Absolutist perspective- deviance is objectively given; it exists in natural categories and need not to be seen or evaluated.

Anomie/Anomie Theory- lack of norms, Durkheims assumption that without effective external controls, people would not be able to restrain their desires. Beckers typology- action and reaction falsely accused (--,+), secret deviant (+,--), pure deviant (--,--), pure conventional (+,+) Child abuse- review notes Collective conscience- shared beliefs and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society Conflict theories- asset that most societies are made up of groups with conflicting values and those with the most power will define certain behaviors of weaker groups as deviant or criminal. Constructionist perspective- focus on collective definition or the degree of felt public concern regarding a social problem Control theory- what causes deviant behavior is the absence of social control, lack of ties with conventional cultures. Controlology/sociology of social control Covert institutional violence Deviants v. deviance- one can do deviance without beign a deviant and without doing any deviance at all, one still be a deviant. Deviance v. crime- not all crimes are deviance, and deviance isnt all crimes. Differential association Differential identification Durkheims society of saints- even within a society of saints, there will be deviance. Feminist theory- perspective that stresses the fact that women experience subordination on the basis of their sex. Functionalism- states deviance is normal and part of healthy society. Illusion of control- a reliance on external formal mechanisms of social control. Labeling theory- focus on how certain behaviors come to be labeled as deviant and it influence future behavior. It shows a reactive view of deviancewehere audience responses are important as the behavior. Latino homicide- caused by economic inequality and lack of education attainment.

Looking-glass self- how our identities revolve around the ways we perceive ourselves, like how we view ourselves to others, how they feel about our appearances, and self-feeling like pride or mortification. Mertons typology (strain theory)- the more strain between cultural goals and institutional means, the less regulation of behavior is possible. Mechanical solidarity- societys cohesion and integration comes from homogeneity of individuals, when people feel connected through similar work , education, liefstyle Moral entrepreneurs- reforming crusaders Multiple realities- people vary in their socialization which leads to different interpretation of reality. Normative perspective- deviance violates the norms of a particular group, is defined by the rules. The problem with this is that it doesnt allow exceptions or extenuating circumstances. Objectivist perspective- focus on social problems that cause concrete harm to society and individuals. Opportunity theory Organic solidarity, its social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies, meaning although individuals perform different tasks and have different values, the order of society depends on their reliance to perform their specific tasks. Positive deviance Primary and secondary deviance- by Edwin Lemert, primary causes of deviance were not that important, but the reactions by others to such behaviors. Secondary deviations occur when the person enacting the deviant behavior organizes his or her identity around these reactions by others. Radical criminology- crime is caused by social and economic forces of society, based on conflict theory Reactive perspective (hard and soft)- deviance is subjectively problematic. This implies two conditions, the act must be seen and it must generate condemnation of some kind. Rule enforcers- the police Social construction- creating a meaningful order upon reality. Social control- every time we induce someone to engage in behavior we believe is right

Stigma- helps formation of a deviant identity, attribute that is deeply discrediting, an undesired differentness Subcultural theory- argues that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that conducive to crime and violence Symbolic interactionism- people act toward thigns based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation. Techniques of neutralization- effort to maintain a positive self image while engaging in deviant behavior Waterboarding