Intro To IP 11-19-09 Public

Introduction to IP
SCTE, Rocky Mountain Chapter November 19, 2009
Suzanne Ewert Ryan Makelky
Presentation_ID
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Confidential
Agenda
Introduction to IP Understanding an IP Address g g IP Routing and Networking IP in Cable Networks IP for VoIP, Digital Video Home Networking etc VoIP Video, Networking, etc. IPv6 Fundamentals Conclusion / Q&A
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What is the Internet Protocol?

Officially named the Internet Protocol Suite Commonly referred to as TCP/IP Suite of protocols which define how devices communicate with each other in an open, non-proprietary manner Facilitates communication between networks and devices of varying underlying technologies (both HW and SW) Provides various Application Level Services
Electronic Mail File Transfer Terminal Emulation Streaming Media World Wide Web Based Services
Isnt unique to the Global (www) Internet; applies to private networks as well
Presentation_ID 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Why Use the Internet Protocol?

The Internet Protocol is the de facto standard for the Internet Applications can quickly and easily be built upon an IP foundation The Internet Protocol suite is an open specification allowing for interoperability Resources for information related to IP are easy to find
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Internet Protocol Suite History

First packet based switching network was ARPANET packet-based Work began in mid 1970s for an internet technology 1977 1979: 1977-1979: Internet Protocols in current form took shape 1980: Initiation of global Internet (what we have today) 1982: Office of the Secretary of Defense declared TCP/IP y the standard for all military computer networking 1986: National Science Foundation funded an effort to create a wide area backbone network called NSFNET and connected it to ARPANET 2009: Estimated global internet users = 1.7 Billion
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Internet Protocol Suite

OSI Layers Application Presentation Session IPS Layers Internet Protocol Suite FTP, TFTP, TELNET, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, BOOTP, TFTP, SNMP TCP or UDP IP, ARP, ICMP Ethernet, Packet Over SONET, Wireless
Application
Transport Network Data link Physical
Transport Internetwork Network Interface
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OSI Reference Model

Application
Interacts with user applications, apps outside OSI pp pp Ensures that information sent from one system will be readable by another system. Format, compression Establishes, manages, terminates communication sessions between two hosts. Synchronizes dialogue Implements data transport services that are transparent p p p to upper layers. Flow control, segment/reassemble, mux Provides connectivity between multiple data links, into an internetwork. Logical addresses, best p g path selection How data is formatted for transmission, how access to the network is controlled. Uses physical addresses Specifications for the physical link between systems Cabling, voltage levelsputs bits on the wire
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Presentation
Session
Transport p
Network
Data Link
Physical
Presentation_ID
Why Layers?
Application pp Presentation Session Transport T 3 Switch Hub
Presentation_ID
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8
Reduces complexity (one big problem to seven smaller ones) Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering p Assures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning
Router
Network Data Link Physical

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2 1
Data Encapsulation
HOST A Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Presentation_ID
HOST B Application
Data
Presentation Session
segment packet
Network Header H d
Transport Header Transport Data Header
Data Data
Transport Network Data Link Physical

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Frame Frame Network NetworkTransport Transport Data Data Data Data Data Header Header Header Header Header Header
bits
0101101010110001
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Network Interface Layer

(Physical + Data Link)
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Physical Layer 1: Digital Signaling

1 +
(Manchester Encoding)
Electricity
(voltage) Time
Light
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Physical Layer 1: Cabling

Cable Types yp UTP Thin-net Thick-net Fiber
Single/Multi Mode
Connector Types yp RJ-45 BNC AUI

ST, SC, FC, MIC
V.35 V 35
V.35 V 35
Winchester
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Data Link Layer 2: MAC Address

MAC = Media Access Control Hardware identifier Burned in at time of manufacturing 6 Bytes in length, 12 Hexadecimal ( (Base 16) digits Uniquely identifies devices connected to Ethernet IEEE gives Organizational Unique Identifier, first 3 bytes Identifier Example: Cisco has OUI of 00-00-0c Typical Formats 00-00-0c-12-34-56 0000.0c12.3456 00:00:0c:12:34:56 00 00 0 12 34 56
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Data Link Layer 2: MAC Address

24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code
Serial Number
0000.0c12. 3456
ROM RAM
MAC address: 6 Byte (48 bit), hexadecimal number burned into ROM on a network interface card (NIC), copied into RAM
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Ethernet
Invented by Xerox in Early 1970s Became IEEE Standard in 1980s 1980 s IEEE802.3 and Ethernet Version 2.0 CSMA/CD protocol Ethernet Speeds
Ethernet - 10 Million Bits per Second Fast Ethernet - 100 Million Bits per Second Gigabit Ethernet 1 Billion Bits per Second or 1 Gbps Ten Gi bit Eth T Gigabit Ethernet 10 Billion Bit per S t Billi Bits Second or 10 Gb d Gbps 100 Gigabit Ethernet 100 Billion bps or 100Gbps DRAFT
Why Ethernet?
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Data Link Layer 2: Packet Framing

Ethernet Frame
Frame Frame Network Transport Network Transport Data Data Data Data Data Header Header Header Header Header Header
Preamble
Destination MAC Address
Source MAC Address
Type
CRC
Bytes
Transport Frame = 64 to 1518 Bytes

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Types of Ethernet Operations
Broadcast
A
Application
B
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
C
D
Multicast Unicast
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
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Ethernet Broadcast
A
B
C
D
All end points receive packets

Broadcast Address = FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
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Ethernet Multicast
A
B
C
D
Only subscribed end points receive packets
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Ethernet Unicast
A
B
C
D
Each packet is destined for one end point
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What Is a Virtual LAN (VLAN)?

A logical grouping of networked devices based on a Layer 2 broadcast/multicast domain VLAN members can be created based on Layer 2 through Layer 7 characteristics Port MAC address Network address User ID Inter-VLAN communication is done through routing Benefits: y Ensure scalability Firewall broadcast/multicasts Improve network performance Enhance network security Reduce administration expenses Offer versatile server connectivity
VLAN Membership
OSI Model
Application Presentation Session Transport T t Network Data Link Physical
VLANs
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Inter VLAN Inter-VLAN Forwarding
Router
Bridge Function Bridge Function
Router
Switch
Switch
Ports grouped together in a virtual bridge Traffic between VLANs must be routed
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Agenda
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Internetwork Layer
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Network Addressing
Every network device must be uniquely addressed, using both a network and host identifier
A
1 Network ID
Host ID
A.1 A1
Unique Device Address
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IP Addressing
IPv4 uses a 32 bit long address (4 Bytes) to denote g ( y ) a unique network/host device identifier 32 bits
bit
1100 0000 1010 1000 0001 0001 0000 0001

Byte
4 Bytes
192 . 168 . 17 . 1
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Binary Notation
bit position
? ? ? ? _ _ _ _
128 64 32 16
7 6
5 4
? ? ? ? _ _ _ _
8 4 2 1
decimal value
2 1
Decimal value is derived from the relative binary bit position
0 0 0 0
or or or or
0 0 0 0
or or or or
1 1 1 1 _ _ _ _ 1 0 _ 1 _ _ 0 _
128 64 32 16 128
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1 1 1 1 _ _ _ _ 0 0 1 0 _ _ _ _
8 4 + 2 1 2
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Each bit position may contain a single binary value of 0 or 1
= 146
16
Binary 1 indicates the p value in a bit position. Binary 0 indicates no value.

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Decimal Notation
0 0 0 0 _ _ _ _
128 64 32 16
0 0 0 0 _ _ _ _
8 4 2 1
=0
1 1 1 1 _ _ _ _
128 64 32 16
1 1 1 1 _ _ _ _
8 4 2 1
= 255
0 - 255
0 - 255 0 - 255
0 - 255
1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0001 0001 . 0000 0001
192 . 168 . 17 . 1
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IP Address Classes
N = Network Address Byte (assigned by InterNIC/IANA) H = Host Address Byte (assigned by organization)
Class A (start bit 0) = 1 126 * . H . H . H 1-126 Class B (start bits 10) = 128-191 . N . H . H 128 191 Class C (start bits 110) = 192-223 . N . N . H
* IP addresses beginning with 0 and 127 are reserved. IP Add Addresses in the range of 10 H H H 172 16 31 H H and i th f 10.H.H.H, 172.16-31.H.H, d 192.168.x.H are reserved for private use and are not assigned.
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IP Address Mask
An address mask tells network devices what portion of p the IP address is the Network designator and what portion is the Host designator
A binary 1 in a bit position indicates Network and binary 0 Host 0 Class A IP Address 0111 1110 . 0000 1010 . 0000 1010 . 0000 0001 = 126 . 10 . 10 . 1
Network Host
1111 0000
Network Host
1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0 Class A Address Mask
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Address Class Mask

All IP addresses have an associated class mask
Class A = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0 Class B = 255 . 255 . 0 . 0 Class C = 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 C
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Class full Class-full Network Addressing

Class-full masks limit the number of addressable Networks and Hosts
Class A Class B Class C
-fewLarge Internetworks Router
-balancedMedium Internetworks Router Router
-manySmall Internetworks Router Router Router
256 N t Networks k 16, 777, 216 Hosts

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65, 65 536 N t Networks k 65, 536 Hosts

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16, 777, 16 777 216 N t Networks k 256 Hosts

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Subnetting
Subnetting IP addresses extends class-full networks IANA Assigned 158 . 50 . x . x = 1 Network / 65, 536 Hosts 65 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
Class-full Mask
Address masks define Network and Host boundaries
255 . 255 . 255 . 0

Subnet Mask
= 256 Networks / 256 Hosts
158 . 50 . 0-255 . x
Subnetted Network Addresses
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Subnetted IP Network
158 . 50 . 0-255 . x
Subnetwork Address Range
158.50.1.1 Internet 158.50.2.1 158.50.2.2
255 . 255 . 255 . 0

Subnetwork Mask
158.50.4.1
158.50.3.1 158.50.3.2
158.50.6.1 158.50.7.1
158.50.8.1
158.50.6.2
158.50.7.2
158.50.8.2 158.50.4.2
158.50.5.2 158.50.5.1 158.50.9.1
158.50.9.2
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Address Mask Notation

Three mask notation formats are available, depending on implementation
158 . 150 . 10 . 1
IP Address
255 . 255 . 255 . 0

Dotted-Decimal Mask
IP address with dotted-decimal mask IP address with bitcount mask IP address with hexadecimal mask
158 . 150 . 10 . 1 / 24
IP Address Bit-Count Mask 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
Twenty Four Twenty-Four (24) bits
158 . 150 . 10 . 1
IP Address
0xFFFFFF00
Presentation_ID
Hexadecimal Mask
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Addressing Example
172 16 2 160
3
172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 10101100 11111111 10101100 10101100 10101100 10101100
00010000 11111111 00010000 00010000 00010000 00010000
00000010 10100000 Host 11111111 11000000 Mask 00000010 10000000 Subnet 00000010 10111111
1 2 4
Broadcast
5
00000010 10000001 First 00000010 10111110 Last
6 7
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Addressing Example
172 16 2 160
3
172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192 10101100 11111111 10101100 10101100 10101100 10101100 00010000 11111111 00010000 00010000 00010000 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 11111111 11000000 Mask 00000010 10000000 Subnet 00000010 10111111
1 2 4
9
172.16.2.128 172.16.2.191 172 16 2 191 172.16.2.129 172.16.2.190
Presentation_ID
Broadcast
5
00000010 10000001 First 00000010 10111110
Last
6 7
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Private IP Address Space - RFC 1918

As defined in RFC 1918
Class A Address - Network 10.0.0.0
Class B Address - Networks 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0
Class C Address - Range from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.255.0

If you use any of these addresses in your network, then you MUST use address translation if you want to connect to the INTERNET
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Agenda
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Interconnecting Networks
Routers connect Layer 2 networks, each d fi d by logical addresses h defined b l i l dd
Data
Frame Header
A
Data
Switch
Data Header
Network
Transport Data Header
MAC
Switch
Layer 2
Router
Layer 2
Frame Header
Network Header
Transport Header
Data
Switch
IP
Layer 2
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Network Interface Addressing

Routed networks require each node have a logical address g
MAC
A.2
A
A.1
Network Address
MAC
A.3
MAC
Router
MAC
A. A4
Node Address
Presentation_ID
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Routing IP Packets
MAC {
D
? e0 ?
IP
S
A.1
S
MAC
D
C.1 DATA
Workstation knows network C is not local W k t ti directs frame to Workstation di t f t router MAC for processing
Key S = Source Address D = Destination Address
{ A.1
Switch
Switch e0 MAC A.1 C.1 DATA
Addr. C.1
MAC e0
MAC
B
e1 e2
e2 A.1 A1 C.1 C1 DATA
e0 e3
Router
MAC Net Int. e0 e1 e2 2 e3
Switch
A B
Switch
C.1
MAC Addr. A.1 MAC e2
D
C D
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Default Gateway - Default Router

A gateway forwards data from the local (sub) network to another (sub) network
When a IP host needs to communicate with another IP h t on a diff host different IP network t t k i.e. 170.10.0.0 to 192.1.1.0 or a different sub-network i.e. 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.128 Data must be forwarded through a gateway THIS FUNCTION IS NORMALLY DONE BY A
ROUTER OR LAYER 3 SWITCH

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Routing Protocols
The Th procedures used b th router t d t d d by the t to determine and select i d l t the best route and to share information about network reachability and status with other routers are referred to collectively as a routing protocol.
Jeff Doyle y Routing TCP/IP, Volume 1
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What is Routing?
Routing is the process of forwarding a datagram from one hop to the next Routers forward traffic to a logical destination in an internetwork Routers perform two primary functions
Routing share/learn network routes Switching take packets from the inbound interface and send them through the outbound interface
Routers are a fundamental component to the very fabric of the Internet

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Why are Routers Important?

Separate internetworks into logical entities Maintain Routing information for end stations Dynamically update Routing information as networks become available/unavailable b il bl / il bl Determine the best path for communication through the internetwork
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Why are Routers Important?

As the network topology changes, all routers will update their tables using their chosen out g p otoco (e g OS ) routing protocol. (e.g. OSPF) When a new link from Network make internetworking possible. Routers 5 to Network 6 is established. The routers on Network 5 and 6 will advertise the new route to Network 3. If the link from Network 5 to Network 3 breaks, the routers will update their tables and will choose the next best path which is now through Network 6.
can no longer IIcan now get to reach Network 3 Network 6 directly! directly!
Network N t k1 Network 3
Network 4
Network 5
I can now get to Network 5 directly!
Network 2
Network 6
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Routing Table Information

Most of the necessary information is contained in the routing table O O 172.16.8.0 [100 /118654] 172.16.8.0 [100/118654] via 172.16.7.9, 00:00:23, Serial0 -- How the route was learned (OSPF) -- Destination logical network or subnet -- Administrative distance (trustworthinessfactor) -- Metric value (reachability)
via 172.16.7.9 -- Next-hop logical address (next router) 00:00:23 Serial0

Presentation_ID
-- Age of entry (in hours:minutes:seconds) -- Interface through which the route was learned and through which the packet will leave
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Sample Routing Table

Backbone_r1#show Backbone r1#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O- OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS IS L1 - IS IS level 1 L2 - IS IS level-2, * - candidate default IS-IS, IS-IS level-1, IS-IS level 2 Gateway of last resort is 10.5.5.5 to network 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets C 172.16.10.0 is directly connected, Loopback100 C 172.16.11.0 is directly connected, Loopback101 172 16 11 0 i di tl t d L b k101 O E2 172.22.0.0/16 [110/20] via 10.3.3.3, 01:03:01, Serial1/2 [110/20] via 10.4.4.4, 01:03:01, Serial1/3 [110/20] via 10.5.5.5, 01:03:01, Serial1/4 O E2 192.168.4.0/24 [110/20] via 10.4.4.4, 01:03:01, Serial1/3 O E2 192.168.5.0/24 [110/20] via 10.5.5.5, 01:03:01, Serial1/4 10.0.0.0/24 is 10 0 0 0/24 i subnetted, 4 subnets b tt d b t C 10.5.5.0 is directly connected, Serial1/4 C 10.4.4.0 is directly connected, Serial1/3 C 10.3.3.0 is directly connected, Serial1/2 C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0 O E2 192.168.3.0/24 [110/20] via 10.3.3.3, 01:03:02, Serial1/2 S* 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 0 0/0 [1/0] via 10 5 5 5 i 10.5.5.5
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Static Routes
Routes configured manually Useful when the number of routes exist is small Can be an administrative burden Frequently used for a default route
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Popular Routing Protocols

RIP (v1, v2) (v1 v2) v1,
Open distance vector protocol standardized in 1988
OSPF
Open link-state protocol standardized in late-1980s by IETF
EIGRP
Proprietary enhancement to Cisco IGRP to include link-state algorithms
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol, used to interconnect Service Providers i t t S i P id
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Distance Vector vs Link State Updates

Different ways to send route information Routing Table
Distance Vector Approach
Full Table
Routing Table
Link-State Li k St t Approach
Single Entry
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Additional TCP/IP Protocols

Protocol
IP (Internet Protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Function
Internet Addressing
Maps Layer 2 MAC Address to Layer 3 IP Address Control Protocol for Internetwork Management Connection-Oriented Data Transport p Connectionless Data Transport
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Resolving between Layer 2 and Layer 3 address
A
MAC A. 2
MAC
{
IP
{
D S S D ? e0 C.1 A.4 DATA MAC A. 3 D FF e0 A.4 DATA e0 A. 1 S e0 MAC A.4 DATA A. 4

I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my MAC address.
I need the
Router
Ethernet address of A.4
Addr. MAC C.1 e0
MAC MAC
Addr. MAC A.4 MAC A.3 ? A.2 ?
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Proxy ARP
Resolving L R l i Layer 2 and L d Layer 3 addresses b dd between networks k
A Addr. B.1 MAC e0 e0 Router e1 ARP
B Addr. A.1 MAC e1
MAC
Broadcast
MAC e0
B.1
A.1 DATA
e1 MAC B.1
A.1 DATA
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Internet Control Message Protocol - ICMP

IP protocol number 1 Used for troubleshooting p g Error Reporting Mechanism Notifies Hosts and Routers of presence and type of errors
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Ping
Packet InterNet Groper Check end-to-end network connectivity Baseline network layer performance Depending on implementation can indicate:
Host Alive Roundtrip Delay
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Time To Live - TTL

Mechanism to prevent loops in an IP Network Originating host sets the initial TTL value Intermediate hops, i.e. routers, decrement the TTL value b 1 l by When TTL expires:
- The packet is dropped - An ICMP report is sent back to the source
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TTL
Host 1 TTL = 10
10.1.1.1
Host 2
20.1.1.1
TTL = 9
TTL = 6
TTL = 8
TTL = 7
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TTL
Host 1 TTL = 10
10.1.1.1
Host 2
20.1.1.1
TTL = 9TTL = 0
TTL = 6
Introduce a loop with broken routing
TTL = 8
TTL = 7
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Traceroute
Used to determine path through a network between two endpoints Uses the IP Time To Live (TTL) field Initiated via Echo Request or UDP probe on high ports Narrow down connectivity issues Baseline network performance on a hop by hop basis p p y p
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Transport Layer
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Transmission Control Protocol - TCP

IP protocol number 6 Connection oriented p Reliable transport Assumes very little about the underlying protocol and architecture HTTP, Email, Telnet, FTP TCP is a Transport Layer Protocol used to p p y provide reliable, connection oriented communications between two devices. Each packet transmitted is acknowledged by the receiving station.
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User Datagram Protocol - UDP

IP protocol number 17 Connectionless y Unreliable by nature Upper layer applications responsible for reliability Real time applications VoIP Video over IP VoIP, UDP is a Transport Layer Protocol used to provide fast, connectionless communications between to devices. Each packet transmitted is not acknowledged and reliability is left up to higher layer protocols and/or applications.
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Application Layer
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP

RFC 2131 Protocol used to supply IP Layer information to Hosts IP Address Subnet Mask IP Gateway DNS Server(s) Often used to simplify the management of IP Address Space p Prevents undertaking laborious task of manually configuring many Hosts
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DHCP
DHCPREQUEST DHCPDISCOVER Host DHCPACK DHCPOFFER DHCP Server
I need an IP Address You can use this IP Address I will use that IP Address ill th t Add
Acknowledged g
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Domain Name Service - DNS

RFCs 1034 and 1035 Resolves hostname with domain to matching IP Address E i t remember www.cisco.com th Easier to b i than 198.133.219.25 Utilizes TCP and UDP as underlying Transport y g p Protocols Alternative to Host Tables on all Hosts
Domain Name Service
www.ietf.org
Open Standards
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DNS - Name Resolution

www.cisco.com = 172.16.3.2
I need the IP Address for www.cisco.com
I heard that request. q Here is the IP Address.
www.cisco.com = ???
www.cisco.com = 172.16.3.2
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Putting it all Together
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Putting it All Together g g

DNS Server 192.168.1.2 Host 192.168.1.1 Web Server www.cisco.com 203.10.47.212
The Internet
Lets L t assume we h have a user who wants t visit www.cisco.com h t to i it i

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Putting it All Together

User requests Web Page http://www cisco com http://www.cisco.com ARP for ethernet address of DNS My ethernet address is 00-00-50-12-34-56 y UDP - What is the IP address of www.cisco.com That IP address is 203.10.47.212
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As 203.10.47.212 is in another network, my gateway 203 10 47 212 network needs to forward this for me ARP for ethernet address of gateway My ethernet address is 00-00-0C-98-76-54 00 00 0C 98 76 54 Setup TCP connection to server - SYN REQ Forward data to gateway
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Forward data to next gateway g y until it reaches server 2 1 9 10 13 12
4 7
8 6
11
14
74

ACK TCP connection to client - SYN ACK 2 1 9 10 13 12
4 7
8 6
11
14
75

ACK the ACK back to Server - ACK 2 1 9 10 13 12
4 7
8 6
11
14
76

Issue a HTTP GET request for CCO Web Page GET 2 1 9 10 13 12
4 7
8 6
11
14
77

Start sending Data 2 1 9 10 13 12
4 7
8 6
11
14
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Agenda
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Cable Evolution
The video signal is transmitted over fiber to the node, where it is converted to an electrical signal and forwarded to the subscriber over existing coaxial cable Provision is made to support return traffic for future services Cable Serving Area g
HFC
N
> 2000 Homes Coax
Fiber Head-End
Typically Fewer than Five Amplifiers in Cascade

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Cable Plant Components

Node Node Node
Hub
CMTS
Lifetime VH-1 VH 1 Packetized Data NICK E!
Head-End PSTN Hub Hub Internet
Node Node
COAX
Node ode
Tap
Node
Node
Node
Drop Cable Modem C bl M d PC
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SP Video Headends
MSOs
Headend Primary Hub Taps Coaxial Network
Secondary Hub Video Origination Headend
Amplifiers p Nodes Copper Network
Telcos
VHO
VSO DSLAM
Different networks, different terminology, same enabling technologies

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The Premises
QPSK/QAM Modulator
MAC
Data an nd Control Lo ogic
RF Tuner
QAM Demodulator
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A Deeper Look on the Cable
6 MHz = 1 QAM channel 1 Channel means

1 analog program Around 12 SD digital MPEG-2 programs Around 24 SD digital MPEG-4 programs MPEG 4 Around 4-6 HD digital MPEG-4 programs
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Understanding MPEG - Video

MPEG Transport Stream (TS) is transported over UDPoIP.
20+4+1316=1340B
IP (20B)
UDP (4B)
MPEG Transport Pkt (188B)
.. (6 more MPEG)
This contains PID
Transport Pkt Header (4B)

184B 184B PES Header
Transport Pkt Payload (184B) PES is encapsulated here

184B PES Header
184 Bytes
PES
PES Header
PES Header
PES Packet Data=ES Data ES
ES
Elementry Stream (coded bitstream) Sequence

Sequence Header
Sequence
Sequence
Sequence
GOP Header Picture Header
I/B/P-Frame
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Cisco Confidential
DOCSIS Basics
DOCSIS is a consortium of Comcast, Cox, Time Warner Cable, Rogers, MediaOne, and CableLabs DOCSIS is a standard supporting DS modulations of QAM 64 and QAM 256, DS FEC of Annex B, US modulations of QPSK and QAM 16, in-band control channels, MPEG framing, and RSA key distribution DOCSIS documents describe the internal and external network interfaces for a system that allows bidirectional transfer of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic between the cable system head-end and customer premises, over a cable television system. Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) at the HE and Cable Modem (CM) at the CPE
86
End-to-End Cable Network: Building Blocks

L2/L3 CPE
CM/ eMTA/ eRouter
L1/L2 Access/Hub
EQAM
L3 (IP/MPLS)
gg g Aggregation Network
Regional Network
Backbone Network
H F C
STB
HFC HFC
CMTS
HR
AR AR
ER
ER
BR
BR
BR ER ER
BR
HR
Residential
L2VPN CM Voice Complex Video Complex Video Complex Network Mgt Complex PEG DS/DB IP Security Complex Voice Complex Video Complex Network Mgt Complex IP Security Complex
FTTP
PE Router
SDV
VoD
Business
SDC (System/Div)
Cisco Confidential
SDC (Regional)
SDC (National)
87
Agenda
Introduction to IP Understanding an IP Address g g IP Routing and Networking IP in Cable Networks IP for VoIP, Digital Video Home Networking etc VoIP Video, Networking, IPv6 Fundamentals Conclusion / Q&A
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
88
Traditional Telecommunications Components

Tandem Switch
SS7
IXC
Class 4
IXC
SS7 SS7
Toll Trunk
SS7 Class 4 SS7 SS7
Tie Trunk Tr nk
LEC
Class 5
LEC
Class 5
LEC
Class 5
LEC
Class 5
CO Trunk PBX PBX PBX LATA Line Private Branch Exchange (PBX) Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) InterExchange Carrier (IXC) Central Office (CO)
PBX
PBX
PBX
89
IP Telephony
Signaling
IP Router Gateway Router Gateway
VoIP (Softswitch)
Signaling
PWR
IP Router Gateway PSTN Router Gateway
PWR
IP Telephony
90
Voice Packetization
ATM or IP Packet Transport
Analog
Digital
Compressed
DSP
Packetized
L3 L2
Reverse Process
G.711 (Predigitized)
G.726 ADPCM G.728 LD-CELP G.729(AB) CS-ACELP G.723.1 ACELP/MPMLQ Sampling ( p g (PAM) ) Companding (A-Law, Mu-Law) PCM Coding (PCM G.711)
VoIP (ovL2) VoATM (VoFR)

91
Voice Encapsulation over IP

Even-Numbered P E N b d Ports RTP UDP Port Range= <1638432768> Four Ports Dynamically Allocated per Single Full-Duplex Call F ll D l C ll RTP
Voice G Gateway Odd-Numbered Ports Variable 12 8 20
RTCP
IP Network
Voice Gateway
D i Designed t carry real-time d to l ti traffic on top of IP Voice Payload RTP UDP L2 IP Real-Time Protocol (RTP)media Real-Time Transport Control Protocol Routing/Addressing R ti /Add i (RTCP)form of signaling between RTP Ports Multiplexing/(CRC) termination points
Sequence Numbers Payload Type Identification Timestamps
Watches the quality of underlying infrastructure
RFC1889 and 1890

92
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
CableLabs PacketCable Multimedia

Defines an Architectural Framework which provides an IP-based platform t support a variety of multimedia IP b d l tf to t i t f lti di applications and services requiring QoS treatment over DOCSIS access networks A multimedia service is defined as any IP-based service requiring QoS-based network resources
(e.g., (e g transport of cellular telephony calls online gaming video calls, gaming, videoconferencing, streaming media, etc.)
Multimedia services require scheduled service flows, as contrasted with best effort services such as web browsing, e-mail, instant messaging
93
93
Quality of Service Operations

How Do QoS Tools Work?
QUEUEING AND CLASSIFICATION AND MARKING (SELECTIVE) DROPPING Post-Queuing Operations
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
94
Quality of Service (QoS)

Type of Service (TOS) and Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) Used to differentiate traffic types Provide priority queuing to important packets O i i ti h t or i t Originating host intermediate routers can set TOS value di t t t l Intermediate routers can act upon (Per Hop Behavior) or modify the value TOS has been expanded to Differentiated S i h b d d Diff i d Services C d P i Code Point (DSCP) to provide more levels of service TOS and DSCP are important to classify and prioritize services such as:
Voice over IP Broadcast Video Video on Demand
This ensures our customers have a pleasant TV viewing experience and coherent phone conversations
95
Sample ToS/DSCP Effect
Voice Video Data

Step 1: p Define Scheduling
10% 40% 50%
Low Latency, High Servicing (Voice)
Broadcast Video High Speed Data
Step 2: p Define Bandwidth
Class definition sets minimum bandwidth Queue servicing (metering) controls latency Unused capacity is shared amongst the other classes Each C Class can be separately configured f QoS f for Q S
Presentation_ID
96
Classic HFC Network for Broadcast Digital Video

Satellite Receivers
SONET Transport
IRTs IRTs
Analog Ad Insertion Local Ad Server
Analog Mods QAM Modulators
1550 TX
1550 RX
MPEG STB
Broadcast Digital Video

DNCS TED APP ATM
SONET
ATM
SONET
ATM
QPSK DS QPSK US
1310 1310 Tx Tx HFC 1310 1310 Rx Rx
Home
Headend
Primary Hub Secondary Hub
HFC Network
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
97
Cable vs.Telco
Broadcast Video
Video Service Provider
IP Video
Video DSLAM
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
98
Today s Todays MSO Network

Satellite Receivers Enc IRTs IRTs Ad Server DNCS TED APP CMS Web GW PSTN Ethernet Switch
Digital Simulcast Si l t
GigE/DWDM Transport
Library VOD Storage Local Ad Server
MPEG Decoders Mux/DPI Mux/DPI
Analog Mods QAM Modulators
1550 TX
1550 RX SDB Server QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QAM QPSK DS QPSK US EQAM QAM QAM QAM DOCSIS 3.0 1310 1310 Tx Tx HFC 1310 1310 Rx Rx
GigE/DWDM Transport
Bulk Encryptor Local VOD
MPEG STB IP STB Cable Modem EMTA
Switched Digital Broadcast

GigE/DWDM Transport
GigE/DWDM Transport
Video Vid on Demand D d

GigE/DWDM Transport GigE/DWDM Transport
Home
Voice o e IP o ce over
Headend
DOCSIS HSD OCS S S

Primary Hub
M-CMTS
Secondary Hub
HFC Network
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
99
Agenda
Introduction to IP Understanding an IP Address g g IP Routing and Networking IP in Cable Networks IP for VoIP, Digital Video Home Networking etc VoIP Video, Networking, IPv6 Fundamentals Conclusion / Q&A
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
100
A Need for IPv6?

IETF IPv6 WG began in early 90s, to solve addressing growth i th issues, b t but CIDR and NAT were developed IPv4 32 bit address = 4 billion hosts ~25% of the IPv4 address space is still unused (different ) from unallocated) BUT IP is everywhere Data, voice, audio and video integration is a reality Regional registries apply a strict allocation control Latest forecast of IPv4 exhaustion is September 2011 So, the compelling reason is: More IP addresses!
101
What changed from IPv4?

Expanded address space Addresses quadrupled from 32 bits to 128 bits Header Format Simplification Fixed length, optional headers are daisy chained length IPv6 header is double that of IPv4, from 20 to 40 bytes No checksum at the IP network layer Relies on lower layer (POS, Ethernet, etc) or upper app cat o aye (TCP, UDP) application layer ( C , U ) No hop-by-hop segmentation/fragmentation Path MTU discovery mandated No broadcast
102
IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison p

IPv4 Header
Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
IPv6 Header RFC 2460

Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Identification
Flags
Fragment Offset
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
Time to Live
Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address Destination Address D ti ti Add

Options Padding
Source Address
Lege end
- fields name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 p - fields not kept in IPv6 - Name & position changed in IPv6 - New field in IPv6
Destination Address
Presentation_ID
103
Larger Address Space

IPv4
32 bits = 4,294,967,296 possible addressable devices
IPv6
128 bits 3.4 =3 4 X 1038 possible addressable devices =340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 5 x 1028 addresses per person on the planet 13 quintillion IPv4 domains per person (a quintillion is one million trillion)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
104
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 addressing rules are covered by multiple RFCs g y p
Architecture defined by RFC 4291 3 Address types: Unicast: One to One (Global and Link Local) An identifier for a single interface A packet sent to a unicast interface. address is delivered to the interface identified by that address. Anycast: One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast) An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces identified by that address (the "nearest" one, according to the routing protocols' measure of distance). Multicast: One to Many An identifier for A id tifi f a set of i t f t f interfaces (t i ll belonging to (typically b l i t different nodes). A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address. No Broadcast address use multicast instead address,
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
105
IPv6 Address Representation

All addresses are 128 bits. 16-bit fields in case insensitive colon hexadecimal representation Preferred form
2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B
Leading zeros in a field are optional:

2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B Successive fi ld of 0 represented as ::, b t only once i an S i fields f t d but l in address Compressed form 2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B 2031::130F::9C0:876A:130B 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
106
Address Type Identification

Localhost: Multicast: Link-Local IPv6 Addresses 00..1 (128 bits) ( ) 1111 1111 1111 1110 10 x x (FE80, FE90, FEA0, FEB0) Used within a network segment Global Unicast: Everything else ::1/128 FF00::/8 FE80::/10
equivalent to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4
All address types (except multicast) have to support EUI-64 (64 bit extended unique identifier)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
107
IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
001
Global Routing Prefix
Subnet ID
Interface ID
n bits Provider
(64-n) bits Site
64 bits Host
IPv6 Global Unicast addresses are:

Addresses for generic use of IPv6 Structured as hierarchy to keep the aggregation
First 3 bits 001 (2000::/3) is the first allocation from IANA for IPv6 Unicast use
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
108
Dual Stack Approach

IPv4 Application IPv6-enable Application
TCP
UDP
TCP
UDP
IPv4
IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
0x0800 0 0800
0x86dd 0 86dd
0x0800 0 0800
0x86dd 0 86dd
Frame Protocol ID
Data Link (Ethernet)
Data Link (Ethernet)
Dual stack node means:

Both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks enabled Applications can talk to both Choice of the IP version is based on name lookup and application preference * Does not mean that all applications are dual stack aware
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
109
Q and A
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
110

Intro To IP 11-19-09 Public

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Intro To IP 11-19-09 Public

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Introduction to IP

SCTE, Rocky Mountain Chapter November 19, 2009

Suzanne Ewert Ryan Makelky

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the Internet Protocol?

Why Use the Internet Protocol?

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Protocol Suite History

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Protocol Suite

Transport Network Data link Physical

Transport Internetwork Network Interface

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

OSI Reference Model

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Data Link Physical

Transport Header Transport Data Header

Transport Network Data Link Physical

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Interface Layer

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Layer 1: Digital Signaling

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Layer 1: Cabling

Connector Types yp RJ-45 BNC AUI

Data Link Layer 2: MAC Address

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data Link Layer 2: MAC Address

Data Link Layer 2: Packet Framing

Destination MAC Address

Source MAC Address

Transport Frame = 64 to 1518 Bytes

Types of Ethernet Operations

Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

All end points receive packets

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Only subscribed end points receive packets

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Each packet is destined for one end point

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is a Virtual LAN (VLAN)?

Inter VLAN Inter-VLAN Forwarding

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

1100 0000 1010 1000 0001 0001 0000 0001

Decimal value is derived from the relative binary bit position

Each bit position may contain a single binary value of 0 or 1

Binary 1 indicates the p value in a bit position. Binary 0 indicates no value.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0001 0001 . 0000 0001

Address Class Mask

Class A = 255 . 0 . 0 . 0 Class B = 255 . 255 . 0 . 0 Class C = 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 C

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Class full Class-full Network Addressing

-fewLarge Internetworks Router

-balancedMedium Internetworks Router Router

-manySmall Internetworks Router Router Router

256 N t Networks k 16, 777, 216 Hosts

65, 65 536 N t Networks k 65, 536 Hosts

16, 777, 16 777 216 N t Networks k 256 Hosts