Storage Short-term Memory

Acoustic Visual Rehearsal (repeating in our heads) o Serial position curve o Interference Capacity. 7 2 meaningful chunks. We tend to chunk our pieces. Chunking is a useful tool for our memory. Working Memory Model (Baddeley) it is made up of 3 parts: o Phonological Loop the inner voice, some of the tasks we engage, require that we repeat it to ourselves. o Visuospatial Sketchpad if it is all a visual task, you imagine your tasks, like a walkthrough. o

Storage Long-term Memory

It will stay in your brain much time. Episodic Memories memories for things that happened to you, episodes of my life. o Two Problems: Anterograde Amnesia you are unable to form new memories. Retrograde Amnesia you can form new memories, but you cant access the old memories. Semantic memories for things youve learned, book-knowledge, factualknowledge, knowledge of the world. Procedural memories of how to do something. Difficult to acquire, difficult to describe them.

Storage Where are They Stored?

Hippocampus hippocampus damage make disruptions to make new memories, but you dont lose access to the old ones. It gathers the memories and then sends them to its respected place. Amygdale emotionally charged memories. Synapses in the gaps between the neurons. Long-term Memory new information is putted together, if there are more pathways to the same memory, the memory will be stronger.

Retrieval
Pre-fontal lobe activity will present activity when trying to remember. When you remember you are using the hippocampus, and the upper part of the cortex. Free vs. Cued Recall Tasks: o Free everything you can remember. Lots of irrelevant things will come up. o Cued Recall All the tasks that you are ask to do. Encoding-retrieval Match cues encoded in a specific way. If you remember it only if it recreates how you encoded it. State-dependent Retrieval - youll retrieve better if you are in the same state that you were when you encoded. Context-dependent Retrieval itll depend on were you are and how you use your context for remembering. o Transfer Appropriate Processing how you put it in, in the way you will be asked to put it back out. o Memory Schemas (Elizabeth Loftus) all memory is a reconstruction, theres no exact photocopy of something. A schema is an organizational strategy. What you usually do.

Types of Memory Explicit - the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. Implicit - previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

The 7 Sins of Memory Forgetting

Forgetting is a good thing; it isnt adaptive to remember everything. Transience forgetting over time (memories fade away), it is true to non-vivid events. It becomes more genetic and less detailed. o Decay connections are weaken, because they arent used that much. o Interference something that interfere with you remembering. It is more responsible for forgetting. Retroactive the new thins we do interfere in remembering the old things. Proactive old information interferes with remembering the new memories.

Operant Conditions
How do we learn that our actions lead to outcomes? Thorndikes Law of Effect (1890s) puzzle box. That any behavior that is followed by a satisfying state of affair will be learned. Skinners Discriminative Stimulus something in the environment that clue you to a desirable or an undesirable state of affair.

Reinforcement Any reinforcement makes the behavior more positive in the future. Positive Reinforcement following your behavior, something desirable is introduced. Negative Reinforcement it also does the reinforcement in the future. o Escape something undesirable can be stopped if you go away. o Avoidance if you behave you can stop the undesirable from ever starting. Primary Reinforcement food, drink & sex. Secondary Reinforcement you have to learn to like those things. Over-justification effect o Intrinsic what you choose, what you like, you decide to do. o Extrinsic reinforces.

Intelligence
A mental ability that enables us to direct our thinking, adapt to our circumstances and learn from our experiences. A hypothetical property (a construct) believed to be responsible for consequential behaviors that we can measure with questions and tasks. Spearmans factor analysis (1904) general and specific abilities. They gave 100s of questions and tasks, and you look for patterns in the way they answered. They hanged together questions that seemed alike. He came out with the Lower Case g (General Intelligence). They could be specific abilities to do the tasks; he called them Lower Case e. Thurstones 7 Primary Abilities Word Fluency (really good at the game Boggle, scrabble, anything with creating lots of words). Verbal Comprehension (knowing a lot of words). Numerical Ability. Spatial Ability. Memory (better memory if more intelligent). Perceptual Speed. Reasoning Skills. Horn & Cattells Fluid & Crystallized intelligence Crystallized intelligence is the once you have learn in from past experiences (there is only one answer). Fluid intelligence is how do you react to new experiences, it is not affected by experience (more than one answer, that follows the pattern). Garners Multiple Intelligences he experimented with all kinds of people (from prodigies to diseased people). We are too simplistic to get it one into a simple g or into 7 intelligences. He said there are 9: Logical Mathematical & The Verbal (or Linguistic) Intelligence. Arts - Musical Intelligence (artists, composer, conductors, producers), Bodily Kinesthetic (athletes, surgeons), Spatial Intelligence (visualizing objects in space). Personal - Interpersonal Intelligence (good with other people), Intrapersonal (good with self-knowledge, entrepreneurs). Natural Intelligence (really good understanding of the natural world). Spiritualist Intelligence. Existentialist Intelligence (what are we doing here) & Moral Intelligence. Measured: o Aptitude test Measure your potential o Achievement test - Measures your acquired knowledge. Binet & Simons Original Test memory was important, perceptual thinking and reasoning. Questions with basic activities and basic knowledge, depending on his or her actual age. Termans Addition of Intelligence Quotient IQ. Take your mental age, divided by your chronological age, times 100. This test was very important in reasoning.

Structure Of Language Grammar o Phonology o Syntax o Semantics Building blocks the pieces were putting together. o Phonemes the smallest pieces, it refers to sounds (English has 40-45 phonemes). o Morphemes the smallest units with meanings. o Words, Phrases, Sentences. Surface vs. Deepi