AN INCREASE AN INCREASE OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE INVOLVEMENT IN EDUCATION IN EDUCATION

Cristina Olga GOCIMAN

University of Architecture and Urbanisme Ion Mincu, Bucharest, Romania

Non Structural methods for Non Structural methods for reducing the risk in case of reducing the risk in case of disasters disasters

1. Disseminating the new concepts of reducing the risks in case of disaster through the educational system.
Both educational systems the general culture system and the speciality system should assimilate and disseminate disaster knowledge by a permanent transfer of information from researchers, practitioners and officials to the civil communities. Activating all the educational components by intertwining the formal education (school) with non-formal (extracurricular) and informal (direct experience) education.

3. Developing special educational programs of behaviour sociology

It was noticed that, in case of disaster, the peoples behaviour differs according to race, ethnic group, religion, education. Ones reaction to a disaster depends on the development of ones feeling of belonging to a habitat, to a group coagulated around ones home or block, which develops and supports the feeling of security. The idea that one is cohabiting with hazard should turn from an attitude of resignation into one of involvement. This change in the urban attitude is only possible by education.

2. The education on reducing the risks in case of disaster will have to be a component of the development program, by organizing wellinformed groups with educational role on various levels:
on the political level (national planners, management administrators); on the community level (community leaders, public, didactic staff, students, local lay and religious leaders) and on voluntary level (voluntaries in case of disaster, spontaneous leaders).

4. Developing specific university specializations regarding risk management in case of disaster, by architecture and city planning strategies with the following structure - within the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and City Planning: Bucharest
4.1. Dissemination of specific scientific terminology (hazard at source, hazard at emplacement, elements exposed to hazard, vulnerability, risk) in order to its right usage by all the decision and informing factors, as it is ascertained a confused superposition of senses.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE REDUCTION OF HAZARD RISK STRATEGIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

HAZARD TYPOLOGY AND DURABLE DEVELOPMENT

4.2 Introducing some new concepts able to enter into relation more scientific multidisciplinary departments such as the principle of ecosystem approach also applied in the constructed environment in order of suistainable development.

COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

One of the principles on which the concept of durable development based is the principle of the eco-systemic approach, which derives from the ecologist vision of environment protection. According to its definition, the ecosystem is the aggregate of the physical, chemical and biological conditions that the life of an animal or vegetal species depends on. An ecosystem is a living dynamic organism, characterized by a circulation of fluxes in the interior or between the interior and the exterior of the system, to which the system adapts itself through its own forces, changing its characteristics and thus evolving. The ecosystem consists of two major components the living as an individual, populations, biocenosis (biomass) and the non-living the environment, the support space of the living.

The Ecosystemic Disasters are defined by the introduction of turbulences or strong aggressions in and around the biotope provoking changes, which in turn destroy the ecosystems equilibrium, forming an entropic ecosystem.

ANTROPOCENOSIS

SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
ENTROPIC RELATIONS UNCONTROLLED

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

HAZARD

ENTROPIC BIOTOPE

HAZARD

ENTROPIC ECOSYSTEM

In his book Existence, Space & Architecture C. Norberg-Schulz decodes the hierarchy of the existential space levels as reported to man and to his actions. This structure points out peoples specific operating scenes, created through the interaction with the existing architectural space and it also illustrates the cognitive theory of space.

The six levels of the existential space decoded by the author can be identified by three environments recognized by the population of a certain place and develops on their own territory: the individual, the proximal and the global environments which are in direct interaction with the architectural space as constructed existential space.

4.3. The relation between the university discipline of theory and architectural history of urbanism with that of management of risk reduction by implementation of a strategic system of global risk protection by developing the concept of a security patrimonial habitat. The habitat is a special-functional network in which the dwelling as a basic structure coexists with the complementary public structures, commercial, educational, health and leisure facilities. The configuration of the habitat is an expression of the geo-climatic, social-political and religious determinations of each community as a result of its organic development. This characteristic forms a historical as well as a cultural dimension of the community. The brutal destruction of the habitat as a result of natural or anthropical disasters represents one of the major losses of a collectivity. The patrimonial habitat is finite from a spatial point of view by accumulation in the territory, but infinite from a temporal point of view, by continuous selection during the evolution of the collectivity, with certain specificity, expressing an energetic balance between tradition and innovation. This mobility and power to adapt itself enable it to assimilate in the contemporary world the true values, describing a mode of functioning specific to the living organism self-adjustment. Analyzing the result of this interaction, we find at the level of the biotope an accumulative sedimentation, the one keeping with the patrimony, and at the level of the anthropogenesis an essentialization of mentality conceptualizing the identity and the tradition.

Evolution of the urban patrimonial ecosystem (Gociman, 2006b)

After the destructions caused by World War II, starting from the existing problem of city reconstruction, the architect Kevin Lynch set on to demonstrate that existential and architectural space as imagined by humans are the result of a mental process by which the exterior world is perceived. According to Lynch, this image is the result both of immediate sensations and of the memory of past experience.

According to Lynchs research on citizens and the perception of constructed environment, he points out that each individual carries with himself an IMAGE MAP, a mental projection of the reality marked by physical, cultural and psycho-social components, by places.

The mental image of the city, configured as a mental map, is partly sequential and sectorial, the known areas being connected to one another by linear visual flows corresponding to the axes of movement. In the relationship of the individual with the built-in space, the transfer and reflection of the mental map on the level of the subjective image is made by means of some main perceptive criteria, that is scale, landmarks, visual sequences, alongside with distance, duration and speed of perception. These criteria have been identified and made evident as means of connection between the mental and the real space, as constitutive components of the architectural space.

Houses group analysis in Pferdemarkt, Hameln, Germany

In the relationship of the individual with the constructed space, the transfer and reflection at the level of the subjective image of the mental map is performed through some main perceptive criteria, more precisely through scale, reference points, visual sequences, together with distance, duration and speed of perception.

These criteria were identified and printed out as connecting elements between the mental and the real space, as constitutive components of the architectural space.

Possible spatiality
The moment when the habitat gets de-structured pursuant to a calamity, the collectivity loses its orientation, the affiliation to the space of mental map memory requires a re-creation, a reconstruction of the former reference points now disappeared, in order to give behavioral stability to the community.
Components of the intermediary and continuous space in the traditional Romanian architecture. (Caffe M., 1987)

The intermediary Romanian Space

The romanian space also pointed out by Constantin Joja as a space of shade, of the porch and large eaves, which dematerialize the house, constitutes a point of tangency of two different worlds. An intermediary space between the indoors and the outdoors, between shade and light, monovalence and plurivalence, place of reverie and meditation, the porch scrutinizes the horizon as a huge eye open to the world, in a total assimilation with its best friend the nature. Its resemblance to a circle that closes and opens itself, as C.Noica remarked in his The Romanian Feeling of Being, reminds us of the complementary conciliation of the antagonistic Ying and Yang in the well-known Chinese symbol.

Bipolarity / Adaptability

The Romanian stylistic field appertaining to the CarpathiansDanube geographic area is a bipolar field situated at the limit of the active and dynamic Occidental world and of the Oriental world of passive resignation and acquires an intermediary and conciliating value, that is adaptability.

Revealing the sinusoidal character of the Romanian topos, character which is also present in the existing architecture of the antagonistic horizontal-vertical duality on a system level (that is at the level of the village) is also present at the level of the object, that is of the house and of the porch.
Present situation of the Romanian Architectural tradition (Joja C-tin., 1999d) Church from Maramures, Village Museum, Bucharest

The conciliation of the antagonistic duality indoors-outdoors, shade-light, horizontal-vertical in the intermediary area, the transparency, the mobility of the Romanian space, the essentializing purity, they all start from the deep apprehension of the measure of things, of the behavior of materials, incorporating a serene cosmogonical vision of being in harmony with the world. The feeling of durability over the ephemeral by sacrifice has with the Romanians a remote mythical root. Starting from the ancient Indo-European archetype of the cosmic pillar, according to which at the very basement of the house a soul is laid, the legend of Manole the Craftsman is illustrating, advocating the idea of sacrifice as a condition of durable construction.

The schematic representation of the Romanian traditional intermediary space (Caffe M., 1987a)

The Palace of Potlogi

The former University of Jassy Typical rural house

A 19th century street in Bucharest

The Prodan house from Ploiesti

Typical rental house from Bucharest, period 1846-1910

Transfer of traditional Romanian folk house plan into the plan of aristocratic city houses and of palaces. (Caffe M., 1987b)

4.4.Transmission of the knowledge of architectural strategies and urbanism in the reduction of the calamity risk.
4.4.1. Architectural strategies of risk reduction and reconstruction. a. Definition-formation and implementation of the concept of secure habitat on all the levels of special organization: object, neighborhood, surrounding district, city, territory. Implementation of a multilevel safety plan through strategies of architecture and urbanism; - local safety, safety of the family and of the work place, safety of the neighborhood and of the building, intermediary safety of the zone and territorial safety. b. Identification of the specific components of the patrimonial habitat landmarks, routes, architectural, cultural, religious and affective sequences which can be reconstituted and able to create the mental map of the community. 4.4.2. The urban and territorial strategies in risk reduction. It is necessary that every single village, town and city, especially those rated with high and very high risk levels should have zoning maps that should take into account the implications of the risk over the planned development. The zones that require priority interventions are to be identified on the plans of the respective village/town/city on the basis of the data resulting from the carried out inventory, depending on the level of vulnerability and on the type of elements exposed to risk (buildings, population, buildings with essential functions). Setting out construction interdictions in very high-level risk zones. The zones characterized by major risk will be distinctly delimited on the town/city plans and will be used for parks, gardens, green areas, sports grounds and leisure activities.

The green knots are green areas, parks, squares able to receive the population evacuated from the neighborhood or areas associated to certain public functions, supplementary dimensioned and calculated for risk situations (schools, hospitals), able to accommodate the evacuated persons. These strategic knots will be equipped with water reserves or tanks with a double supply system, both from the municipal network and from a well. They can be equipped with electric generators (if possible), with toilets connected to a biodegradable septic tank and will have the possibility to be connected to a communication system.

Organization scheme of a ilou Strategical knot (Gociman O.C., 2006)

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DESTROYED AREAS must be based on a systemic analysis. Criteria of approach such as: - priority necessities of the population dislocated both from the dwelling space and from the productive space regarding the reconstruction of the destroyed facilities. - the development premises created by the need of reconstruction named premises of urban restructuring, which can be different from the provisions of the projects of urbanism approved initially. - functional remodeling of certain buildings architectural monuments and socialfunctional re-conversion modeling.

These criteria can generate a new general or zonal plan, which will orient differently the development of the area estimated before the occurrence of the disaster. Formulation of a new pattern of global approach (Gociman, 1999c)

4.4.3.Mapping of the town/city territory into strategic areas, according to criteria of protection in case of disaster, areas whose dimensions are to be established in accordance with the risk class and especially with the possible number of the affected population that is likely to be evacuated towards a given point, named safety node independent from an energetic and utilitarian points of view and equipped with sanitary, food and hosting supplies, and which can ensure emergency accommodation, medical and social assistance, an alternative communication system, fact which will contribute to the diminution of the intervention costs. This security node can be associated to some public functions supplementary protected and equipped with open platforms, green areas, having therefore land reserves able to be used as support for the emergency habitat and then for the temporary one. Formation of a polynuclear system of spatial security centers able to relocate the affected population in the post-disaster stage, named emergency habitat support system.

5. Introduction in the academic curriculum of the problems concerning the temporary or emergency habitat.
The problems of the emergency dwelling do not concern only the minimal functional conformity, the modern building techniques or the use of some traditional systems of patrimonial type. The problems of temporary habitat constitute in fact an extension in the urban of everything that represents a constructed support services, utilities, maintenance and in this sense we can speak of the appearance of a new type of urbanism: the emergency b i

Arrangement proposal for temporary habitat (Gociman, 2006e)