NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010

UK NationaI Anne to
Eurocode 1 ~ Actions on
structures
Part 1-4: GeneraI actions ~ Wind
actions
ICS 91.010.30
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PEBMISSION EXCEPT AS PEBMITTED BY COPYBIGHT LAW
NATIONAL ANNEX
Incorporating National Amendment No. 1
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PubIishing and copyright inIormation
The BSI copyiight notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
BSI 201
ISBN 978 0 580 73818 0
The lollowing BSI ieleiences ielate to the woik on this standaid:
Committee ieleience B/525/1
Dialt loi comment 06/30152554 DC
PubIication history
Iiist published Septembei 2008
Amendments issued since pubIication
Amd. no. Date Tet aIIected
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
10/30232884 DC
A1 January 2011 See Introduction
1
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BSI 2011 i
Contents
Intioduction 1
NA.1 Scope 1
NA.2 Nationally Deteimined Paiameteis ?
NA.3 Decision on the status ol inloimative annexes 37
NA.4 Beleience to non-contiadictoiy complementaiy
inloimation 37
Annex A (inloimative) Ilowchaits loi obtaining q
p
38
40
Bibliogiaphy 41
List oI Iigures
Iiguie NA.1 ~ Value ol lundamental basic wind
velocity i
b,map
(m/s) beloie the altitude coiiection is applied 5
Iiguie NA.2 ~ Delinition ol signilicant oiogiaphy (delinition ol
symbols given in A.3(3)) 6
Iiguie NA.3 ~ Values ol c
i
(c) 8
Iiguie NA.4 ~ Values ol coiiection lactoi c
i,T
loi sites in Town
teiiain 9
Iiguie NA.5 ~ Values ol I
v
(c)
llat
11
Iiguie NA.6 ~ Values ol tuibulence coiiection lactoi /
I,T
loi sites
in Town teiiain 1?
Iiguie NA.? ~ Values ol c
e
(c) 1J
Iiguie NA.8 ~ Values ol exposuie coiiection lactoi c
e,T
loi sites
in Town teiiain 1
Iiguie NA.9 ~ Dynamic lactoi c
d
loi vaiious values ol logaiithmic
deciement ol stiuctuial damping,
s
16
Iiguie NA.10 ~ Piessuie distiibution used to take toisional
ellects into account. The zones and c
pe
values aie given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Table ?.1 and BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
Iiguie ?.5 17
Iiguie NA.11 ~ Exteinal piessuie coellicients c
pe,10
loi zone A ol
vaulted iools loi = 0 25
Iiguie NA.12 ~ Exteinal piessuie coellicients c
pe,10
loi zone B ol
vaulted iools 26
Iiguie A.NA.1 ~ Ilowchait loi obtaining q
p
loi sites in countiy 38
Iiguie A.NA.2 ~ Ilowchait loi obtaining q
p
loi sites in town 39
List oI tabIes
Table NA.1 ~ Diiectional lactoi c
dii

Table NA.2 ~ Season lactoi c
season
6
Table NA.3 ~ Size lactoi c
s
loi zones A, B and C indicated
in Figures NA.7 and Figure NA.8 15
Table NA.4 ~ Net piessuie coellicients loi veitical walls ol iectangulai
buildings 18
Summary oI pages
This document compiises a liont covei, an inside liont covei,
pages i and ii, pages 1 to 41 and a back covei.
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
!Advisory note deleted"
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ii BSI 2011
Table NA.9 ~ Typical peimeability ol constiuction in the UK 26
Table NA.10 ~ Values ol

loi cylindeis, polygonal sections, iectangulai

sections, shaip edged stiuctuial sections and lattice stiuctuies 29
Table NA.11 ~ Values ol wind load lactoi C 32
Table NA.12 ~ Ioice coellicient C
lp
loi pieis 35
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
Table NA.5 External pressure coefficients for flat roofs (C
pe,10
and
C
pe,1
) 20
Table NA.6a) External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs
(C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
) 21
Table NA.6b) External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs
(C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
) 21
Table NA.7a) External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
(C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
) 22
Table NA.7b) External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
(C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
) 23
Table NA.8 External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs (C
pe,10

and C
pe,1
) 24
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BSI 2011 1
NationaI Anne (inIormative) to
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Eurocode 1 ~
Actions on structures ~
Part 1-4: GeneraI actions ~ Wind actions
Introduction
This National Annex has been piepaied by BSI Subcommittee B/525/1,
Ac/ious (looJiuqs) ouJ /osis of Jcsiqu. In the UK it is to be used in
con}unction with BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.
NA.1 Scope
This National Annex gives:
a) the UK decisions loi the Nationally Deteimined Paiameteis oi
alteinative pioceduies in the lollowing clauses ol
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005:
~ 1.1 (11) Note 1
~ 1.5 (2)
~ 4.1 (1)
~ 4.2 (1)P Note 2
~ 4.2 (2)P Notes 1, 2, 3 and 5
~ 4.3.1 (1) Notes 1 and 2
~ 4.3.2 (1)
~ 4.3.2 (2)
~ 4.3.3 (1)
~ 4.3.4 (1)
~ 4.3.5 (1)
~ 4.4 (1) Note 2
~ 4.5 (1) Note 1
~ 4.5 (1) Note 2
~ 5.3 (5)
~ 6.1 (1)
~ 6.3.1 (1) Note 3
~ 6.3.2 (1)
~ ?.1.2 (2)
~ ?.1.3 (1)
~ ?.2.1 (1) Note 2
~ ?.2.2 (1)
~ ?.2.2 (2) Note 1
~ ?.2.8 (1)
~ ?.2.9 (2)
~ ?.2.10 (3) Notes 1 and 2
~ ?.4.1 (1)
~ ?.4.3 (2)
~ ?.6 (1) Note 1
~ ?.? (1) Note 1
~ ?.8 (1)
~ ?.10 (1) Note 1
~ ?.11 (1) Note 2
~ ?.13 (1)
~ ?.13 (2)
~ 8.1 (1) Notes 1 and 2
~ 8.1 (4)
~ 8.1 (5)
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by National
Amendment No. 1 is indicated in the text by tags !". Minor
editorial changes are not tagged.
National Amendment No. 1 has been made to reflect Amendment
No. 1 to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005.
!
7.2.3 (2)
7.2.3 (4)
7.2.4 (1)
7.2.4 (3)
7.2.5 (1)
7.2.5 (3)
7.2.6 (1)
7.2.6 (3)
7.2.7
7.3 (6)
"
!
"
! 7.9.2 (2)
Table 7.14"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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2 BSI 2011
b) the UK decision on the status ol BS EN 1991-1-4:2005,
inloimative Annexes A, B, C, D, E and I; and
c) ieleiences to non-contiadictoiy complementaiy inloimation.
NA.2 NationaIIy Determined Parameters
NA.2.1 Guidance Ior design oI torsionaI vibrations,
bridge deck vibrations, cabIe supported bridges,
higher order modes oI vibration
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 1.1 (11) Note 1|
No additional guidance is given loi toisional vibiations, e.g. loi tall
buildings with ielatively low toisional liequencies and/oi a signilicantly
ollset sheai centie.
Ioi biidge deck vibiations liom tiansveise wind tuibulence, the
pioceduies given in backgiound papei PD 6688-1-4 should be used.
Ioi cable suppoited biidges, no additional guidance on wind actions
and iesponse is given in this National Annex.
Ioi buildings and biidges wheie moie than the lundamental tiansveise
oi lateial modes need to be consideied, specialist advice should be
sought.
NA.2.2 Guidance on design assisted by testing and
measurements [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 1.5 (2)|
NA.2.2.1 Static buiIding structures
Tests loi the deteimination ol wind loads on static stiuctuies should not
be consideied to have been piopeily conducted unless:
a) the natuial wind has been modelled to account loi:
the vaiiation ol mean wind speed with height above giound
appiopiiate to the teiiain ol the site; and
the intensity and scale ol the tuibulence appiopiiate to the teiiain
ol the site at a deteimined geometiic scale;
b) the building has been modelled at a geometiic scale not moie than
the lollowing multiples ol the geometiic scale ol the simulated
natuial wind, with appiopiiate coiiections applied to account loi
any geometiic scale disciepancies within this iange:
3 loi oveiall loads; and
2 loi cladding loads;
!Text deleted"
~ E.1.5.1 (3)
~ E.1.5.2.6 (1) Note 1
~ E.1.5.3 (2) Note 1
~ E.1.5.3 (4)
~ E.1.5.3 (6)
~ E.3 (2)
~ 8.3.3 (1) Note 1
~ 8.3.4 (1)
~ 8.4.2 (1) Note 1
~ A.2 (1)
~ E.1.3.3 (1)
~ E.1.5.1 (1) Notes 1 and 2
~ 8.3.1 (2)
~ 8.3.2 (1)
~ 8.2 (1) Note 1
~ 8.3 (1)
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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c) the iesponse chaiacteiistics ol the wind tunnel instiumentation aie
consistent with the measuiements to be made;
d) the tests enable the peak wind loads with the iequiied annual iisk
ol being exceeded to be piedicted.
Iuithei guidance on wind tunnel testing can be obtained liom Thc
Jcsiqucrs qviJc /o uiuJ looJiuq of /vilJiuq s/rvc/vrcs ~ Por/ ?.
S/o/ic s/rvc/vrcs [1], WiuJ /vuucl s/vJics of /vilJiuqs ouJ
s/rvc/vrcs [2] and PD 6688-1-4.
NA.2.2.2 Dynamic buiIding structures
Tests loi the deteimination ol the iesponse ol dynamic stiuctuies
should not be consideied to have been piopeily conducted unless the
piovisions loi static stiuctuies in items a) to d) aie satislied, togethei
with the additional piovision that the stiuctuial model is iepiesented
(physically oi mathematically) in mass distiibution, stillness and
damping in accoidance with the established law ol dimensional scaling.
Iuithei guidance on wind tunnel testing can be obtained liom
ieleiences: Thc Jcsiqucrs qviJc /o uiuJ looJiuq of /vilJiuq
s/rvc/vrcs ~ Por/ ?. S/o/ic s/rvc/vrcs [1], WiuJ /vuucl s/vJics of
/vilJiuqs ouJ s/rvc/vrcs [2] and PD 6688-1-4.
NA.2.3 NationaI cIimatic inIormation Irom which the
mean wind veIocity and peak veIocity pressure
may be directIy obtained Ior the terrain
categories considered
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.1 (1) ~ Note|
Scc NA.3.17.
NA.2.4 The IundamentaI vaIue oI the basic wind
veIocity c
b,0
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.2 (1)P Note 2|
The lundamental value ol the basic wind velocity i
b,0
should be
deteimined liom Equation NA.1.
(NA.1) i
b,0
= i
b,map
c
alt
wheie
i
b,map
is the value ol the lundamental basic wind velocity beloie the
altitude coiiection is applied. i
b,map
is given in Iiguie NA.1;
c
alt
is the altitude lactoi given in NA.2.5.
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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NA.2.5 Procedure Ior determining the inIIuence oI
aItitude [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.2 (2)P Note 1|
The altitude lactoi c
alt
should be deteimined liom Equations NA.2a)
oi NA.2b).
(NA.2a)) c
alt
= 1 + 0,001A loi c 10 m)
(NA.2b)) c
alt
= 1 + 0,001A(10,c)
0.2
loi c > 10 m
wheie
A is the altitude ol the site in meties above mean sea level;
c is eithei c
s
as delined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie 6.1 oi c
e
the height ol the pait above giound as delined in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie ?.4.
NOTL Lqvo/iou NA.?o) uo /c vscJ couscrio/iicl for ou /vilJiuq
hciqh/.
Wheie theie is signilicant oiogiaphy, as delined by the shaded zones
in Iiguie NA.2, A should be taken as the altitude ol the upwind base ol
the oiogiaphic leatuie loi each wind diiection consideied.
NA.2.6 DirectionaI Iactor, c
dii
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.2 (2)P Note 2|
The diiectional lactoi c
dii
is given in Table NA.1.
Table NA.1 DirectionaI Iactor c
dir
Direction 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 2?0 300 330
c
dir
0,?8 0,?3 0,?3 0,?4 0,?3 0,80 0,85 0,93 1,00 0,99 0,91 0,82
NOTL 1 Iu/crpolo/iou uo /c vscJ ui/hiu To/lc NA.1.
NOTL ? Thc Jircc/ious orc JcfiucJ / ouqlcs frou Jvc Nor/h iu o cloc/uisc Jircc/iou.
NOTL J Whcrc /hc uiuJ looJiuq ou o /vilJiuq is osscsscJ oul for or/hoqouol looJ coscs, /hc uo+iuvu iolvc
of /hc foc/or for /hc Jircc/ious /ho/ lic 5 ci/hcr siJc of /hc uoruol /o /hc focc of /hc /vilJiuq is /o /c vscJ.
NOTL Couscrio/iicl, c
Jir
uo /c /o/cu os 1,0 for oll Jircc/ious.
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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Iiguie NA.1 VaIue oI IundamentaI basic wind veIocity c
b,map
(m/s) beIore the
aItitude correction is appIied
22
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
29
30
31
21.5
!
"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 201
NOTE 1 This map is intended for sites in the United Kingdon, Isle of Man and Channel Islands only.
NOTE 2 The isopleths in the Irish Republic are shown for purposes of interpolation only.
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NA.2.? Season Iactor, c
season
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.2 (2)P Note 3|
The season lactoi c
season
is given in Table NA.2.
Iiguie NA.2 DeIinition oI signiIicant orography (deIinition oI symboIs given
in A.3(3))
.5 x l i < .J
d
1.6 x h i - .J
1.5 x l i < .J
e
5 x h i - .J
h/2
h/2
h
h/2
h/2
h
upwind slope - .5
0ownwind slope - .5
0ownwind slope < .5
Hill or ridge
Lscorprenf
4 - Bose o upwind
orogrophy

Table NA.2 Season Iactor c

season
Months 1 month 2 months 4 months
1anuaiy 0,98
0,98
0,98
Iebiuaiy 0,83
0,86
0,8?
Maich 0,82
0,83
0,83
Apiil 0,?5
0,?5
0,?6
May 0,69
0,?1
0,?3
1une 0,66
0,6?
0,83
1uly 0,62
0,?1
0,86
August 0,?1
0,82
0,90
Septembei 0,82
0,85
0,96
Octobei 0,82
0,89
1,00
Novembei 0,88
0,95
1,00
Decembei 0,94
1,00
1,00
1anuaiy 0,98
0,98
Iebiuaiy 0,83
0,86
Maich 0,82
NOTL 1 Thc foc/or for /hc si+ uou/h uiu/cr pcrioJ Oc/o/cr /o Morch iuclvsiic is 1,00 ouJ for /hc si+ uou/h
svuucr pcrioJ April /o Scp/cu/cr iuclvsiic is 0,8.
NOTL ? Thcsc foc/ors proiiJc /hc 0,0? pro/o/ili/ of c+cccJcucc for /hc pcrioJ qiicu .
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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NA.2.8 VaIues oI K and n used to determine the
probabiIity Iactor
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.2 (2)P Note 5|
The iecommended values ol shape lactoi K = 0,2 and
exponent u = 0,5 aie to be used.
NA.2.9 Orography Iactor c
o
(c)
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.1(1) Note 1|
The iecommended pioceduie given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.3
should be used.
NA.2.10 Design charts Ior c
m
(c)
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.1(1) Note 2|
Design chaits loi i
m
(c) aie not piovided.
NA.2.11 Procedure Ior determining the roughness
Iactor c
r
(c) [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.2 (1)|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Expiessions (4.4) and (4.5) do not apply.
The classilication ol ioughness categoiies has been simplilied to give
the lollowing thiee teiiain categoiies:
Teiiain categoiy 0 is ieleiied to as Sea;
Teiiain categoiies I and II have been consideied togethei to give a
single teiiain categoiy ieleiied to as Countiy teiiain;
Teiiain categoiies III and IV have been consideied togethei to give
a single teiiain categoiy ieleiied to as Town teiiain.
All inland lakes extending moie than 1 km in the diiection ol wind and
closei than 1 km upwind ol the site should be tieated as Sea.
The ioughness lactoi c
i
(c) depends on upwind distance to sea and
additionally on the distance upwind to the edge ol the uiban aiea loi
sites in Town teiiain.
Ioi sites in Countiy teiiain, the ioughness lactoi c
i
(c) given
in Iiguie NA.3 should be used.
Ioi sites ad}acent to Sea teiiain (sea oi laige inland lakes), the distance
upwind liom the shoieline should be taken as 0,1 km.
Ioi sites in Town teiiain, the ioughness lactoi c
i
(c) given
in Iiguie NA.3 should be multiplied by the ioughness coiiection
lactoi c
i,T
loi Town teiiain given in Iiguie NA.4.
NOTL Thc opproprio/c iolvc of h
dis
is /o /c vscJ iu Iiqvrc NA.J ouJ
Iiqvrc NA.. Ior si/cs iu Covu/r /crroiu, h
dis
= 0. Ior si/cs iu Touu
/crroiu, h
dis
is qiicu / BS LN 1991-1-.?005 A..
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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Iiguie NA.3 VaIues oI c
r
(c)
NOTL Thc hciqh/ c is /hc hciqh/ o/ uhich i
u
is sovqh/.
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NA.2.12 Procedure Ior determining the anguIar sector
and upstream distance Ior the assessment oI
terrain roughness
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.2 (2) Note|
The iecommended value ol the angulai sectoi should be used.
The iecommended value ol upstieam distance in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.2 should not be used. Pioceduies given in
this National Annex implicitly take into account the upstieam
distances ol teiiain and teiiain changes.
Iiguie NA.4 VaIues oI correction Iactor c
r,T
Ior sites in Town terrain
NOTE Thc hciqh/ c is /hc hciqh/ o/ uhich i
u
is sovqh/.
!NOTE 2 Sites less than 0.1 km inside Town boundary should be treated as being in country terrain."
1
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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NA.2.13 Procedure Ior determining the orography Iactor
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.3 (1)|
The iecommended pioceduie in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.3 should be
used loi sites that lie in the shaded zones shown in Iiguie NA.2. Outside
ol these zones, the oiogiaphy lactoi may be taken as 1,0 oi can be
calculated. When the oiogiaphy lactoi is taken as 1,0, the altitude A
should be taken as the site altitude.
NA.2.14 EIIect oI Iarge and considerabIy taIIer
neighbouring structures
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.4 (1)|
The iecommended pioceduie in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.4 may be
used.
NA.2.15 EIIect oI cIoseIy spaced buiIdings and obstacIes
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.3.5 (1)|
The iecommended pioceduie in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.5 may be
used.
NA.2.16 Determination oI the turbuIence Iactor k
I
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.4 (1) Note 2|
Values loi tuibulence lactoi /
I
on its own aie not given. It is
incoipoiated in a new teim I
v
(c)
llat
.
I
v
(c)
llat
= /
I
/ln((c h
dis
)/c
0
), values ol which aie given in Iiguie NA.5.
Wheie oiogiaphy is not signilicant as delined by
Iiguie NA.2: I
v
(c) = I
v
(c)
llat
loi sites in Countiy teiiain; and
I
v
(c) = I
v
(c)
llat
/
I,T
, loi sites in Town teiiain. /
I,T
is the tuibulence
coiiection lactoi loi Town teiiain, values ol which aie given in
Iiguie NA.6.
Wheie oiogiaphy is signilicant, the value obtained liom Iiguie NA.5
should be divided by the oiogiaphy lactoi c
o
.
NOTL Thc opproprio/c iolvc of h
dis
/o /c vscJ iu Iiqvrc NA.5
ouJ Iiqvrc NA.6. h
dis
is JcfiucJ iu BS LN 1991-1-.?005 A..
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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Iiguie NA.5 VaIues oI I
v
(c)
IIat
NOTL Thc hciqh/ c is /hc hciqh/ o/ uhich q
p
is sovqh/ vsiuq L+prcssiou NA./).
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NA.2.1? Determination oI peak veIocity pressure, q
p
(c)
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.5 (1) Note 1|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Expiession (4.8) does not apply.
When oiogiaphy is not signilicant as delined by Iiguie NA.2 (c
o
= 1,0):
(NA.3a) q
p
(c) = c
e
(c)q
b
loi sites in Countiy teiiain; and
(NA.3b) q
p
(c) = c
e
(c) c
e,T
q
b
loi sites in Town teiiain.
Iiguie NA.6 VaIues oI turbuIence correction Iactor k
I,T
Ior sites in Town
terrain
NOTL Thc hciqh/ c is /hc hciqh/ o/ uhich q
p
is sovqh/ vsiuq L+prcssiou NA./).
!NOTE 2 Sites less than 0.1 km inside Town boundary should be treated as being in country terrain."
1
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The values ol exposuie lactoi c
e
(c) aie given in Iiguie NA.? and the
values ol exposuie coiiection lactoi loi Town teiiain c
e,T
aie given
in Iiguie NA.8.
When oiogiaphy is signilicant:
(NA.4a)) q
p
(c) =[ q
p
(c) liom Equation NA.3a oi NA.3b] [(c
o
(c) + 0.6)/1.6]
2
loi c 50 m;
oi
(NA.4b)) q
p
loi c > 50 m.
Annex A to this National Annex shows llow diagiams loi the
deteimination ol q
p
(c).
p v +
2 2
m
( ) |l 3,0 ( )] 0.5

Iiguie NA.? VaIues oI c
e
(c)
NOTL 1 Thc hciqh/ c is /hc hciqh/ o/ uhich q
p
is sovqh/ vsiuq Lqvo/ious NA.Jo) or NA.J/).
NOTL ? Zoucs A ouJ B orc iuJico/cJ for vsc iu To/lc NA.J.
!NOTE Expression NA.4b) is generally applicable."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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200
100
90
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60
50
40
30
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9
8
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1 0.1 10 100
Distance upwind to shoreline (km)
z

-

h





(
m
)
4.2
4.1
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
4
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.1
3
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
A
B
!
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14
Iiguie NA.8 VaIues oI eposure correction Iactor c
e,T
Ior sites in Town
terrain
NOTL 1 Thc hciqh/ c is /hc hciqh/ o/ uhich q
p
is sovqh/ vsiuq Lqvo/iou NA.Jo) or NA.J/).
NOTL ? Zoucs A, B ouJ C orc iuJico/cJ for vsc iu To/lc NA.J.
!NOTE 3 Sites less than 0.1 km inside Town boundary should be treated as being in country terrain."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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1 0.1 10 20
Distance inside town terrain (km)
z

-

h






(
m
)
0.8
0.7
0.96
0.94
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.68
0.66
0.82
1
0.98
0.9
0.92
C
A or B
Use 1.0 in this area
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NA.2.18 VaIue to be used Ior air density
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 4.5 (1) Note 2|
The aii density should be taken as 1,226 kg/m
3
.
NA.2.19 Procedure Ior determining Iack oI correIation
between windward and Ieeward Iaces
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 5.3 (5)|
Table NA.3 Size factor c
s
for zones A, B and C indicated in Figures NA.7
and NA.8
b + h
m
z h
dis
6 m z h
dis
= 10 m z h
dis
= 30 m z h
dis
= 50 m z h
dis
= 200 m
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
5 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
10 0,95 0,94 0,88 0,95 0,95 0,90 0,96 0,96 0,93 0,97 0,96 0,94 0,98 0,97 0,97
20 0,93 0,91 0,84 0,93 0,92 0,87 0,95 0,94 0,90 0,95 0,95 0,92 0,96 0,96 0,95
30 0,91 0,89 0,81 0,92 0,91 0,84 0,94 0,93 0,88 0,94 0,93 0,90 0,96 0,95 0,93
40 0,90 0,88 0,79 0,91 0,89 0,82 0,93 0,91 0,86 0,93 0,92 0,88 0,95 0,94 0,92
50 0,89 0,86 0,77 0,90 0,88 0,80 0,92 0,90 0,85 0,92 0,91 0,87 0,94 0,94 0,91
70 0,87 0,84 0,74 0,88 0,86 0,77 0,90 0,89 0,83 0,91 0,90 0,85 0,93 0,92 0,90
100 0,85 0,82 0,71 0,86 0,84 0,74 0,89 0,87 0,80 0,90 0,88 0,82 0,92 0,91 0,88
150 0,83 0,80 0,67 0,84 0,82 0,71 0,87 0,85 0,77 0,88 0,86 0,79 0,90 0,89 0,85
200 0,81 0,78 0,65 0,83 0,80 0,69 0,85 0,83 0,74 0,86 0,84 0,77 0,89 0,88 0,83
300 0,79 0,75 0,62 0,80 0,77 0,65 0,83 0,80 0,71 0,84 0,82 0,73 0,87 0,85 0,80
b = cross wind breadth of building or building part or width of element
h = height of building or building part or length of element
z = height of building or height to top of element (or height of building part, subject to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 7.2.2 (1))
interpolation may be used
The zone A, B or C to be used for a building can be determined as follows:
For sites in country terrain, it is determined with respect to distance from shore and (z h
dis
) using
Figure NA.7.
For sites in town terrain, using the distance into town and (z h
dis
) in Figure NA.8 it is first determined
whether zone C applies. If not, zone A or B will apply depending on the distance of the site from shore
and (z h
dis
) as shown in Figure NA.7.
!
"
!When applying Expression (5.5) of BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, the
rule given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 7.2.2 (3) may be applied to the
summation of the loads on all windward and leeward surfaces, i.e. the
reduction factor may be applied to the horizontal force component
from both the walls and the roof."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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NA.2.20 Separation oI the structuraI Iactor c
s
c
d
into a
separate size Iactor c
s
and dynamic Iactor c
d
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 6.1 (1)|
The stiuctuial lactoi c
s
c
d
may be sepaiated in to a size lactoi c
s
and
a dynamic lactoi c
d
. The size lactoi c
s
may be deteimined liom
Table NA.3 oi BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Expiession (6.2). The dynamic
lactoi c
d
may be deteimined liom Iiguie NA.9 oi BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
Expiession (6.3).
NOTL To/lc NA.J ouJ Iiqvrc NA.9 hoic /ccu JcriicJ vsiuq
BS LN 1991-1-.?005 L+prcssious (6.?) ouJ (6.J).
Iiguie NA.9 Dynamic Iactor c
d
Ior various vaIues oI Iogarithmic decrement oI
structuraI damping,
s
NOTL 1 Iiqvrc NA.9 is /oscJ ou i
b
= ?6 u,s, u
1
h = 6, c
e
= 0,6h. (\olvc of c
J
Jocs uo/ chouqc siquificou/l
for o/hcr uiuJ spccJs.)
NOTL ? Thc sicc cffcc/ foc/or c
s
occovu/s for /hc uou-siuvl/oucovs oc/iou of qvs/s oicr c+/cruol svrfoccs. I/
uo /c opplicJ /o iuJiiiJvol s/rvc/vrol coupoucu/s ouJ cloJJiuq vui/s ouJ /o /hc oicroll s/rvc/vrc.
NOTL J Thc Juouic foc/or c
d
occovu/s for /hc cffcc/ of flvc/vo/iuq uiuJ looJs iu cou/iuo/iou ui/h /hc
rcsououcc of /hc s/rvc/vrc. Thc siuplificJ opprooch qiicu iu Iiqvrc NA.9 hos /ccu JcriicJ for /picol
/vilJiuqs ui/h /picol Joupiuq ouJ uo/vrol frcqvcuc choroc/cris/ics. Morc occvro/c iolvcs uill /c qiicu
vsiuq /hc proccJvrc iu BS LN 1991-1-.?005 6.3.
NOTL 5 \olvcs of
s
for /picol closscs of s/rvc/vrc orc qiicu iu Auuc+ I.5 of BS LN 1991-1-.?005.
1 1
h|r}
1,25
1,2
1,15
1,1
1,5
1,
/
d
//b - ,2
//b - 1
//b - 2 //b - 5
//b - 1
G
s
- ,25
1 1
h|r}
1,25
1,2
1,15
1,1
1,5
1,
/
d
//b - ,5
//b - 1
//b - 2
//b - 5 //b - 1
G
s
- ,5
//b - ,5
1 1
h|r}
/
d
//b - 1
//b - 1
G
s
- ,1
1 1
h|r}
1,25
1,2
1,15
1,1
1,5
1,
/
d
//b - 5
//b - 1
G
s
- ,2
1,25
1,2
1,15
1,1
1,5
1,
//b - 5
//b - 2
2 2
2 2
!NOTE 4 The dynamic factor c
d
may be taken as 1,0 for a) buildings not exceeding 20 m in height either
framed s with structural walls around lifts and stairs with additional masonry internal walls, or buildings
of

masonry construction or timber framed housing and b) for cladding panels and elements."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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1?
NA.2.21 Procedure to determine peak, background and
resonance response Iactors
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 6.3.1 (1) Note 3|
The iecommended pioceduie given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Annex B
should be used.
NA.2.22 Method Ior determining the aIong-wind
dispIacement and the standard deviation oI the
aIong-wind acceIeration
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 6.3.2 (1) Note|
The iecommended method in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Annex B should be
used.
NA.2.23 Asymmetric and counteracting pressures and
Iorces ~ the representation oI torsionaI eIIects
due to an incIined wind or Iack oI correIation
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.1.2 (2) Note|
The iecommended pioceduies in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 ?.1.2 (2)
Note a) and b) apply but BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie ?.1 is ieplaced
with Iiguie NA.10.
Iiguie NA.10 Pressure distribution used to take torsionaI eIIects
into account. The zones and c
pe
vaIues are given
in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 TabIe ?.1
and BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Figure ?.5
NOTL Thc prcssvrc Jis/ri/v/iou shouu iu /hc fiqvrc is for proJvciuq covu/cr-cloc/uisc /orsiou.
b
0irecfion o wind
c - Zone L volue rulfiplied by 1.J
pe
c - Zone 0 volue rulfiplied by 1.J
pe
!NOTE 2 Net pressure coefficients should be similarly distributed to derive torsional loads."
1
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NA.2.24 EIIects oI ice and snow
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.1.3 (1)|
No additional guidance is given in this National Annex.
BS EN 1993-3-1 gives guidance loi lattice stiuctuies; loi othei
stiuctuies, specialist advice should be sought.
NA.2.25 Procedure Ior determining the eternaI
pressure coeIIicient Ior Ioaded areas
between 1 m
2
and 10 m
2
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.1 (1) Note 2|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie ?.2 should not be used.
c
pe,1
values should be used loi loaded aieas 1 m
2
and c
pe,10
values should
be used loi loaded aieas >1 m
2
.
NA.2.26 RuIes Ior veIocity pressure distribution on
Ieeward and side waIIs
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.2 (1)|
The iecommended iule should be used and the piessuie distiibution
should be assumed to be uniloim ovei the whole height.
NA.2.2? VaIues oI eternaI pressure coeIIicients Ior
verticaI waIIs oI rectanguIar-pIan buiIdings
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.2 (2) Note 1|
Thc follouiuq shovlJ /c uo/cJ.
c) Ior /riJqc picrs, scc NA.3. rclo/iuq /o BS LN 1991-1-.?005 S..3.
Table NA.4
!BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.1 should not be used. Table NA.4
should be used to derive values of external pressure coefficients for
walls for the various zones shown in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005,
Figure 7.5.
"
Values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of
rectangular-plan buildings (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
h/d Zone
A B C D E
5 1,2 0,8 0,5 +0,8 0,7
1,0 1,2 0,8 0,5 +0,8 0,5
0,25 1,2 0,8 0,5 +0,7 0,3
a) The coefficients may be applied to non-vertical walls within
15 of vertical.
b) For deriving cladding pressure in buildings with h/d > 5, pressure
coefficients for h/d = 5,0 may be used in the absence of better test
data."
!
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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J) Whcrc /hc uolls of /uo /vilJiuqs focc coch o/hcr ouJ /hc qop /c/uccu
/hcu is lcss /hou c (suollcr iolvc of c iu cosc of /vilJiuqs ui/h
Jiffcrcu/ c iolvcs), 'fvuuclliuq uill occclcro/c /hc flou ouJ uo/c /hc
prcssvrc cocfficicu/s iu coucs A, B ouJ C uorc ucqo/iic /hou iu /hc
cosc uhcrc /hc /vilJiuq is 'isolo/cJ, occorJiuq /o /hc follouiuq.
1) uhcrc /hc qop /c/uccu /hc /vilJiuqs is < c, or > c, /hc
cocfficicu/ for isolo/cJ cosc shovlJ /c vscJ,
?) uhcrc /hc qop /c/uccu /hc /vilJiuqs is > c, ouJ < c.
ci/hcr vsc /hc fvuuclliuq iolvcs, couscrio/iicl, or
iu/crpolo/c liucorl occorJiuq /o /hc oc/vol qop /c/uccu /hc
follouiuq iolvcs. /hc fvuuclliuq iolvcs /o oppl for o qop
of c,? ouJ /hc isolo/cJ iolvcs /o oppl for o qop of c, ouJ
o qop of c,
c) Thc c+/cruol prcssvrc cocfficicu/s for siJc foccs offcc/cJ / fvuucliuq
shovlJ /c /o/cu os 1.6 for Zouc A, 0.9 for Zouc B ouJ 0.9 for
Zouc C.
3) where the two buildings are sheltered by upwind buildings such
that (z
e
h
dis
)< 0.4z
e
for the lower of the two buildings, then
funneling can be disregarded (z
e
is the reference height)."
!
f) For the determination of overall loads on buildings, the net pressure
coefficients in the following Figure may be used instead of the sum
of the pressure coefficients for zones D and E. The rule given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.2.2 (3) accounting for lack of correlation
between the front and rear faces may also be applied to the net
pressure coefficients.
Net pressure coefficients
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.1 1 10
h/d
N
e
t

p
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e
s
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e

c
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t
NOTE The figure is based on the following equations.
For 5 > (h/d) > 1,00, coefficient = 1,1 + 0,1243 ln(h/d);
For 1 > (h/d) > 0,25, coefficient = 1,1+ 0,2164 ln(h/d)
Where net pressure coefficients are used for overall loading, cladding
pressures should be derived using pressure coefficients in Table NA.4
and the additional notes a) to f) as appropriate."
!
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NA.2.28 Pressure coeIIicients !for flat roofs,
monopitch roofs, duopitch roofs and hipped
roofs [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.2.3 to 7.2.6]
The recommended zones in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Figures 7.6, 7.7,
7.8 and 7.9 should be used respectively for flat roofs, monopitch
roofs, duopitch roofs and hipped roofs.
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Tables 7.2, 7.3a), 7.3b), 7.4a), 7.4b), and 7.5
should not be used.
External pressure coefficients for flat roofs, monopitch roofs,
duopitch roofs and hipped roofs are given in Tables NA.5, NA.6a),
NA.6b), NA.7a) NA.7b) and NA.8.
Table NA.5 External pressure coefficients for flat roofs (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
Roof type Zone
F G H I
Sharp eaves 2.0 1,4 0,7 0,2
0,2
With parapets h
p
/e=0,05 1,9 1,3 0,7 0,2
0,2
h
p
/e=0,1 1,85 1,3 0,7 0,2
0,2
h
p
/e 0,20 1,4 1,0 0,7 0,2
0,2
Curved eaves r/e = 0,05 1,05 1,2 0,4 0,2
0,2
r/e = 0,10 0,75 0,8 0,3 0,2
0,2
r/e = 0,20 0,55 0,55 0,3 0,2
0,2
Mansard eaves a = 30 0,95 1,0 0,3 0,2
0,2
a = 45 1,2 1,3 0,4 0,2
0,2
a = 60 1,35 1,25 0,6 0,2
0,2
NOTE 1 For roofs with parapets or curved eaves, linear interpolation may be used for intermediate values of h
p
/h
and r/h.
NOTE 2 For roofs with mansard eaves, linear interpolation between a = 30, 45 and a = 60 may be used. For
a > 60 linear interpolation between the values for a = 60 and the values for flat roofs with sharp eaves may be
used.
NOTE 3 In Zone I, where positive and negative values are given, both values shall be considered.
NOTE 4 For the mansard eave itself, the external pressure coefficients are given in Table 7.4a) External pressure
coefficients for duopitch roofs: wind direction 0, Zone F and G, depending on the pitch angle of the mansard eave.
NOTE 5 For the curved eave itself, the external pressure coefficients are given by linear interpolation along the
curve, between values on the wall and on the roof.
NOTE 6 For mansard eaves with horizontal dimension less than e/10, the values for sharp eaves should be used.
For the definition of e see Figure 7.6
"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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Table NA.6a) External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
Pitch angle a Zone for wind direction h = 0 Zone for wind direction h = 180
F G H F G H
5 1,8 1,2 0,6 2,4 1,1 0,8
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0
15 1,1 0,8 0,4 2,6 1,0 0,9
+0,2 +0,2 + 0,2
30 0,5 0,5 0,2 1,7 1,0 0,9
+0,8 +0,5 +0,4
45 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,9 0,8 0,9
+0,8 +0,6 +0,7
60 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 1,0 0,7 0,7
75 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 1,1 0,7 0,7
NOTE 1 At h = 0 (see Table NA.5) the pressure changes rapidly between positive and negative values around a
pitch angle of a = +5 to +45, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, two cases should be
considered: one with all positive values, and one with all negative values. No mixing of positive and negative
values is allowed on the same face.
NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles may be used between values of the same sign. The
values equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.
Table NA.6b) External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
Pitch angle a Zone for wind direction h = 90
F
up
F
low
G H I
5 2,2
+0,0
2,1
+0,0
1,1
+0,0
0,7
+0,0
0,7
+0,0
15 2,6
+0,2
1,6
+0,2
1,1
+0,2
0,8
+0,2
0,8
+0,2
30 1,7
+0,5
1,3
+0,5
1,2
+0,4
1,0
+0,3
0,8
+0,2
45 1,5
+0,6
1,3
+0,6
1,2
+0,5
1,0
+0,4
0,9
+0,3
60 1,2
+0,7
1,2
+0,7
1,2
+0,7
0,4
+0,5
0,2
+0,5
75 1,2
+0,8
1,2
+0,8
1,2
+0,8
0,4
+0,7
0,2
+0,6
NOTE Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles may be used between values of the same sign. The values
equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.
!
"
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Table NA.7a) External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
Pitch angle a Zone for wind direction h = 0
F G H I J
45 0,9 0,8 0,9 0,7 1,1
30 1,7 1,0 0,9 0,7 0,8
15 2,6 1,0 0,9 0,5 0,7
5 2,4 1,2 0,8 0,5 0,5
5 1,8 1,2 0,6 0,4 0,9
+0,0 +0,0 +0,0 0,4 0,9
15 1,1 0,8 0,4 0,5 1,3
+0,2 +0,2 +0,2 0,5 1,3
30 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,5 0,9
+0,8 +0,5 +0,4 0,5 0,9
45 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,8
+0,8 +0,6 +0,7 0,5 0,8
60 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 0,6 0,8
75 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 0,8 0,9
NOTE 1 At h = 0 the pressure changes rapidly between positive and negative values on the windward face around
a pitch angle of a = 5 to +45, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, four cases should
be considered where the largest or smallest values of all areas F, G and H are combined with the largest or smallest
values in areas I and J. No mixing of positive and negative values is allowed on the same face.
NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the
same sign. (Do not interpolate between a = +5 and a = 5, but use the data for flat roofs in 7.2.3). The values
equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.
!
"
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Table NA.7b) External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
Pitch angle a Zone for wind direction h = 90
F G H I
45 1,5 1,3 1,0 0,9
30 1,7 1,3 1,0 0,8
15 2,6 1,4 0,8 0,8
5 2,2 1,5 0,7 0,7
5 2,0
+0,0
1,1
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
0,5
+0,0
15 1,6
+0,2
1,5
+0,2
0,6
+0,2
0,4
+0,2
30 1,2
+0,5
1,1
+0,4
0,6
+0,3
0,5
+0,2
45 1,2
+0,6
1,2
+0,5
0,6
+0,4
0,4
+0,3
60 1,2
+0,7
1,2
+0,7
0,7
+0,5
0,6
+0,5
75 1,2
+0,8
1,2
+0,8
0,7
+0,7
0,6
+0,6
NOTE Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the same
sign. (Do not interpolate between a = +5 and a = 5, but use the data for flat roofs in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005,
7.2.3). The values equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.
!
"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011 23
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Table NA.8 External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs (C
pe,10
and C
pe,1
)
Pitch
angle a
Zone for wind direction h = 0 and h = 90
F G H I J K L M N
45 1,4 1,0 1,0 0,7 0,7 0,4 1,1 1,0 0,9
30 2,3 1,2 1,0 0,7 1,3 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,8
15 2,6 1,0 0,9 0,6 1,4 1,3 0,9 0,9 0,8
5 2,3 1,1 0,8 0,6 0,8 0,6 1,1 0,8 0,8
5 1,8
+0,0
1,2
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
0,6
0,6
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
1,1
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
15 1,3
+0,2
0,8
+0,2
0,5
+0,2
0,6
0,6
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,3
0,9
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
0,4
+0,0
30 0,5
+0,8
0,5
+0,5
0,2
+0,4
0,6
0,6
1,3
1,3
0,8
0,8
1,0
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
0,5
+0,0
45 0,0
+0,8
0,0
+0,6
0,0
+0,7
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,7
0,4
0,4
1,1
+0,0
0,6
+0,0
0,4
+0,0
60 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 0,7 0,6 0,3 1,2 0,7 0,6
75 +0,8 +0,8 +0,8 1,2 0,6 0,3 1,2 0,7 0,6
NOTE 1 At h = 0 the pressures changes rapidly between positive and negative values on the windward face at pitch
angle of a = +5 to +45, so both positive and negative values are given. For those roofs, two cases should be
considered: one with all positive values, and one with all negative values. Positive and negative values should not be
mixed.
NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermediate pitch angles of the same sign may be used between values of the same
sign. The values equal to 0,0 are given for interpolation purposes.
NOTE 3 The pitch angle of the windward face always will govern the pressure coefficients.
"
!
NA.2.29 VaIues oI c
pe,1
and c
pe,10
Ior vauIted rooIs and
domes [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.8 (1) Note|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie ?.11 should not be used.
Exteinal piessuie coellicients loi vaulted iools aie given in Iiguie
NA.11 and Iiguie NA.12 loi windwaid zone A and cential zone B
iespectively. Exteinal piessuie coellicients loi leewaid zone C should
be taken as 0,5 loi h/J 5,0 and f/J 0,5.
Ioi dome iools, the iecommended values given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie ?.12 should be used.
" !
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011 24
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Iiguie NA.11 EternaI pressure coeIIicients c
pe,10
Ior zone A oI vauIted
rooIs Ior = 0
-1.8
-1.6
-1./
-1.2
-1.
-.8
-.6
-./
-.2
.
.2
./
.6
.8
1.
.5 .1 .15 .2 .25 .J .J5 ./ ./5 .5
Rise fo widfh rofio |f/c}
C
p
e
,

1

Posifive pressure or oll //c

Negofive pressure or //c .5
//c - 1
//c - 2
//c - /
//c 1
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011 25
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Iiguie NA.12 EternaI pressure coeIIicients c
pe,10
Ior zone B oI vauIted rooIs
-1./
-1.2
-1.
-.8
-.6
-./
-.2
.
.5 .1 .15 .2 .25 .J .J5 ./ ./5 .5
Rise fo widfh rofio |f/c}
//c - /
//c 2
//c 1
Cpe,1
NA.2.30 InternaI pressure ~ additionaI inIormation
regarding openings and background
permeabiIity
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.9 (2) Note|
In the absence ol moie specilic inloimation, values in Table NA. may
be used. Modein constiuction methods aie likely to lead to lowei values
than those in Table NA.9.
NA.2.31 Pressures on waIIs or rooIs with more than one
skin [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.10 (3) Note 1|
The iecommended iule should be used.
Table NA.9 TypicaI permeabiIity oI construction in the UK
Form oI construction PermeabiIity (open area/totaI area)
Ollice cuitain walling 3,5 10
4
Ollice inteinal paitition walling ?,0 10
4
Housing 10,5 10
4
Housing Eneigy ellicient housing 4,0 10
4
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
!NOTE 1 Zones A, B and C are defined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Figure 7.11.
NOTE 2 For h/d 0,5 there will be alternative cases of positive and negative pressures on zone A;
both need to be considered.
NOTE 3 Pressure distribution in zones A and B is not uniform and high local pressures could occur
For local ridge and edge zones the c
pe,1
values for zones G, F and J from Table NA.7a) are to be used.
The equivalent roof pitch is to be taken as the tangent of the area of the part of the barrel vault under
consideration.
NOTE 4 The values of c
pe,10
and c
pe,1
for duopitch roofs given in Table NA.7b) may be used for wind
blowing on to the gable end of cylindrical roofs (h = 90)."
9
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NA.2.32 Pressures on waIIs or rooIs with more than one
skin [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.2.10 (3) Note 2|
The iecommended iules should be used loi multi-skin walls and iools.
NOTL 1 This clovsc Jocs uo/ oppl for suoll foruo/ oicrloppiuq roofiuq
clcucu/s ui/h vuscolcJ lops, svch os /ilcs or slo/cs. Reference may
be made to BS 5534.
NOTL ? Coii/ uolls orc /o /c /rco/cJ os siuqlc s/iu clcucu/s, uhcu ouc
or /o/h lcoics orc cous/rvc/cJ of suoll uosour vui/s, i.c. /ric/, /loc/,
sqvorc JrcsscJ uo/vrol s/ouc or rouJou rv//lc uosour ouJ /hc lcoics
orc cffcc/ively connected /oqc/hcr.
NA.2.34 Pressure coeIIicients Ior Iree-standing waIIs
and parapets [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.4.1 (1)|
The iecommended values given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Table ?.9
should be used.
NA.2 The vaIue oI the horizontaI eccentricity
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.4.3 (2)|
The iecommended value should be used.
NOTL Thc horicou/ol ccccu/rici/ for rooJ siqus is qiicu iu
BS LN 1?899-1.
NA.2.36 Reduction Iactor Ior square sections with
rounded corners
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.6 (1) Note 1|
The iecommended values loi
i
given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
Iiguie ?.24 should be used.
!
"
! "
!NA.2.33 Canopy roofs [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.3 (6)]
The recommended values for the location of centre of pressure
should be used."
.35
NA.2.37 StructuraI eIements with sharp edged section
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.? (1) Note 1|
The iecommended loice coellicient ol 2,0 should be used loi all shaip
edged stiuctuial elements with shaip edged sections.
NA.2.38 StructuraI eIements with reguIar poIygonaI
section ~ vaIues oI the Iorce coeIIicient c
I,0
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.8 (1)|
The iecommended values loi c
l,0
given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
Table ?.11 should be used.
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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NA.2.41 Force coeIIicients Ior spheres
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.10 (1) Note 1|
The iecommended values loi c
l,x
given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
Iiguie ?.30 should be used.
NA.2.42 Reduction Iactor Ior scaIIoIding without air
tightness devices and aIIected by soIid buiIding
obstruction
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.11 (1) Note 2|
The iecommended value given in BS EN 12811-1 should be used.
The pioceduies given do not take account ol sheltei ellects liom
multiple plane liames oi lattice stiuctuies. Signilicant ieductions in the
oveiall load on aiiays ol liames can occui loi wind noimal to the
liames. See WiuJ looJiuq. o proc/icol qviJc /o BS 6J99-?, uiuJ
looJs ou /vilJiuqs [3] and WiuJ looJs ou vucloJ s/rvc/vrcs [4].
NA.2.43 End eIIect Iactor
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.13 (1)|
The iecommended values given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie ?.36
should be used.
NA.2.44 EIIective sIenderness Iactor
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, ?.13 (2)|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Table ?.16 should not be used. The values
ol given in Table NA.10 should be used.
NA.2.45 Wind action Ior other types oI bridges
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.1 (1) Note 1|
No additional guidance is given loi wind actions on othei types ol
biidges (e.g. aich biidges, moving biidges and biidges with multiple
oi signilicantly cuived decks). Guidance on wind actions on elements
ol such biidges may be deiived liom the ielevant clauses ol
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, as modilied by this National Annex. Ioi the
deiivation ol the oveiall iesponse to wind action on such biidges,
specialist advice should be sought.
!NA.2.39 Force coefficients for circular cylinders
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.9.2 (2)]
The values of equivalent surface roughness k given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.13 should be used.
NA.2.40 Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row
arrangement [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.14]
In BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Table 7.14, no guidance for the value of k
when a/b 2.5 is given."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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NA.2.46 AngIe oI the wind direction reIative to the deck
ais [BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.1 (1) Note 2|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie 8.2 and Iiguie 8.6 should be used to
deline the angle ol the wind diiections ielative to the deck axis.
NA.2.47 FundamentaI vaIue oI the basic veIocity to be
used when considering road traIIic
simuItaneousIy with the wind
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.1 (4)|
The value ol i
*
/,o
to be used is i
bo
, but the maximum value ol q
p
(c), as
obtained liom Equation NA.3a) or NA.3b) should be limited to ?50 Pa,
wheie c is the height ol the deck above giound level.
NA.2.48 FundamentaI vaIue oI the basic veIocity to be
used when considering raiIway traIIic
simuItaneousIy with the wind
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.1 (5)|
The value ol i
*
/,o
to be used is i
bo
, but the maximum value ol q
p
(c), as
obtained liom Equation NA.3a) or NA.3b) should be limited to 980 Pa,
wheie c is the height ol the deck above giound level.
Table NA.10 VaIues oI Ior cyIinders, poIygonaI sections, rectanguIar
sections, sharp edged structuraI sections and Iattice structures
Position oI the structure, wind normaI to the pIane oI the page EIIective sIenderness
=
b
b
g
2b
g
b
or b
b 1.5b
b
1
b 1.5b
1
b
b
b 2.5b

b 2.5b
1
b
2b
g
b
b

!l = (l/b)(2/c
f,o
)"
!l = (2l/b)(2/c
f,o
)"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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NA.2.49 Choice oI the response caIcuIation procedure
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.2 (1) Note 1|
NA.2.49.1 AIong wind response (in the wind direction)
Highway and iailway biidges ol less than 200 m span do not noimally
iequiie explicit allowance loi dynamic iesponse in the along wind
diiection, in the completed (in seivice) condition.
NA.2.49.2 VerticaI wind response
Dynamic magnilication ellects due to veitical iesponse can also be
ignoied piovided eithei:
a) the lundamental liequencies in both bending and toision
calculated in accoidance with BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Annex I
aie gieatei than 1 Hz;
oi
(NA.5) b) 1,0
wheie
is the density ol aii taken as 1,226 kg/m
3
;
/ is the oveiall width ol the biidge deck (see
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie 8.2);
u is the mass pei unit length ol the biidge (see Note 1);
i
m
(c) is the site mean wind velocity (loi ielieving aieas) obtained
liom 4.3.1 using c
i
(c) liom NA.2.11;
c
s
is the aveiage height ol the deck above giound level (see
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie 6.1);
u
b
is the natuial liequency in bending (see Note 2);

fu
is the peak stiess in the stiuctuie pei unit dellection in the
liist mode ol vibiation, deiived loi the most highly
stiessed location in the ielevant element;

c
is a ieleience stiess as lollows:
loi steel beam elements
c
= 600 MPa loi the longitudinal
llange bending stiess; oi
loi tiuss biidges,
c
= ?50 MPa loi the choid axial stiess;
oi
loi conciete elements (composite oi conciete biidges),

c
= 80 MPa loi the piimaiy bending conciete stiess; oi
loi cable-stayed biidges, the peak stay axial stiess should
additionally be examined,
c
with = 1 200 MPa.
NOTL 1 Uui/s orc /o /c opplicJ cousis/cu/l, por/icvlorl ui/h rcspcc/
/o ouJ u, prcfcro/l ovqh/ /o /c iu /q,u
J
, ui/h o/hcr porouc/crs oll iu
cousis/cu/ vui/s.
NOTL ? Ircqvcucics orc /o /c JcriicJ / Juouic,ciqcuiolvc ouolsis
of /hc s/rvc/vrc, scc BS LN 1991-1-.?005 Auuc+ I, uhich cou/oius
oppro+iuo/c foruvloc for s/ouJorJ /riJqc orrouqcucu/s.
P(c)
o
lm
/
o
c
-------------
P(c)
i
m
(c)
u
b
/
-----------------


2
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2
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=
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011 30
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Il these conditions aie satislied, the pioceduie given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.2 (as modilied by this National Annex) may
be used loi single span biidges oi the pioceduie given loi continuous
biidges in NA.2.5 should be used.
Il these conditions aie not satislied, the dynamic ellects ol tuibulence
iesponse should be consideied and specialist advice sought.
NA.2.49.3 Aerodynamic stabiIity
The lollowing ciiteiia should be used to assess whethei a biidge is
susceptible to aeiodynamic excitation.
The aeiodynamic susceptibility paiametei P
b
should be deiived in oidei
to categoiize the stiuctuie using the equation:
(NA.6)
wheie
L is the length ol the ielevant maximum span ol the biidge;
P(c), / aie delined in NA.2.49.2b).
The biidge should then be categoiized as lollows:
a) Biidges designed to caiiy the loadings specilied in
BS EN 1991-2, built ol noimal constiuction, aie consideied to
be sub}ect to insignilicant ellects in iespect ol all loims ol
aeiodynamic excitation when P
b
< 0,04. Howevei, the
pioceduie ol BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 in con}unction with this
National Annex may still be applied il iequiied, piovided the
ielevant ciiteiia given in PD 6688-1-4 aie satislied.
b) Biidges having 0,04 P
b
1,00 should be consideied to be
within the scope ol the pioceduie ol BS EN 1991-1-4 in
con}unction with this National Annex, and should be
consideied adequate with iegaid to each potential type ol
excitation il they satisly the ielevant ciiteiia given in
PD 6688-1-4.
c) Biidges with P
b
> 1,00 should be consideied to be potentially
veiy susceptible to aeiodynamic excitation and should be
sub}ect to wind tunnel tests.
Ioi the puipose ol this categoiization, noimal constiuction may be
consideied to include biidges constiucted in steel, conciete, aluminium
oi timbei, including composite constiuction, and whose oveiall shape is
geneially coveied by BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Iiguie 8.1.
Noimal highway biidges ol less than 25 m span would geneially be
lound to be categoiy a). Biidges ol spans gieatei than 250 m aie likely
to be categoiy c).
Coveied lootbiidges, cable suppoited biidges and othei stiuctuies
wheie any ol the paiameteis /, L oi u
1b
cannot be accuiately deiived
should be consideied as categoiy c).
P
b
P(c)
16/
L
-----------


=
!Text deleted"
The application ol these iules to biidges ol novel design should be
agieed with the ielevant authoiity.
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ol i
m
(c) should take account ol sites wheie the wind
llow might be abnoimally allected by steep sloping valleys, unusual
teiiain oi topogiaphy. (See BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.3.) The tieatment
loi the application ol the iules loi twin deck conliguiations and the
tieatment ol pioximity ellects aie given in PD 6688-1-4.
NA.2.50 Force coeIIicients Ior parapets and gantries on
bridges [BS EN 1991-1-4:2006, 8.3 (1)|
The loice coellicients loi paiapets and gantiies on biidges should be
obtained liom BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 ?.4, ?.6, ?.?, ?.8, ?.9 and ?.11 as
appiopiiate.
NA.2.51 Reduction in drag coeIIicient Ior F
w
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.3.1 (2)|
The values ol I
W
delined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.2 (1) should not
be ieduced accoiding to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.1 (2).
NA.2.52 VaIues oI the wind Ioad Iactor C
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.3.2 (1)|
The values ol C given in Table NA. should be used.
NA.2.53 VaIue oI the Iorce coeIIicient c
I,z
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2006, 8.3.3 (1) Note 1|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.3 (1) should be used.
Table NA.11 VaIues oI wind Ioad Iactor C
b
,
d tot
c
e
20 m c
e
= 50 m
0,5 ?,4 9,1
4,0 4,0 4,9
!NOTE The tabulated values of C are a simplification for the product c
e
and c
f,x
.
In general, the individual values to c
e
and c
f,x
are to be used."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011 32
The calculation
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NA.2.54 VaIue oI the Iorce coeIIicient c
I,y
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2006, 8.3.4 (1)|
The lollowing longitudinal wind loices, in the -diiection, should be
taken into account.
The longitudinal wind I
wy
(in newtons), taken as acting at the centioids
ol the appiopiiate aieas, should be the moie seveie ol eithei:
a) the longitudinal wind load on the supeistiuctuie, I
sy
alone; oi
b) the sum ol the nominal longitudinal wind load on the
supeistiuctuie, I
sy
and the nominal longitudinal wind load on
the live load, I
Ly
, deiived sepaiately, as given as appiopiiate
in 1) to 6):
1) All supeistiuctuies with solid elevation
(NA.?)
wheie:
q
p
(c) is as delined in NA.2.1? the appiopiiate value
ol q
p
(c) loi supeistiuctuies with oi without live load
being adopted;
A
iel
is as delined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.1 (4) (a) loi the
supeistiuctuie alone;
C
lx
is the loice coellicient loi the supeistiuctuie (excluding
ieduction loi inclined webs) as delined in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.1, but not less than 1,3.
2) All tiuss giidei supeistiuctuies
(NA.8)
wheie:
q
p
(c) is as delined in NA.2.1?, the appiopiiate value
ol q
p
(c) loi stiuctuies with oi without live load being
adopted;
A
iel
is as delined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.1 (4) (b);
C
lx
is as delined in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.1.
3) Live load on all supeistiuctuies
(NA.9)
wheie:
q
p
(c) is as delined in NA.2.1?, the appiopiiate value
ol q
p
(c) loi supeistiuctuies with live load being
adopted;
A
iel
is the aiea ol live load deiived in accoidance with
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.1 (5) and the appiopiiate
hoiizontal wind loaded length as delined in Note 1
to NA.2.5 ;
C
lx
= 1,45.
sv rof fx
0.25 ( )
sv rof fx
0.5 ( )
!y rof fx
0.5 ( )
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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4) Paiapets and salety lences
i) With veitical inlill membeis, the longitudinal
loice should be taken as 0,8 times the loice in
the +-diiection on the element.
ii) With two oi thiee hoiizontal iails only, the
longitudinal loice should be taken as 0,4 times the
loice in the +-diiection on the element.
iii) With mesh panels, the longitudinal loice should
be taken as the loice in the +-diiection on the
element.
5) Cantilevei biackets extending outside main giideis oi
tiusses.
The longitudinal loice is the loice deiived liom a hoiizontal
wind acting at 45 to the longitudinal axis on the aieas ol each
biacket not shielded by a lascia giidei oi ad}acent biacket. The
diag coellicient C
lx
should be taken liom
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 ?.6, ?.?, ?.8, ?.9 oi ?.11 as
appiopiiate.
6) Pieis
The loice deiived liom a hoiizontal wind acting along the
longitudinal axis ol the biidge should be taken as
(NA.10)
wheie:
q
p
(c) is as delined in NA.2.1?;
A
iel
is the solid aiea in pio}ected elevation noimal to the
longitudinal wind diiection (in m
2
);
C
ly
is the loice coellicient, taken liom NA.2.5 , with values
ol / and / inteichanged.
NA.2.55 SimpIiIied ruIes Ior wind eIIects on bridge piers
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 8.4.2 (1) Note 1|

NOTL Thc proccJvrc qiicu iu NA.3.33 is /o /c vscJ for /hc /rco/ucu/ of
osuuc/ric looJiuq ou /riJqc picrs.
!y rof fy
( )
!For simplicity, upper bound values of the force coefficient C
fp
for
piers may be taken from Table NA.12. These values have been based
on BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, 7.6 using an end-effect factor in
accordance with Table NA.10 for a l value calculated with a length
= 2 height appropriate to a cantilever."
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011 34
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NA.2.56 Quasi-static procedure Ior aIong wind eIIects
a) Ioi single span biidges the simplilied pioceduie given in
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 8.3.2 as modilied by this National Annex
may be used. Alteinatively, and loi continuous biidges, the
pioceduie given in (b) and ( ) should be applied.
b) Wheie wind on any pait ol the biidge oi its elements incieases the
ellect undei consideiation (adveise aieas) the wind loices should
be calculated in accoidance with BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 5.3 (2)
using values ol c
s
liom Table NA.3. The value ol c
d
should be taken
as 1,0.
NOTLS for vsc of To/lc NA.J for /riJqcs.
NOTL 1 Thc horicou/ol uiuJ looJcJ lcuq/h is /o /c /ho/ qiiiuq /hc uos/
scicrc cffcc/. Whcrc /hcrc is oul ouc oJicrsc orco (scc BS LN 1991-?) for
/hc clcucu/ or s/rvc/vrc vuJcr cousiJcro/iou, /hc uiuJ looJcJ lcuq/h is /hc
/osc lcuq/h of /hc oJicrsc orco. Whcrc /hcrc is uorc /hou ouc oJicrsc
orco, os for cou/iuvovs cous/rvc/iou, /hc uo+iuvu cffcc/ is /o /c
Jc/cruiucJ / cousiJcro/iou of ou ouc oJicrsc orco or o cou/iuo/iou of
oJicrsc orcos, vsiuq /hc uiuJ forcc I
W
, JcriicJ frou .3 (?), vsiuq /hc
iolvc of c
s
frou To/lc NA.J vsiuq / + h os /hc /osc lcuq/h or /hc /o/ol
cou/iucJ /osc lcuq/hs. Thc rcuoiuiuq oJicrsc orcos, if ou, ouJ /hc
rcliciiuq orcos, orc sv/jcc/cJ /o uiuJ hoiiuq /hc rcliciiuq uiuJ
forcc I
m
, JcriicJ frou (J). Iorccs I
W
ouJ I
m
orc /o /c JcriicJ scporo/cl
for /riJqcs ui/h ouJ ui/hov/ liic looJ.
Table NA.12 Force coefficient C
fp
for piers
Plan shape C
fp
for pier ratios of
1 2 4 6 10 20 40
NOTE b is the dimension normal to the
direction of wind.
0,25 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,8 1,9
0,333 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,7 1,8 2,0
0,50 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,1
0,667 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,2
1,0 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,8 2,0
1,5 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,6 1,7
2 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6
3 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3
4 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1
Square on diagonal (Note: dimension b in this case is the
dimension of the diagonal)
1,0 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,4 1,5
Octagonal 0,83 0,87 0,91 0,94 1,00 1,10 1,21
12 sided polygon 0,72 0,75 0,79 0,81 0,87 0,96
Circle with smooth surface where 1,5tV
m
(z) 6 m /s 0,48 0,50 0,53 0,56 0,60 0,66 0,72
2
Circle with smooth surface where 1,5tV
m
(z) < 6 m
2
/s. Also
circle with rough surface or with projections
0,75 0,78 0,82 0,8 0,91 1,0 1,09
NOTE 1 After erection of the superstructure, C
fp
is to be derived for a height/breadth ratio of 40.
NOTE 2 For a rectangular pier with radiused corners, the value of C
fp
derived from Table NA.12 is to be multiplied
by (1 2,5r/b) or 0,5, whichever is greater.
NOTE 3 For a pier with triangular nosings, C
fp
is to be derived as for the rectangle encompassing the outer edges of
the pier.
NOTE 4 For a pier tapering with height, C
fp
is to be derived for each of the unit heights into which the support has
been subdivided (see BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Figure 7.4). Mean values of t and b for each unit height is to be used
to evaluate t/b. The overall pier height and the mean breadth of each unit height is to be used to evaluate height/
breadth.
NOTE 5 On relieving areas, use F
m
instead of F
W
t
b
---
height
breadth
!
"
! "
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
(See NA.2.47 and NA.2.48.)
(See NA.2.56 ).
0
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NOTL ? Whcrc /hc /riJqc is loco/cJ ucor /hc /op of o hill, riJqc, cliff or
cscorpucu/, /hc hciqh/ o/oic /hc locol qrovuJ lcicl ovqh/ /o ollou for
/hc siquificoucc of /hc oroqrophic fco/vrc iu occorJoucc ui/h
BS LN 1991-1-.?005 .3.3. Iu svch coscs, /hc sicc foc/or c
s
is /o /c /o/cu
os 1,0. Ior /riJqcs oicr /iJol uo/crs, /hc hciqh/ o/oic qrovuJ is /o /c
ucosvrcJ frou /hc ucou uo/cr lcicl.
NOTL J \cr/icol clcucu/s svch os picrs ouJ /oucrs orc /o /c JiiiJcJ iu/o
s/rips iu occorJoucc ui/h /hc proccJvrc qiicu iu BS LN 1991-1-.?005
Iiqvrc 7. ouJ /hc opproprio/c foc/or ouJ uiuJ forcc orc /o /c JcriicJ for
coch s/rip.
c) Wheie wind on any pait ol a biidge oi element gives ieliel to the
membei undei consideiation, a ielieving wind loice, I
m
, should be
applied using Equation NA.11.
(NA.11)
oi by vectoiial summation ovei the individual stiuctuial paits using
Equation NA.12.
(NA.12)
Wheie i
m
(c) is obtained liom 4.3 using c
i
(c) as obtained
liom NA.2.11.
NA.2.57 Transition between roughness categories
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, A.2 (1)|
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 A.2 (1) should not be used; the lollowing iules
should be used instead.
The classilication ol ioughness categoiies has been simplilied to give
thiee teiiain categoiies as delined in NA.2.11.
Tiansition between teiiain categoiies is delined in teims ol the upwind
distance to a pievious, less iough categoiy. Ellectively, loi sites in
Countiy teiiain this means the upwind distance liom the site to the
coastline and, loi sites in Town teiiain, the distance liom the site to
the upwind edge ol the town oi uiban boundaiy. The ellect ol tiansition
between ioughness categoiies is included in Iiguie NA.3 to
Iiguie NA.8.
NA.2.58 The vaIue Ior air density
[BS EN 1991-1-4:2006, E.1.3.3 (1) Note|
The aii density should be taken as 1,226 kg/m
3
.
NA.2.59 NDPs in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Anne E
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Annex E should not be used. See PD 6688-1-4.
2
m f rof
l
( )
2

pv
2
m f rof
l
( )
2

p v

NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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NA.3 Decision on the status oI inIormative
annees
NA.3.1 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Anne A ~ Terrain eIIects
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Annex A may be used with the exception ol A.2.
NA.3.2 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Anne B ~ Procedure 1
Ior structuraI Iactor c
s
c
d
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Annex B may be used.
NA.3.3 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Anne C ~ Procedure 2
Ior structuraI Iactor c
s
c
d
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Annex C should not be used.
NA.3.4 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Anne D ~ c
s
c
d
vaIues Ior
diIIerent types oI structures
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Annex D should not be used.
NA.3.5 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Anne E ~ Vorte
shedding and aeroeIastic instabiIity
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Annex E should not be used. See ieplacement
inloimation in PD 6688-1-4 .
NA.3.6 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Anne F ~ Dynamic
characteristics oI structures
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005, Annex I may be used.
NA.4 ReIerence to non-contradictory
compIementary inIormation
Non-contiadictoiy complementaiy inloimation loi use with
BS EN 1991-1-4 is given in PD 6688-1-4 .
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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38
Anne A (inIormative) FIowcharts Ior obtaining q
p
Iiguie A.NA.1 FIowchart Ior obtaining q
p
Ior sites in country
c (z) from Annex A of EN
o
z 50m?

b
= (c
dir
c
season
c
prob
. .
)
b, map
q = 0.613
b b
2
Y N
Is orography significant?
(see Figure NA.2)
N
e
= c (z) q
b
q
p
.
(obtain from Figure NA.7) c (z)
e
e
= c (z) q
p
.
((c (z)
o
+ 0.6)/1.6)
2
q
b
(obtain from Figure NA.3) c (z)
r
= c (z)
r
.

m
c (z)
o

b
.
I (z),
v
.
p
c (z)))
o

m
.
q = (1 + (3 /
flat
2
0.613
(obtain from Figure NA.5) I (z),
v flat
2
c
alt
) (
Y
!
"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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39
Iiguie A.NA.2 FIowchart Ior obtaining q
p
Ior sites in town

b
= (c
dir
c
season
c
prob
. .
)
b, map
q = 0.613
b b
2
N
Y N
Is orography significant?
(see Figure NA.2)
c (z) from Annex A of EN
o
e
= c (z) q
b
q
p
.
(obtain from Figure NA.7;
obtain from Figure NA.8)
c (z)
e
.
c
e,T
c
e,T
z 50m?
e
= c (z) q
p
.
((c (z)
o
+ 0.6)/1.6)
2
q
b
(obtain from Figure NA.3;
obtain from Figure NA.4)
c (z)
r
= c (z)
r
.

m
c (z)
o

b
.
c
r,T
.
c
r,T
I (z),
v
.
p
c (z)))
o

m
.
q = (1 + (3
flat
2
0.613
(obtain from Figure NA.5; obtain
from Figure NA.6)
I (z),
v flat
2
k
I,T
c
e,T
.
.
k
I,T /
Y
c
alt
) (
!
"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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40
!Advisory note deleted"
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
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41
BibIiography
Standards pubIications
Ioi dated ieleiences, only the edition cited applies. Ioi undated
ieleiences, the latest edition ol the ieleienced document (including any
amendments) applies.
BS 5534, CoJc of proc/icc for slo/iuq ouJ /iliuq (iuclvJiuq shiuqlcs)
BS EN 1991-2, LvrocoJc 1. Ac/ious ou s/rvc/vrcs ~ Por/ ?. Troffic
looJs ou /riJqcs
BS EN 1993-3-1, LvrocoJc J ~ Dcsiqu of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs ~
Por/ J-1. Toucrs, uos/s ouJ chiuucs
BS EN 12811-1, Tcuporor uor/s cqvipucu/. ScoffolJs.
Pcrforuoucc rcqvircucu/s ouJ qcucrol Jcsiqu
BS EN 12899-1, Ii+cJ, icr/icol rooJ /roffic siqus ~ Por/ 1. Ii+cJ
siqus
PD 6688-1-4, Boc/qrovuJ popcr /o No/iouol Auuc+ /o
BS LN 1991-1-
Other pubIications
[1| COOK, N.1. Thc Jcsiqucrs qviJc /o uiuJ looJiuq of /vilJiuq
s/rvc/vrcs ~ Por/ ?. S/o/ic s/rvc/vrcs. Butteiwoith-Heinemann
Ltd, 1990.
[2| CEBMAK, 1.E., and N. Isyumov (editois). ASCE (Ameiican Society
ol Civil Engineeis) manuals and iepoits on engineeiing piactice.
No 6?. WiuJ /vuucl s/vJics of /vilJiuqs ouJ s/rvc/vrcs. ASCE,
1999.
[3| COOK, N.1. WiuJ looJiuq. o proc/icol qviJc /o BS 6J99-? uiuJ
looJs ou /vilJiuqs. Thomas Telloid Ltd, 1999.
[4| BLACKMOBE, P. BBE Digest SD5. WiuJ looJs ou vucloJ
s/rvc/vrcs. BBE Piess, 2004.
NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
BSI 2011
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BSI ~ British Standards Institution
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NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
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