Paso 1. Usar los datos de arriba Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
Indicar los rangos de las dos variables incluyendo sus etiquetas (rtulos), seleccionar Labels, indicar donde se obtienen los resultados de salida 50

F-Test TwoSample for Variances Servicio Servicio A B 6.354167 6.4375 4.829344 5.698138 48 48 47 47 0.84753 0.286468 0.615856
Mean Variance Observations df F P(F<=f) one-tail F Critical one-tail
Como el P (F<=f) Es mayora alfa = 0.05, no se rechaza Ho y las varianzas son iguales. b) Probar la igualdad de medias con prueba Z Paso 1. Usar los datos de arriba Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin

z-Test: Two Sample for Means Servicio Servicio A B 6.354167 6.4375 2.1975 2.387077 48 48 0 -0.26964 0.393717 1.644854 0.787435 1.959964
Mean Known Variance Observations Hypothesized Mean Difference z P(Z<=z) one-tail z Critical one-tail P(Z<=z) two-tail z Critical two-tail
Como la P(Z<=z) es de 0.7874 > alfa de 0.2 b) Caso de muestras pequeas (n <30) En el caso de pequeas muestras, se utiliza la prueba t, hay dos tipos: para cuando las varianzas son iguales y cuando no lo son:
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 1. Los datos son los siguientes
Servicio B 10 3 5 3 9 5 3 2 6 6 1
Servicio A 6 7 4 9 4 8 4 9 6 7 8
Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Servicio Servicio A B 6.545455 4.818182 3.672727 7.963636 11 11 5.818182 0
Mean Variance Observations Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference
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df t Stat P(T<=t) one-tail t Critical one-tail P(T<=t) two-tail t Critical two-tail 20 1.679379 0.054317 1.724718 0.108634 2.085963
En la prueba de una cola, el valor P value es mayor a 0.054 por lo que las medias son iguales.
17. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS PAREADAS

(A los mismos sujetos se les evala antes y despus de un un curso) Sea Ho: Diferencia de Medias = 0 Ha: Diferencia de medias <> 0 Paso 1. Se toman datos antes y despus de un curso como sigue:
Antes 6.0 5.0 7.0 6.2 6.0 6.4 Despues 5.4 5.2 6.5 5.9 6.0 5.8
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Paso 3. Los resultados se seleccionan el men tabular como sigue: (dar dos clicks para abrir cada ventana)
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Paso 4. Los resultados grficos se seleccionan del men de grficas
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Paso 5. Para otras opciones de la prueba (una cola, cola izquierda o cola derecha e hiptesis) seleccionar el rea de resultados y en PANE OPTIONS seleccionar lo que se desea
Paso 6. El anlisis grfico se muestra a continuacin.
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CLCULOS EN EXCEL Paso 1. Con los datos anteriores Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means Antes Despues 6.1 5.8 0.428 0.212 6 6 0.876424 0 5 2.195775 0.039758 2.015048 0.079516 2.570582
Mean Variance Observations Pearson Correlation Hypothesized Mean Difference df t Stat P(T<=t) one-tail t Critical one-tail P(T<=t) two-tail t Critical two-tail
Como el valor P value de 0.039 es menor a 0.05, se rechaza Ho y se concluye que las medias no son iguales.
18. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS PROPORCIONES

Sea Ho: p1 p2 = 0 Ha: p1 p2 <> 0 Paso 1. Se toman muestras de 100 partes y se evalan sus proporciones de defectuosos, en este caso 30 y 25%, se desea evaluar si son estadsticamente iguales 61
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19. ANOVA DE UNA VA

Sea Ho: Mu1 = Mu2 = Mu3 = = Mu n Ha: Alguna de las medias es diferente Paso 1. Introducir los siguientes datos
Calificaciones 8 7 8 6 7 8 7 8 Depto Depto_A Depto_A Depto_A Depto_A Depto_A Depto_A Depto_B Depto_B
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7 7 6 8 5 6 6 7 7 6 Depto_B Depto_B Depto_B Depto_B Depto_C Depto_C Depto_C Depto_C Depto_C Depto_C
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Resultados
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Paso 4. El reporte grfico se muestra a continuacin
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma CLCULO CON EXCEL Paso 1. Capturar datos en columnas para cada nivel del factor
Depto_A 8 7 8 6 7 8 Depto_B 7 8 7 7 6 8 Depto_C 5 6 6 7 7 6
Paso 2. Instrucciones HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes: 70

Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Depto_A Depto_B Depto_C
Count 6 6 6
Sum
Average Variance 44 7.333333 0.666667 43 7.166667 0.566667 37 6.166667 0.566667
ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total
SS 4.777777778 9 13.77777778
df
MS F 2 2.388889 3.981481 15 0.6 17
P-value 0.041018049
F crit 3.68232
Como el P value es 0.04 menor a alfa de 0.05, se concluye que hay al menos una media que es diferente (Depto C).
20. TABLA DE CONTINGENCIA

Sea Ho: p1 = p2 = p3 = = p n Ha: Alguna de las proporciones es diferente Ho: La variable de rengln es independiente de la variable de columna Ha: La variable de rengln depende de la variable de columna Paso 1. Introducir los siguientes datos
Los errores presentados en tres tipos de servicios cuando se prestan por tres regiones se muestran a continuacin, probar con una tabla de contingencia si los errores dependen del tipo de servicio y regin para un 95% de nivel de confianza. Servicio Region A Region B 1 27 12 2 41 22 3 42 14 Region C 8 9 10
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Paso 3. Resultados del reporte tabular:
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Paso 4. Resultados del men de graficos
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Seleccionando las graficas con botn derecho se tiene acceso a su configuracin especfica
21. CARTAS PARA NEGOCIOS DE BARRAS, DE PASTEL Y DE LNEA DE COMPONENTES

Paso 1. Utilizar la columna siguiente
Cantidad
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23 12 67 98 3 120
Paso 2. Instrucciones para grafica de barras
Paso 3. Resultados
Paso 4. Instrucciones para grafica de Pastel 77
Paso 5. Resultados
Paso 6. Grafica de lnea de componentes
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Paso 7. Resultados
22. DISTRIBUCIONES DE PROBABILIDAD PARA VALORES CRTICOS Y NMEROS ALEATORIOS

Caso de la distribucin normal Paso 1. Instrucciones
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Paso 3. Seleccionar la grfica normal y con botn derecho seleccionar ANALYSIS OPTIONS para cambiar los parmetros de la distribucin
Paso 4. Seleccionar el Reporte tabular y seleccionar las siguientes opciones
80
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En esta seccin se pueden evaluar los valores crticos para diversos valores (por ejemplo de Z si la media es cero y la desviacin estndar es uno) Seleccionar esta seccin y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS
Los resultados son los siguientes
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En esta seccin se pueden evaluar los valores crticos para diversos valores de probabilidad (por ejemplo para encontrar Z si la media es cero y la desviacin estndar es uno) Seleccionar esta seccin y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS
83
84
Paso 5. Generar un cierto nmero de nmeros aleatorios y guardarlos en una columna vaca de la hoja Seleccionar la ventana de Random numbers mostrada arriba y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS, en esa ventana seleccionar 100 nmeros:
Despus pulsar el botn de Almacenado de datos en el men siguiente:
Seleccionar la distribucin y la columna donde se almacenarn los nmeros aleatorios:
85
Los datos se almacenan en la columna Datos normales de la hoja de trabajo como sigue:
Datos normales 92.9282 103.731 104.065 106.835
GENERACIN DE NMEROS ALEATORIOS EN EXCEL Paso 1. Instrucciones (Media = 100, Desviacin estndar = 10, N = 10) HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
86
Paso 2. Nmeros generados

Datos_Aleatorios 100.59 76.10 110.03 96.38 102.80 97.30 87.52 93.23 85.38 84.53
87
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 5. Seleccionar la grafica deseada con el men de graficas
88
89
23. CARTAS DE CONTROL PARA SU PROCESO Y GRAFICADO EN EXCEL

a) Carta de control X-R, clculos y grficas de lnea: zona verde carta X; zona amarilla carta R
Datos de cada uno de los subgrupos x1 15.8 16.3 16.1 16.3 16.8 16.1 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.6 16.2 15.9 16.4 16.5 16.4 16 16.4 16 16.4 16.4 x2 16.3 15.9 16.2 16.2 16.9 15.8 16.3 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.1 16.3 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.2 16 16.4 x3 x4 x5 16.2 16.1 16.6 15.9 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.4 16.3 15.9 16.4 16.2 16.7 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.6 16.4 16.5 16.1 16.5 16.2 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.5 16.4 16.1 16.5 15.9 16.3 16.4 16.7 16.2 16.5 16.6 16.4 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.5 16 15.8 Media de medias Media i 16.20 16.14 16.30 16.20 16.70 16.32 16.30 16.18 16.34 16.38 16.24 16.38 16.32 16.34 16.24 16.20 16.30 16.24 16.30 16.22 16.292 Xmedia -+A2*Rm Media LIC 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 16.292 16.021 A2=0.577 LSC 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 16.563 Rmedio Rango i Rmedio 0.80 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.40 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.40 0.47 0.90 0.47 0.40 0.47 0.20 0.47 0.30 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.80 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.30 0.47 0.30 0.47 0.30 0.47 0.20 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.40 0.47 0.70 0.47 0.47 LICr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LSCr 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.994
Seleccionar la zona verde, INSERTAR GRFICA DE LNEA (Carta Xmedia) Repetir para la zona amarilla (Carta R) OK
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16.8 16.6 16.4 16.2 16 15.8 15.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Media i Media LIC LSC
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Rango i Rmedio LICr LSCr
b) Carta de control p, proceso y grfica de lnea de zona verde

Serv_no_conf 20 18 14 16 13 29 21 14 6 Muestra 98 104 97 99 97 102 104 101 55 Pi 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.11 Pprom 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 LIC 0.055 0.058 0.055 0.056 0.055 0.057 0.058 0.057 0.017 LSC 0.282 0.279 0.283 0.281 0.283 0.280 0.279 0.280 0.320
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6 7 7 9 5 8 9 9 10 9 10 Pprom=
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pi Pprom LIC LSC
48 50 53 56 49 56 53 52 51 52 47 0.17
0.13 0.17 0.006 0.14 0.17 0.010 0.13 0.17 0.014 0.16 0.17 0.018 0.10 0.17 0.008 0.14 0.17 0.018 0.17 0.17 0.014 0.17 0.17 0.013 0.20 0.17 0.011 0.17 0.17 0.013 0.21 0.17 0.005 LC=Pprom+3*(Pprom*(1Pprom)/ni))
0.331 0.327 0.323 0.319 0.329 0.319 0.323 0.324 0.326 0.324 0.332
c) Carta np, proceso y grfica de todas las columnas

Serv_Error nPprom 8 10.60 13 10.60 7 10.60 8 10.60 5 10.60 13 10.60 7 10.60 12 10.60 27 10.60 LIC 1.095 1.095 1.095 1.095 1.095 1.095 1.095 1.095 1.095 LSC 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105
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10 12 6 10 9 13 7 8 5 15 25 7 10 5 12 6 6 10 17 14 11 Prom.=
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.60 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 1.095 10.6 P prom=
20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 20.105 0.053
Serv_Error nPprom LIC LSC
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Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma d) Carta de control C, graficar todas las columnas
LC = C+3raiz*(C ) LIC LSC 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62 0 12.62
C Errores Cmedia 9 5.55 11 5.55 2 5.55 5 5.55 15 5.55 13 5.55 8 5.55 7 5.55 5 5.55 2 5.55 4 5.55 4 5.55 2 5.55 5 5.55 5 5.55 2 5.55 3 5.55 2 5.55 1 5.55 6 5.55 Prom= 5.55
e) Carta de control u, proceso y grfica de la zona verde

LC=U+3*raiz(U/ni) LIC LSC 0 0.12 0 0.12 0 0.13 0 0.12 0 0.12 0 0.12 0 0.13 0 0.13
Defectos Facturas Ui 9 110 0.082 11 101 0.109 2 98 0.020 5 105 0.048 15 110 0.136 13 100 0.130 8 98 0.082 7 99 0.071
U Umedia 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055
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5 2 4 4 2 5 5 2 3 2 1 6 100 100 102 98 99 105 104 100 103 100 98 102 Umedia 0.050 0.020 0.039 0.041 0.020 0.048 0.048 0.020 0.029 0.020 0.010 0.059 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12
Grafica de lnea de la zona verde

0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ui Umedia LIC LSC
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HERRAMIENTAS DE LA FASE DE MEJORA

DISEO DE EXPERIMENTOS CLASICO
PROBLEMA 1. Diseo de experimentos de dos niveles: En un proceso de mantenimiento de Generador de Vapor se
desea mejorar el proceso de soldadura en un componente de acero inoxidable. Para lo cual se realiza un diseo de experimentos de 3 factores y 2 niveles. Factor A. Caudal de gas (l/min.) B. Intensidad de Corriente (A) C. Vel. de Cadena (m/min.) Nivel bajo 8 230 0.6 Nivel Alto 12 240 1
Como respuesta se toma la calidad del componente en una escala de 0 a 30 entre mayor sea mejor es la calidad
Paso 1. Generar el diseo
Paso 2. Ingresar los datos de los factores y sus niveles (en la misma pantalla escribir los factores) 96
Paso 3. Iniciar datos de la variable de respuesta
97
Paso 4. Indicar las rplicas del experimento (quitar la bandera de Randomize)
Paso 5. Los resultados del diseo son:

Block 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Caudal 8 12 8 12 8 12 8 12 Intensidad Velocidad 230 0.6 230 0.6 240 0.6 240 0.6 230 1 230 1 240 1 240 1
El reporte indica lo siguiente:

Screening Design Attributes Design Summary -------------Design class: Screening Design name: Factorial
2^3
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File name: <Untitled> Base Design ----------Number of experimental factors: 3 Number of responses: 1 Number of runs: 8 Randomized: No
Number of blocks: 1 Error degrees of freedom: 1
Factors Low High Units Continuous -----------------------------------------------------------------------Caudal 8 12 Yes Intensidad 230 240 Yes Velocidad 0.6 1.0 Yes Responses Units ----------------------------------Y m
The StatAdvisor --------------You have created a Factorial design which will study the effects of 3 factors in 8 runs. The design is to be run in a single block. The order of the experiments has not been randomized. If lurking variables are present, they may distort the results. Only 1 degree of freedom is available to estimate the experimental error. Therefore, the statistical tests on the results will be very weak. It is recommended that you add enough centerpoints to give you at least 3 degrees of freedom for the error.
Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter Paso 6. Copiar los datos de la columna de respuesta Y a la Worksheet
Y 10 26.5 15 17.5 11.5 26
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17.5 20
Paso 7. Analizar el diseo
Paso 8. Seleccionar las opciones de reporte tabular
Analyze Experiment - Y Analysis Summary ---------------File name: <Untitled> Estimated effects for Y ---------------------------------------------------------------------average = 18.0 +/- 0.25
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A:Caudal = 9.0 +/- 0.5 B:Intensidad = -1.0 +/- 0.5 C:Velocidad = 1.5 +/- 0.5 AB = -6.5 +/- 0.5 AC = -0.5 +/- 0.5 BC = 1.0 +/- 0.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Standard errors are based on total error with 1 d.f. The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions. Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button, selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Standardized Pareto Chart for Y

A:Caudal AB C:Velocidad BC B:Intensidad AC 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Standardized effect
Analysis of Variance for Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A:Caudal SIGNIFICATIVO 162.0 1 162.0 324.00 0.0353 B:Intensidad 2.0 1 2.0 4.00 0.2952 C:Velocidad 4.5 1 4.5 9.00 0.2048 AB SIGNIFICATIVO 84.5 1 84.5 169.00 0.0489 AC 0.5 1 0.5 1.00 0.5000 BC 2.0 1 2.0 4.00 0.2952 Total error 0.5 1 0.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corr.) 256.0 7 R-squared = 99.8047 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 98.6328 percent
The StatAdvisor --------------The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Y into separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 2 effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 99.8047% of the variability in Y. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 98.6328%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.707107. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.25 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to
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determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the residuals.
Regression coeffs. for Y ---------------------------------------------------------------------constant = -658.75 A:Caudal = 79.125 B:Intensidad = 2.75 C:Velocidad = -107.5 AB = -0.325 AC = -0.625 BC = 0.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to the data. The equation of the fitted model is Y = -658.75 + 79.125*Caudal + 2.75*Intensidad - 107.5*Velocidad 0.325*Caudal*Intensidad - 0.625*Caudal*Velocidad + 0.5*Intensidad*Velocidad where the values of the variables are specified in their original units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function, select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) --------------------------------------------------------------------(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (2)A:Caudal 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (3)B:Intensidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (4)C:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (5)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (6)AC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 (7)BC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor --------------The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.
Estimation Results for Y ---------------------------------------------------------------------Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL Row Value Value for Mean for Mean ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 10.0 10.25 1.84564 18.6544 2 26.5 26.25 17.8456 34.6544 3 15.0 14.75 6.34564 23.1544 4 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544 5 11.5 11.25 2.84564 19.6544
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6 26.0 26.25 17.8456 34.6544 7 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544 8 20.0 19.75 11.3456 28.1544 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor --------------This table contains information about values of Y generated using the fitted model. The table includes: (1) the observed value of Y (if any) (2) the predicted value of Y using the fitted model (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the model will be unaffected.
Path of Steepest Ascent for Y Predicted Y (m) ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------10.0 235.0 0.8 18.0 11.0 234.332 0.814337 20.5738 12.0 232.994 0.822727 24.0386 13.0 231.229 0.825327 28.8038 14.0 229.212 0.823318 35.0649 15.0 227.045 0.817849 42.9128 Caudal Intensidad Velocidad The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This is the path from the center of the current experimental region along which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Y. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Caudal in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The program also computes the estimated Y at each of the points along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.
Optimize Response ----------------Goal: maximize Y Optimum value = 26.25 Factor Low High Optimum ----------------------------------------------------------------------Caudal 8.0 12.0 12.0 Intensidad 230.0 240.0 230.0 Velocidad 0.6 1.0 0.6 The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Y over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to
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indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting the low and high limits to that value.
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter Paso 9. Obtener el reporte grafico
104
Main Effects Plot for Y

23 21 19
Y
17 15 13 8 Ca uda l 12 230 I ntensidad 240 0.6 Ve loc idad 1.0
Regression coeffs. for Y ---------------------------------------------------------------------constant = -658.75 A:Caudal = 79.125 B:Intensidad = 2.75 C:Velocidad = -107.5 AB = -0.325 AC = -0.625 BC = 0.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to the data. The equation of the fitted model is Y = -658.75 + 79.125*Caudal + 2.75*Intensidad - 107.5*Velocidad 0.325*Caudal*Intensidad - 0.625*Caudal*Velocidad + 0.5*Intensidad*Velocidad where the values of the variables are specified in their original units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function, select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Interaction Plot for Y

28 25 22 + + + + 8 AB 12 8 AC 12 230 BC 240 + + -
19 16 13 10
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) --------------------------------------------------------------------(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (2)A:Caudal 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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(3)B:Intensidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (4)C:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (5)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (6)AC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 (7)BC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Normal Probability Plot for Y

99.9 99
percentage
95 80 50 20 5 1 0.1 - 13 -3 7 17 27
Standardized effects
Estimation Results for Y ---------------------------------------------------------------------Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL Row Value Value for Mean for Mean ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 10.0 10.25 1.84564 18.6544 2 26.5 26.25 17.8456 34.6544 3 15.0 14.75 6.34564 23.1544 4 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544 5 11.5 11.25 2.84564 19.6544 6 26.0 26.25 17.8456 34.6544 7 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544 8 20.0 19.75 11.3456 28.1544 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor --------------This table contains information about values of Y generated using the fitted model. The table includes: (1) the observed value of Y (if any) (2) the predicted value of Y using the fitted model (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the model will be unaffected.
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Estimated Response Surface

Ve loc idad= 0.8
28 25 22 19 16 13 10 8 9 10
Caudal
11
12
232 230
234
238 236
240
Intensidad
Path of Steepest Ascent for Y Predicted Y (m) ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------10.0 235.0 0.8 18.0 11.0 234.332 0.814337 20.5738 12.0 232.994 0.822727 24.0386 13.0 231.229 0.825327 28.8038 14.0 229.212 0.823318 35.0649 15.0 227.045 0.817849 42.9128 Caudal Intensidad Velocidad The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This is the path from the center of the current experimental region along which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Y. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Caudal in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The program also computes the estimated Y at each of the points along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.
Contours of Estimated Response Surface

Ve loc idad= 0.8 240 Y 10.0 11.8 13.6 15.4 17.2 19.0 20.8 22.6 24.4 26.2 28.0
Intensidad
238 236 234 232 230 8 9 10 11 12
Caudal
Optimize Response -----------------
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Goal: maximize Y Optimum value = 26.25 Factor Low High Optimum ----------------------------------------------------------------------Caudal 8.0 12.0 12.0 Intensidad 230.0 240.0 230.0 Velocidad 0.6 1.0 0.6 The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Y over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting the low and high limits to that value.
Residual Plot for Y

0.25 0.15
residual
0.05 - 0.05 - 0.15 - 0.25 10 13 16 19 22 25 28
predicted
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
108
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma PROBLEMA 2. Diseo de dos niveles: Se usa un Router para hacer los barrenos de localizacin de una placa de circuito
impreso. La vibracin es fuente principal de variacin. La vibracin de la placa a ser cortada depende del tamao de los barrenos (A1 = 1/16" y A2 = 1/8") y de la velocidad de corte (B1 = 40 RPMs y B2 = 90 RPMs). La variable de respuesta se mide en tres acelermetros A,Y,Z en cada uno de los circuitos impresos. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin. Niveles reales A 0.063 0.125 0.063 0.125 Rplica B 40 40 90 90 I 18.2 27.2 15.9 41.0 II 18.9 24.0 14.5 43.9 III 12.9 22.4 15.1 36.3 IV 14.4 22.5 14.2 39.9
109
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Ingresar los datos de los factores y sus niveles (en la misma pantalla seleccionar los factores)
Paso 3. Datos de la variable de respuesta
110
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 4. Indicar las rplicas del experimento
Paso 5. Los resultados del diseo son los siguientes:

Block 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 Diametro Velocidad 0.063 40 0.125 40 0.063 90 0.125 90 0.063 40 0.125 40 0.063 90 0.125 90 0.063 40 0.125 40 0.063 90 0.125 90 0.063 40 0.125 40 0.063 90 0.125 90
Screening Design Attributes Design Summary -------------Design class: Screening Design name: Factorial File name: <Untitled> Base Design ----------Number of experimental factors: 2 Number of responses: 1 Number of runs: 16 Randomized: No
2^2
Number of blocks: 4 Error degrees of freedom: 9
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Factors Low High Units Continuous -----------------------------------------------------------------------Diametro 0.063 0.125 Yes Velocidad 40 90 Yes Responses Units ----------------------------------Vibracion
The StatAdvisor --------------You have created a Factorial design which will study the effects of 2 factors in 16 runs. The design is to be run in a single block. The order of the experiments has not been randomized. If lurking variables are present, they may distort the results.
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter Paso 5. Copiar los datos de la variable de respuesta, resultado de los experimentos fsicos a la hoja de clculo en el Statgraphics
VIBRACIN 18.2 27.2 15.9 41 18.9 24 14.5 43.9 12.9 22.4 15.1 36.3 14.4 22.5
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14.2 39.9
Paso 6. Analizar el diseo
Paso 7. Seleccionar las opciones de reporte tabular
Analyze Experiment - Vibracion Analysis Summary ---------------File name: <Untitled> Estimated effects for Vibracion ---------------------------------------------------------------------average = 23.8312 +/- 0.435895 A:Diametro = 16.6375 +/- 0.87179 B:Velocidad = 7.5375 +/- 0.87179 AB = 8.7125 +/- 0.87179 block = 2.9875 +/- 1.50998 block = -4.3125 +/- 1.50998 block = -2.1625 +/- 1.50998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Standard errors are based on total error with 9 d.f. The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions. Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button, selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Standardized Pareto Chart for Vibracion
A:Diametro
AB
B:Velocidad
12
16
20
Standardized effect
Analysis of Variance for Vibracion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A:Diametro SIGNIFICATIVOS 1107.23 1 1107.23 364.21 0.0000 B:Velocidad 227.256 1 227.256 74.75 0.0000 AB 303.631 1 303.631 99.88 0.0000 blocks 44.3619 3 14.7873 4.86 0.0280 Total error 27.3606 9 3.04007 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corr.) 1709.83 15 R-squared = 98.3998 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 97.9998 percent
The StatAdvisor --------------The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Vibracion into separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 4 effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 98.3998% of the variability in Vibracion. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 97.9998%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 1.74358. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.14375 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the residuals.
Regression coeffs. for Vibracion ----------------------------------------------------------------------
114

constant = 23.152 A:Diametro = -97.0161 B:Velocidad = -0.377621 AB = 5.62097 ---------------------------------------------------------------------The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to the data. The equation of the fitted model is Vibracion = 23.152 - 97.0161*Diametro - 0.377621*Velocidad + 5.62097*Diametro*Velocidad where the values of the variables are specified in their original units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function, select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) --------------------------------------------------------------------(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (2)A:Diametro 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (3)B:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (4)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (5)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000-0.3333-0.3333 (6)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000-0.3333 1.0000-0.3333 (7)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000-0.3333-0.3333 1.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor --------------The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In this case, there are 3 pairs of effects with non-zero correlations. However, since none are greater than or equal to 0.5, you will probably be able to interpret the results without much difficulty.
Estimation Results for Vibracion ---------------------------------------------------------------------Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL Row Value Value for Mean for Mean ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 18.2 17.8437 15.2349 20.4526 2 27.2 25.7687 23.1599 28.3776 3 15.9 16.6687 14.0599 19.2776 4 41.0 42.0187 39.4099 44.6276 5 18.9 17.5937 14.9849 20.2026 6 24.0 25.5187 22.9099 28.1276 7 14.5 16.4187 13.8099 19.0276 8 43.9 41.7687 39.1599 44.3776 9 12.9 13.9437 11.3349 16.5526 10 22.4 21.8687 19.2599 24.4776 11 15.1 12.7688 10.1599 15.3776 12 36.3 38.1187 35.5099 40.7276 13 14.4 15.0188 12.4099 17.6276 14 22.5 22.9437 20.3349 25.5526 15 14.2 13.8438 11.2349 16.4526 16 39.9 39.1937 36.5849 41.8026 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
115
The StatAdvisor --------------This table contains information about values of Vibracion generated using the fitted model. The table includes: (1) the observed value of Vibracion (if any) (2) the predicted value of Vibracion using the fitted model (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the model will be unaffected.
Path of Steepest Ascent for Vibracion Diametro ---------0.094 1.094 2.094 3.094 4.094 5.094 Velocidad ---------65.0 845.466 1651.85 2458.28 3264.73 4071.17 Predicted Vibracion -----------23.8312 4796.81 18639.0 41547.4 73521.8 114562.0
The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This is the path from the center of the current experimental region along which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Vibracion. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Diametro in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The program also computes the estimated Vibracion at each of the points along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.
Optimize Response ----------------Goal: maximize Vibracion Optimum value = 40.275 Factor Low High Optimum ----------------------------------------------------------------------Diametro 0.063 0.125 0.125 Velocidad 40.0 90.0 90.0 The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Vibracion over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting the low and high limits to that value.
116
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter Paso 8. Obtener el reporte grafico
Analyze Experiment - Vibracion Analysis Summary ---------------File name: <Untitled> Estimated effects for Vibracion ---------------------------------------------------------------------average = 23.8312 +/- 0.435895 A:Diametro = 16.6375 +/- 0.87179 B:Velocidad = 7.5375 +/- 0.87179 AB = 8.7125 +/- 0.87179 block = 2.9875 +/- 1.50998 block = -4.3125 +/- 1.50998 block = -2.1625 +/- 1.50998 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Standard errors are based on total error with 9 d.f. The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.
117

Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button, selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Standardized Pareto Chart for Vibracion

A:D ia m e tr o
AB
B:Ve loc ida d
12
16
20
Standardized effect
Main Effects Plot for Vibracion

33 30
Vibracion
27 24 21 18 15 0.063 Dia m e tro 0.125 40 Ve loc idad 90
Interaction Plot for Vibracion

44 39 Ve loc idad= 90
Vibracion
34 29 24 19 14 Ve loc idad= 40 Ve loc idad= 90 0.063 Dia m e tro 0.125 Ve loc idad= 40
118
Normal Probability Plot for Vibracion

99.9 99
percentage
95 80 50 20 5 1 0.1 -3 1 5 9 13 17 21

54 44 34 24 14 63 83 103 123 50 60 70 80 90
Vibracion
Velocidad
Diametro
40 143 ( X 0.001)

90 80 70 60 50 40 63 83 103 123 Vibr ac ion 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 34.0 38.0 42.0 46.0 50.0
Velocidad
Diametro
143 ( X 0.001)
Residual Plot for Vibracion

2.6 1.6
residual
0.6 - 0.4 - 1.4 - 2.4 12 22 32 42 52
predicted
Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar 119
120
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Problema 4.
Diseo de experimentos de Taguchi

Taguchi ha desarrollado una serie de arreglos para experimentos con factores a dos niveles, los ms utilizados y difundidos segn el nmero de factores a analizar son:
Si el nmero de factores que
se desean analizar es Entre 1 y 3 Entre 4 y 7 N de condiciones
Arreglo a utilizar
L4 L8
a probar
4 8
Entre 8 y 11 Entre 12 y 15
Entre 16 y 31 Entre 32 y 63
L12 L16
L32 L64
12 16
32 64
Taguchi sugiere utilizar un estadstico que proporcione informacin acerca de la media y de la variancia denominado Relacin Seal a Ruido (SNR), como la variable de respuesta, se consideran tres tipos principales. Las frmulas para cada esquema son las siguientes: 1. Menor es mejor (Smaller is better - s)
SNRs 10 log Yi i 1 n
2. Mayor es mejor Larger is better - l)
SNRl 10 log
2 1 / Yi i 1 n n
3. Nominal es mejor - (Target is better - t)
SNRt 10 log s 2
Donde la SNR se expresa en decibeles y debe ser maximizada Una vez insertados los componentes en una placa de circuito impreso, esta se pasa a una mquina de soldar donde por medio de un transportador pasa por un bao de flux para eliminar oxido, se precalienta para reducir la torcedura y se suelda. Se disea un experimento para determinar las condiciones que dan el nmero mnimo de defectos de soldadura por milln de uniones. Los factores de control y niveles se muestran a continuacin: ARREGLO INTERNO Factor Descripcin (-1) (+1)
121

A B C D E Temperatura de soldado F Velocidad del transportador (ft/min) Densidad del flux remover oxido Temperatura de precalentado F Altura de ola de soldadura(pulg.) 480 7.2 0.9 150 0.5 510 10. 1.0 200 0.6
Adems se tienen otros factores denominados factores de ruido que no se pueden o no se quieren controlar como el tipo de producto. Tambin se pueden considerar factores de ruido las tolerancias de algunos de los factores crticos en este proceso, en este caso la temperatura de la soldadura varia entre 5F y la velocidad del transportador entre 0.2 ft/min. Esta variabilidad tambin tiene influencia en la respuesta. ARREGLO INTERNO Factor Descripcin F Temperatura de soldadura (F) G Velocidad del transportador (ft/min) H Tipo de producto en la placa
(-1) -5 -0.2 2
(+1) 5 +0.2 1
El arreglo cruzado de ambos y los valores de las respuestas se muestran a continuacin: En este caso se busca la respuesta Menor es mejor para los defectos de soldadura.
F Arreglo interno A -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 B -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 C -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 D -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 E -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 G H
-1 -1 -1 186 328 234 295 47 185 136 194
1 1 -1 187 326 159 216 125 261 136 197
1 -1 1 105 247 231 204 127 264 132 193
-1 1 1 SNR 104 322 157 293 42 264 136 275 -43.59 -49.76 -45.97 -48.15 -39.51 -47.81 -42.61 -46.75
122
Paso 2. Variable de respuesta (quitar banderas de Randomize)
123
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Seleccionar el arreglo orthogonal (default) quitar banderas de Randomize Seleccionar el arreglo L8 (8 corridas experimentales) con L4 en los factores de ruido (4 rplicas de los resultados de cada bloque de 8 experimentos)
Paso 4. Asignacin de columnas NOTA: Dejar la columna 3 libre ya que de acuerdo a las grficas lineales de Taguchi, ah se presenta la interaccin de los factores A y B que es de inters.
Paso 5. Dar nombres a los factores e indicar sus unidades (en este caso no se consideraron). Todos los factores se inicializan en la misma pantalla.
Continuar con los otros factores hasta el factor H 124
El arreglo resultante es:

Block 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 C 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 D 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 F 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 G 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 H 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 Defectos
125

7 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
Inner/Outer Arrays Design Attributes

Design Summary -------------Design class: Inner/Outer Arrays File name: <Untitled> Base Design ----------Number of control factors: 5 Number of noise factors: 3 Number of responses: 1 Number of runs in inner array: 8 Number of runs in outer array: 4 Randomized: No Factors Levels Units ----------------------------------------------A 2 B 2 C 2 D 2 E 2 F 2 G 2 H 2 Responses Units ----------------------------------Defectos The StatAdvisor --------------You have created an experimental design which will estimate the effects of 5 control factors and 3 noise factors. The inner array, in which the control factors are varied, contains 8 runs. The outer array, in which the noise factors are varied, contains 4 runs. This results in a total of 32 runs.
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter Paso 6. Cargar los resultados de los experimentos a la columna de Defectos 126
Defectos 186 328 234 295 47 185 136 194 187 326 159 216 125 261 136 197 105 247 231 204 127 264 132 193 104 322 157 293 42 264 136 275
127
Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 7. Analizar el diseo de experimentos
Se pueden analizar las medias de las respuestas o las relaciones Seal / Ruido, seleccionar estas ltimas con la opcin Menor es mejor
Paso 8. Obtener el reporte tabular del diseo de experimentos
128

Analysis Summary ---------------File name: <Untitled> Estimated effects for Defectos (SN: smaller) ---------------------------------------------------------------------average = -46.2787 +/- 0.423871 A:A = -0.109419 +/- 0.847742 B:B = -0.647976 +/- 0.847742 C:C = 2.18606 +/- 0.847742 D:D = 0.913815 +/- 0.847742 E:E = 0.623349 +/- 0.847742 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Standard errors are based on total error with 2 d.f. The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions. Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button, selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Standardized Pareto Chart for Defectos (SN: smaller)

C:C D:D B:B E:E A:A 0 1 2 3 4 5
Standardized effect
Analysis of Variance for Defectos (SN: smaller) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A:A 0.0239449 1 0.0239449 0.02 0.9091 B:B 0.839746 1 0.839746 0.58 0.5245 C:C 9.55773 1 9.55773 6.65 0.1232 D:D 1.67012 1 1.67012 1.16 0.3938 E:E 0.777128 1 0.777128 0.54 0.5387 Total error 2.87467 2 1.43733 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corr.) 15.7433 7 R-squared = 81.7404 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 36.0915 percent
The StatAdvisor --------------The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Defectos into
129

separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 0 effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 81.7404% of the variability in Defectos. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 36.0915%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 1.19889. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.572423 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the residuals.
Regression coeffs. for Defectos (SN: smaller) ---------------------------------------------------------------------constant = -50.7274 A:A = -0.109419 B:B = -0.647976 C:C = 2.18606 D:D = 0.913815 E:E = 0.623349 ---------------------------------------------------------------------The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to the data. The equation of the fitted model is Defectos = -50.7274 - 0.109419*A - 0.647976*B + 2.18606*C + 0.913815*D + 0.623349*E where the values of the variables are specified in their original units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function, select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) -------------------------------------------------------------(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (2)A:A 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (3)B:B 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (4)C:C 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (5)D:D 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 (6)E:E 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 --------------------------------------------------------------
Estimation Results for Defectos (SN: smaller)
130

---------------------------------------------------------------------Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL Row Value Value for Mean for Mean ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 -48.512 -47.7616 -52.2289 -43.2943 2 -43.6439 -44.0384 -48.5057 -39.5711 3 -47.2669 -46.8724 -51.3397 -42.4051 4 -45.4732 -46.2235 -50.6908 -41.7562 5 -46.2069 -46.9572 -51.4245 -42.4899 6 -45.4561 -45.0616 -49.5289 -40.5943 7 -47.5012 -47.8957 -52.363 -43.4284 8 -46.1695 -45.4191 -49.8864 -40.9518 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor --------------This table contains information about values of Defectos generated using the fitted model. The table includes: (1) the observed value of Defectos (if any) (2) the predicted value of Defectos using the fitted model (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the model will be unaffected.
Path of Steepest Ascent for Defectos (SN: smaller) A ---------1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 B ---------1.5 7.42199 13.344 19.266 25.1879 31.1099 C ---------1.5 -18.4789 -38.4577 -58.4366 -78.4155 -98.3943 D ---------1.5 -6.85154 -15.2031 -23.5546 -31.9062 -40.2577 E ---------1.5 -4.19691 -9.89383 -15.5907 -21.2877 -26.9846 Predicted Defectos (SN: smaller) ------------46.2787 -105.083 -163.888 -222.693 -281.497 -340.302
The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This is the path from the center of the current experimental region along which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Defectos. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing A in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The program also computes the estimated Defectos at each of the points along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.
Optimize Response ----------------Goal: maximize Defectos Optimum value = -44.0384 Factor Low High Optimum -----------------------------------------------------------------------
131

A B C D E 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Defectos over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting the low and high limits to that value.
Paso 9. Obtener el reporte grfico del diseo de experimentos
132
Main Effects Plot for Defectos (SN: smaller)
Defectos (SN: smaller)
- 45 - 45.5 - 46 - 46.5 - 47 - 47.5 - 48 A C E
Regression coeffs. for Defectos (SN: smaller) ---------------------------------------------------------------------constant = -50.7274 A:A = -0.109419 B:B = -0.647976 C:C = 2.18606 D:D = 0.913815 E:E = 0.623349 ---------------------------------------------------------------------The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to the data. The equation of the fitted model is Defectos = -50.7274 - 0.109419*A - 0.647976*B + 2.18606*C + 0.913815*D + 0.623349*E where the values of the variables are specified in their original units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function, select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
No v alid in teractio n s pecified .
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) -------------------------------------------------------------(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
133

(2)A:A 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (3)B:B 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (4)C:C 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (5)D:D 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 (6)E:E 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 --------------------------------------------------------------
Normal Probability Plot for Defectos (SN: smaller)

99.9 99
percentage
95 80 50 20 5 1 0.1 - 0.8 0.2 1.2 2.2 3.2
Estimation Results for Defectos (SN: smaller) ---------------------------------------------------------------------Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL Row Value Value for Mean for Mean ---------------------------------------------------------------------1 -48.512 -47.7616 -52.2289 -43.2943 2 -43.6439 -44.0384 -48.5057 -39.5711 3 -47.2669 -46.8724 -51.3397 -42.4051 4 -45.4732 -46.2235 -50.6908 -41.7562 5 -46.2069 -46.9572 -51.4245 -42.4899 6 -45.4561 -45.0616 -49.5289 -40.5943 7 -47.5012 -47.8957 -52.363 -43.4284 8 -46.1695 -45.4191 -49.8864 -40.9518 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor --------------This table contains information about values of Defectos generated using the fitted model. The table includes: (1) the observed value of Defectos (if any) (2) the predicted value of Defectos using the fitted model (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the model will be unaffected.
134
Defectos (SN: smaller)
C=1.5,D= 1.5,E= 1.5
- 45.9 - 46.1 - 46.3 - 46.5 - 46.7 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Path of Steepest Ascent for Defectos (SN: smaller) A ---------1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 B ---------1.5 7.42199 13.344 19.266 25.1879 31.1099 C ---------1.5 -18.4789 -38.4577 -58.4366 -78.4155 -98.3943 D ---------1.5 -6.85154 -15.2031 -23.5546 -31.9062 -40.2577 E ---------1.5 -4.19691 -9.89383 -15.5907 -21.2877 -26.9846 Predicted Defectos (SN: smaller) ------------46.2787 -105.083 -163.888 -222.693 -281.497 -340.302
The StatAdvisor --------------This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This is the path from the center of the current experimental region along which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Defectos. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing A in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The program also computes the estimated Defectos at each of the points along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.

C=1.5,D= 1.5,E= 1.5 2 1.8 1.6 De fe c tos (SN: sm alle r) - 46.7 - 46.62 - 46.54 - 46.46 - 46.38 - 46.3 - 46.22 - 46.14 - 46.06 - 45.98 - 45.9
B
1.4 1.2 1 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
A
Optimize Response
135

----------------Goal: maximize Defectos Optimum value = -44.0384 Factor Low High Optimum ----------------------------------------------------------------------A 1.0 2.0 1.0 B 1.0 2.0 1.0 C 1.0 2.0 2.0 D 1.0 2.0 2.0 E 1.0 2.0 2.0 The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Defectos over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting the low and high limits to that value.
Residual Plot for Defectos (SN: smaller)

0.8 0.4
residual
0 - 0.4 - 0.8 0 100 200 300 400
predicted
136
137

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EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

OK Paso 2. El reporte se muestra a continuacin

Con Botn derecho

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Ejecutar las siguientesinstrucciones

Paso 4. El diagrama obtenido es el siguiente:

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 2. Cargar datos en columna 1

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 3. Instrucciones para la estadstica descriptiva

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Las grficas se amplan colocndoles el cursos y dando dos clicks

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control X

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control R

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

CORRIDA EN EXCEL Paso 1. Arreglo de datos

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control p

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes:

Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control np con un tamao de muestra de n = 200

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 3. Los resultados obtenidos son los siguientes:

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 3. La carta de control es:

10. CARTAS DE CONTROL u

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 3. Carta de control u

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

11. ESTUDIO R&R

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Instrucciones

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 4. Solicitar los resultados:

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 5. Pedir la grfica R&R plot

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 3. Resultados

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Coefficients 143.8244 1.878635

13. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA MEDIA

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma Paso 2. Instrucciones

Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR

Curso Statgraphics para Lean Sigma

Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes: