1.

Provide a brief description for each layer of the OSI model Layer 7 Application This is where the end user views and sees the data. Interacts with the hardware and software Layer 6 Presentation This is where the information is translated into a format that applications can read. It also formats and encrypts data so it can be sent across a network. Layer 5 Session It basically controls the dialogues connections between PCs It can Establish and even Terminate a connection locally and remotely. Layer 4 Transport In this layer data is broken down to smaller pieces for sending and put back together for receiving. Its like the mail it is given a sequence of numbers so that it may be put back together properly. Layer 3 Network It is part of the break and reassembly of packets that are sent and also reports errors. It is mainly the control of information sent on one or more networks Layer 2 Data or Data Link Would be the NIC which controls the address of your computer, also is the MAC address also the LLC communicates with the computer Layer 1 Physical It is basically the hardware in your computer such as the cables and hubs that can transport data from one computer to another. 2. What are some differences between UTP and STP cables? STP cables are shielded twisted pair, they help to eliminate interference aka Noise. UTP cables are unshielded twisted pair, they are less resistant to noise, cheaper also. 3. What are some practical uses for a cross-over cable? LAN gamming between two consoles such as the Xbox or PC's or just for transferring data. 4. Provide a brief description of 3 network topologies. BUS - All computer are connected via a straight line RING - All computers are ring going from pc to pc STAR - All computer connect to a central location

5. What is the most common network topology and why is it so common? STAR- Because most networks such as the school all the computers connect to a server room or telecommunications room aka Star topology. 6. Provide a brief description of a LAN.

LAN or Local Area Network. It would be the class room at the school but the school is a larger LAN. 7. Provide a brief description of a WAN. WAN or Wide Area Network- it covers a larger area such as Jackson and even extending out beyond that like the ATT network. 8. Describe what a MAC address is and how it is useful in networking. The MAC address is the physical address that the NIC gives the Computer. It is useful because you can use security policies that will deny access to certain MAC addressees on your network. 9. What is the backbone of a network? The backbone of the network is the OC lines that run all over this country. ATT uses fiber lines for most of their network. It typically ends at the box at the end of the road and CAT5 cables are run from there to your house. The example that I had used before is it is like a large tunnel where information pass and then pushed through a smaller tunnel that leads to your house. aka the band with shrinks 10. Describe some intangible soft skills needed to be a successful network professional. They are personal skills that allow you to work well with others and communication. 11. Describe simplex, half-duplex and duplex transmission capabilities. Simplex is a one way transmission. Half duplex, two computers can communicate like a crossover cable but only one computer can transmit at a time. duplex I think you meant Full Duplex, simultaneous transmission kinda like a phone call. 12. What is the difference between throughput and bandwidth? Throughput is the measure of the amount of data transmitted during a give time period Bandwidth is the size of the transmission conduit. 13. What are some advantages to using fiber optic cables? Fiber optic cables are extremely faster than copper wires by any means. it travels at the speed of light. Data transfer is faster and the data transmission 14. What function does a hub perform? it is basically a repeater that has more than one output and can connect to other hubs and routers. 15. What function does a bridge perform? It connects to network segments and extends the network without collisions with the other lines 16. What function does a switch perform?

it acts like a bridge and can divide the network into smaller segments. and each connected device has a dedicated channel. 17. What function does a router perform? it reads all packets on the network and sends them where they need to go. it uses logical addressing and interprets all the nodes on the network. it is the heart of a network. 18. What is the purpose of a NIC? Really, A NIC or Network Interface Card is what allows you to connect to the internet via a LAN connection using an Ethernet Connection or by means of a wireless connection. 19. What are TDRs and OTDRs used for? TDR -It is a type of tester that tells the user the total length of the cable and will tell you where the break is in the cable. OTDR- It is an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer that looks for continuity and if there is a break and also tells the user how far down the cable is the break. 20. What is the purpose of using a tone locator or tone generator? Toners are basically two devices the tone generator and a tone probe these two devices work together to create an electrical signal that is sent down a line and the probe emits a sound when placed near the generator. It traces LAN cable Signals. 21. Convert the following IP address from numeric to binary 192.168.100.10 11000000. 10101000. 1100100.00001010 22. Convert the following IP address from binary to numeric: 11000101.10100011.00110100.00000111 197.163.52.7 23. What Class IP address is the following: 168.10.10.1 24. What would the subnet mask for a Class C address be if it were a Classfull address? 255.255.255.128 25. What is the difference between a connection-oriented protocol and a connectionless protocol? TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, it makes a connection and checks whether the data is received, and resends if it is not. UDP is a connectionless protocol, it does not guarantee delivery by first connecting and checking whether data is received.

26. Which of these subnet masks represent Class A, B and C addresses? 255.255.255.0 Class C

255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0

- Class A - Class B

27. Describe what DHCP does for a network administrator It saves the network administrator a lot of time trying to configure the network. DCHP when enabled it will automatically communicate with the network and determine the subnet and the IP addressing. allowing for internet connectivity and possibly communication with other PC's on the network. 28. What is ARP and what function does it perform? It is what TCP/IP networks use to figure out which computer the information is being sent to based on IP addressing. 29. What is SONET and what is it primarily used for? SONET or Synchronous Optical NETworks, It is primarily used on single point to point circuits, also has the ability for high speed configurations it is part of the digital transmission standards. 30. Describe a VPN and how it is a useful function in networking. VPN are basically creating secure tunnels from your location to a home pc or office pc allowing a secure connection over the internet to access your resources. Basically the data is encrypted over the network and decrypted at its destination. 31. Describe 3 basic steps to beginning the troubleshooting process. Identify symptoms and potential causes, Identify the affected area, select the most probable cause. 32. List and describe 2 routing protocols commonly used today. RIP or Routing Information Protocol, it will automatically compute primary and secondary routes if one were to fail. OSPF or Open Shortest Path First, 33. What are some common security risks for networks? Human error, Passwords on routers not assigned. basically ignorance. 34. Describe some methods for minimizing the risks identified in question 31. Human Error can't always be helped but with proper policies and passwords that do change but are made easy for them to remember will help alleviate those errors and as far as the router well if the network admin didn't set up a password for the routers on the network well he is plainly a dumbass and needs to find a new line of work. 35. Describe 2 primary improvements made from IPv4 to IPv6. I would have to say one is the Large address size 128 bit. this allows for a lot more addresses, and better Security. The second maybe it is the elimination of NAT. which already has a issues.

36. Describe the difference between a broadcast (IPv4) and a multicast (IPv6). IPv4-Broadcast send data to all nodes and all nodes can read, IPv6 Sends to all nodes but only specified nodes can read. Thus better security 37. How many more IP addresses does IPv6 provide than IPv4 (estimate) 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 unique IP addresses