in
V
+
out
V
out
V
common-mode
i nput noi se
gone at
out put
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 10 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Desirable Properties of Amplifiers
High different ial gain, A
v
Low common mode gain, A
cm
= high common mode rej ect ion
+
-
-
+
+
in
V
in
V
+
out
V
out
V
+
+
A A
A A
=
in in
out out
v
V V
V V
A
2
+
+
A + A
A A
=
in in
out out
CM
V V
V V
A
2
+
A + A
in in
V V
Common-mode signal
+
-
-
+
+
in
V
in
V
+
out
V
out
V
common mode r ej ect i on r at i o:
cm
v
CMRR
A
A
=
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 11 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
3-Op-Amp Instrumentation Amplifier
Different ial amplifiers
low common mode gain = Great !
lower t han ideal input resist ance Bad!
3-op-amp st ruct ure
keeps low common mode gain
provides very high input resist ance
why?
call inst rument at ion amp
will discuss in det ail lat er
1
1 2
2
R
R R
A
+
=
1 =
com
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
3
4
1
1 2
d
2
R
R
R
R R
G
t ot al di f f er ent i al gai n
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 12 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Comparator
Compare an input volt age v
i
t o a reference volt age v
ref
Out put digit al value (hi/ low)
low if v
i
> v
ref
why low and not hi?
high if v
i
< v
ref
Out put volt age = supply volt age
Op-amp comparat or
Add hyst eresis t o improve noise immunit y
hyst eresis = rising t ransit ion point different t hat falling t ransit ion point
R3 cont rols hyst eresis
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 13 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Logarithmic Amplifiers
Uses non-linear current -volt age relat ionship of BJT in feedback
pat h
Useful for comput ing logarit hms and ant i-logs
for compressing and mult iplying/ dividing signals
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
S
C
BE
I
I
k V log
A= 1
A= 10
A= 10
A= 1
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 14 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Integrating/Differentiating Configurations
I nt egrat ing Amp
Different iat ing Amp
}
=
t
o
dt i
C
v
1
f t e 2 =
dt
dv
C i =
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 15 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Converting Configuration
Current -t o-Volt age
Volt age-t o-Current
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 16 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Active Filters
Passive low pass filt er
Act ive low pass filt er
If Z1 is a resistor (R) and Z2 is a capacitor (1/sC) then
f f i
f
i
o
C R j R
R
j V
j V
e e
e
+
=
1
1
) (
) (
f f
C R
1
0
= e
0
i
f
i f f
f
i
f f
f f
i
f
i
o
1
1
) (1
] ) / 1 [(
) / (
) (
) (
e
e
e
e
e
e
s
R
R
R C R j
R
R
R C j
C j R
Z
Z
j V
j V
+
=
+
=
+
= =
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 17 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Active Filters
Act ive high pass filt er
i i
i i
i
f
i
o
C R j
C R j
R
R
j V
j V
e
e
e
e
+
=
1 ) (
) (
i i
C R
1
0
= e
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 18 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Active Filters
) 1 )( 1 ( ) (
) (
i i f f
i f
i
f
i
o
C R j C R j
C R j
R
R
j V
j V
e e
e
e
e
+ +
=
Band Pass Filter
High Q (narrow frequency) Band Pass Filter
2-stage Band Pass Filter
Ch3 Amplifier Basics. p. 19 ECE 445: Biomedical Instrumentation
Non-ideal Characteristics
Offset volt age
out put not zero when t he input s t o t he amplifiers are equal
could be in order of millivolt s
cancel offset volt age by adding an ext ernal nulling pot ent iomet er
Temperat ure Drift
offset volt age can drift by 0.1 microvolt s over one degree variat ion
Finit e (lower t han infinit e) input impedance
can cause errors at input
High out put impedance
limit s load driving capabilit ies
Noise
Thermal noise or high-frequency noise
Flicker noise: low-frequency noise