Geography

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Q1. FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. A heavy concentration of mineral-based industries is found on the Chhota

Nagpur plateau.
2. Dodabetta is the highest peak in the Nilgiris.
3. The biggest lake in Orissa is Chilka
4. Marshy soil is useful for the cultivation of jute.
5. In respect to extent Goa is the smallest State in India.
6. The multipurpose project constructed on the river Mahanadi is Hirakud.
7. The internal trade of India is very large.
8. The firs cement factory in India was started at Chennai.
9. Gurushikhar is the highest peak in the Aravalis.
10. The forest in India covers 23% area.
11. The metro routes are laid in Calcutta
12. India and European countries are joined by Suez Canal.
13. The famous hill station Udagamandalam lies at the foot of Dodabetta.
14. In summer, very hot winds called Loo blow in North India.
15. The road connecting Mumbai and Bangalore is called National Highway.
16. Atomic power station generating energy is at Tarapur near Mumbai in
Maharashtra.
17. India and Sri Lanka are separated by the Palk Strait
18. Highest peak of Aravali Mountains is Gurushikhar
19. Black cotton soil is known as Regur soil.
20. Mumbai port is situated on the western coast.
21. To the North east of Indian plateau are the Rajmahal hills.
22. The rive Satluj rises from the Rakas lake.
23. The multipurpose project constructed on the river Mahanadi is Hirakud.
24. Maharashtra ranks first both in area and production of Jowar.
25. The major cement producing state is Rajasthan.
26. India is the leading producer and exporter of tea in the world.
27. The Garo hills are spread in an East- West direction.
28. Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest density of population in India.
29. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of the Indian Subcontinent.
30. Kalsubai is the highest peak in the Sahyadris.
31. Tea plantation was first established in the Assam state.
32. The forests in India cover 23% area.
33. India receives maximum rainfall from the SouthwestMonsoon.
34. About 22% of the total cultivated area of the country is under rice cultivation.
35. Inundated canals are mainly found in Punjab.
36. Aravali is the oldest fold mountain.
37. Shimla is the hill station in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
38. The Kolleru lake lies in between the delta regions of the rivers Godavari and
Krishna.
39. Rourkela Steel Plant is located in the state of Orissa
40. Shrubby and thorny plants grow in desert soil.
41. Cement industry is not totally raw material oriented.
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42.Low scattered hills is a characteristic feature of the Eastern Ghast

43.The oil fields of Naharkatia are in the state of Assam.
44.The area under cultivation is the highest in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
45.The Maharashtra plateau is formed of basalt rock.
46.The river Satluj rises from the Rakas Lake.
47.In Goa, Mandavi River is used for inland waterways,
48.In Bengal, thundrstorms are called Kalbaishakhi.
49.Agriculture is he main occupation of the people of the Indian subcontinent.
50.The internal trade of India is very large.
51.Gurushikhar is the highest peak in the Aravallis.
52.India receives maximum rainfall from the ____________________ monsoons.
March 2004
1. The ____________________ hills are found at the foot of the Himalayas.
2. ____________________ is the 'transitional month' of the Indian climate.
3. The bark of ____________________ tree is useful for tanning leather.
4. ____________________ is obtained from Bauxite ore.
October 2004
1. At present the republic of India comprises ____________________ states.
2. The ____________________ wool of Kashmir region is very soft.
3. About ____________________percent transportation takes place on the
national highways.
4. Every year about ____________________ crore cubic metres of natural gas is
being used in the country.
March 2005
1. At present, the Republic of India comprises ____________________ states.
2. The South Indian Plateau is made of impermeable ____________________
rocks.
3. In India, the first rail track was laid from Mumbai to Thane in the year
____________________.
4. On the river Narmada near Jabalpur at ____________________ a typical gorge
and Dhuandhar Waterfall can be seen.
October 2005
1. The western and the eastern ghats meet in the ____________________
mountains
2. The western part of the Western Ghats receives ____________________ type of
rainfall.
3. There is a fair growth of fishes in the ____________________.
4. In Gujarat, ____________________ is an atomic power station.
Q1. FILL IN THE BLANKS CHOOSING THE CORRECT
ALTERNATIVES FROM THE BRACKETS AND REWRITE THE
SENTENCES FULLY.
1. India and Indian Subcontinent
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1. Similar agricultural operations practiced all over the subcontinent are the
evidence of the ____________________ unity of the Indian subcontinent.
2. India is located n the middle of the ____________________hemisphere.
3. India and Sri Lanka are separated by the ____________________.
4. India has an area of ____________________ sq.Km.
5. India occupies ____________________percent of the total land area of the
world.
6. The maximum north – south distance of India is ____________________km.
7. The length of the coastline of India is ____________________kilometres.
8. The states of India are formed on the basis of ____________________.
9. At present, there are ____________________ states in India.
10.In respect of area, ____________________ is the largest state in India.
11.In respect of extent, ____________________is the smallest state in India.
12.Port Blair is the capital of ____________________.
13.____________________is the capital of Goa.
14.A heavy concentration of mineral – based industries is found on the
____________________ plateau.
15.Shimla is the hill station in the state of ____________________
16.____________________ is included in the SAARC.
2. Physical Divisions
1. The ____________________ ranges lie to the North West f the Indian plateau.
2. To the northeast of the Indian Plateau are the ____________________ hills.
3. The ____________________ divides the Indian plateau into two parts.
4. The ____________________ is one of the oldest fold mountains in the world.
5. The ____________________ range is located between the rivers Narmadaand
Tapi.
6. The Maharashtra plateau is formed of the ____________________ rocks.
7. The south Indian Plateau is formed of the ____________________rocks.
8. The Western and the Eastern Ghats meet each other in the
____________________ hills.
9. ____________________ is the highest peak in the Sahyadris.
10.A large number of tanks are found on the ____________________plateau.
11.The famous hill station ____________________lies at the foot of Dodabetta.
12.____________________ is the highest peak in the Nilgris.
13.____________________ is the highest peak in south India.
14.The Nallamala hills are located in the ____________________ state.
15.Low scattered hills is a characteristic feature of the ____________________
16.The ____________________ hills are found at the foot of the Himalayas.
17. The ____________________hills are spread in an east – west direction.
18.The hills of Patkai, Naga, Garo, Khasi and Jaintia are called
____________________
3. Climate
1. In India, the average annual temperature increases towards the
____________________
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2. In the month of May, the highest temperature is recorded in

____________________India.
3. In summer, very hot winds are called ____________________blow in North
India.
4. In Bengal, thunderstorms are called ____________________.
5. The monsoon rainfall starts in Indiain the month of ____________________
6. The southwest monsoons give nearly ____________________% of the total
rainfall in India.
7. ____________________ is the 'transitional month' of the Indian climate.
8. The Tropic of Capricorn gets the vertical rays of the sun on
____________________
9. In winter, the North Indian plain and Jammu & Kashmir receive rain from
____________________
10.The western slopes of the Western Ghats receive ____________________type
of rainfall.
11.____________________lies in the rain – shadow region.
4. Water Resources
1. ____________________is the only inexhaustible sources of water.
2. The Sindhu passes through ____________________ in India.
3. The Satluj originates from the ____________________ Lake.
4. The confluence of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna is near____________________.
5. The ____________________ is a major distributary's of the river Ganga.
6. On the river Narmada near Jabalpur at ________________________, a typical
gorge and Dhuandhar waterfall can be seen.
7. The ____________________ is the longest river on the Indian Plateau.
8. The ____________________ Lake in Kashmir has becomes a great attraction for
the tourists.
9. Lake ____________________ is the largest lake in India.
10.The ____________________Lake lies in between the delta regions of the river
Godavari and Krishna.
11.____________________ is a salt lake in Buldhana district of Maharashtra.
12.____________________ is the biggest lake in Kerala.
5. a. Soil Resources
1. The decomposed organic matter gives typical ____________________ colour to
the soil.
2. The ____________________ soil is the best quality soil.
3. The ____________________ soil is highly permeable.
4. The ____________________ soil is favourable for tea plantations.
5. ____________________ Soil is found in the western and central Rajasthan.
6. The proportion of ____________________is high in desert soils.
7. Regur soil is found in the ____________________ rock region.
8. Mostly ____________________ soil is found on the Deccan Plateau.
9. The ____________________soil is highly sticky when wet.
10.The black cotton soil is known as ____________________
5. b. Soil resources
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1. ____________________Soil has a high proportion of clay.

2. Regur is most suitable for the cultivation of ____________________
3. The typical black colour of the regur soil is due to ____________________
4. The ____________________ soil has a high proportion of iron compounds.
5. ____________________ Soil develop in the areas where there are alternating
wet and dry spells with heavy rainfall and high temperature.
6. The proportion of iron and aluminium compounds is high in
____________________ soil.
7. Cashew nuts grow well in ____________________ soils.
8. In the coastal area, ____________________ type of soil is developed due to
water – logging.
9. ____________________ Soil has a high proportion of organic matter.
10.The ____________________soil is found in the Sundarbans.
11.The marshy soil is useful for the cultivation of ____________________.
12.Shrubby and thorny plants grow in ____________________ soil.
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6. Forest resources
1. The forests in India cover ____________________% area.
2. In India, the percentage of area under forest is least in ____________________.
3. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are famous for their ____________________
forests.
4. The ____________________tree in the tropical deciduous forests is
economically important.
5. The Sandalwood trees are mostly found in the forests of
____________________.
6. Cacti are found in ____________________ forests.
7. The apple and walnut trees grow well in the region of ____________________
forests.
8. In the deltaic region of the Ganga, ____________________ trees are sound in
large numbers.
9. In west Bengal, ____________________ tree is useful for paper industry.
10.The bark of ____________________ tree is useful for tanning leather.
11.Kattha is obtained fro the ____________________ tree.
12.In India, at least ____________________ % of the total area should be covered
with forests.
13.____________________ are found mainly in Assam and West Bengal.
14.____________________ are found in Gir forest of Saurashtra.
15.____________________ are found in the Sundarbans.
7. Land Use and Development of Agriculture.
1. About ____________________% of the people in India directly or indirectly
depend on agriculture.
2. In India, about ____________________% of the land is under cultivation.
3. In India, the percentage of area under cultivation is highest in
____________________.
4. The area under cultivation is highest in the state of ____________________.
5. Crops growing in ____________________ are called Kharif crops.
6. In India, about ____________________% of the total cultivated area is under
food crops.
7. Our agriculture depends mainly on the ____________________
8. ___________________give nitrogenous matter to the soil.
9. The most urgent need of Indian agriculture is ____________________
10.The use of a particular variety of wheat from ____________________ has
ushered in 'Green Revolution' in India.
8. Irrigation
1. In India, hardly ____________________% of the cropped area receives
adequate rainfall.
2. Out of the total irrigated area in India, ____________________% of area is
irrigated by wells and tube – wells.
3. In India, maximum area is irrigated by ____________________.
4. Inundation canals are mainly found in ____________________.
5. In India, about ____________________% of the cropped area is under irrigation.
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6. The main object of multipurpose project is ____________________.

7. The multipurpose project constructed on the river Mahanadi is
____________________
8. The reservoir of the Bhakra Dam is called ____________________.
9. The Jayakwadi Project has been constructed on the river
____________________.
10.The ____________________ project is the only project which has a reversible
pump turbine unit.
11.____________________ Udyan is developed near Jayakwadi dam.
12.A dam is constructed at ____________________, near the confluence of the
rivers Satluj and Beas in Punjab.
13.A dam is built on the river Periyar in ____________________.
14.The Periyar Project diverts the Periyar waters to the river.
9. a. Major crops
1. ____________________ is the main staple food crop of India.
2. About ____________________% of the total cultivated area of the country is
under cultivation.
3. ____________________ is mainly a crop of hot and humid climate.
4. In India, ____________________ ranks first in the production of rice.
5. Out of the total cultivated land of India, about ____________________% is
under wheat cultivation.
6. ____________________ is a crop of cool climate.
7. ____________________ranks first both in the area and production of wheat.
8. Per hectare yield of wheat is highest in ____________________.
9. ____________________ is cultivated both in the Kharif and Rabi seasons.
10.Maharashtra ranks first both in area and production of ____________________.
9. b. Major crops
1. ____________________ is the most important oilseed crop in India.
2. The ____________________ crop absorbs a lot of nutrient from the soil.
3. The area under sugar cane cultivation is highest in ____________________
4. In India, the proportion of sucrose content is more in the sugarcane grown
in the ____________________ states.
5. With regard to international trade, production of ____________________is very
important.
6. ____________________ is a leading producer of cotton in India.
7. Tea plantations were first established in the ____________________ state.
8. India is the leading producer and exporter of ____________________ in the
world.
9. Iron – rich organic ____________________ soil is favourable for coffee
plantation.
10.In India, 92% of rubber is produced in ____________________ alone.
10. Livestock resources
1. A ____________________ climate favours livestock farming.
2. In India, livestock census is conducted every ____________________ years.
3. At present, ____________________ has the largest number of cattle in India.
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4. ____________________ leads the world in the number of buffaloes.

5. The ____________________ breed of buffaloes from Haryana and Punjab is
famous for its high yield of milk.
6. The goats found in the Yamuna – Chambal valley are known as
____________________.
7. The ____________________ variety of goats is common in Maharashtra.
8. The ____________________ wool of Kashmir is very soft.
9. ____________________ is a summer fodder crop cultivated in Maharashtra.
11. Fisheries.
1. Inland fishing is carried on in the ____________________ Lake on the eastern
coast of India.
2. The state of ____________________ leads in the inland fisheries in India.
3. Out of the total fish production in India ____________________% comes from
inland fishing.
4. In India, the state of ____________________ ranks first in sea – fishing.
12. a. Mineral Resources
1. In India, ____________________ types of iron ore deposits are found on a large
scale.
2. ____________________State supplies iron ore on a large scale.
3. In Maharashtra, Iron ore deposits are found I ____________________ district.
4. ____________________ is mainly used in the manufacture of steel.
5. The Nagpur district is known for its ____________________ ore deposits.
6. ____________________ is obtained from bauxite ore.
7. ____________________ is used for making electric wires.
8. ____________________ State is the largest producer of copper in India.
9. ____________________is the chief copper ore mining centre in Jharkhand.
10.The Jhunjhunun area of Rajasthan is important for ____________________ ore
production.
12. b. Mineral Resources
1. Recently, gold is found at ____________________in Karnataka.
2. In India, lead and zinc are found in ____________________.
3. ____________________ is a bad conductor of electricity.
4. In India, more than 50 % of the total production of ____________________
comes from Jharkhand and Bihar.
5. In India, nearly 75% of the production of gypsum comes form
____________________.
6. Rock salt is found in the ____________________ district of Himachal Pradesh.
7. The diamonds of the ____________________mines are famous.
8. In India, ____________________ is found along the coasts of Kerala and Tamil
Nadu.
9. In India, ____________________ is the leading state in mineral production.
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13. a. Energy Resources

1. The steam engine was first operated by using ____________________ as a fuel.
2. In India, about 60% of the commercial energy is obtained from
____________________ alone.
3. ____________________State is the largest producer of coal in India.
4. Coal is found at ____________________ in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Jharia fields are famous for ____________________ production.
6. Bodaro coalfields are located in ____________________ state.
7. In Gujarat, Lunej and Ankaleshwar are the centres of production.
8. ____________________ is the largest producer of mineral oil in India.
13. b. Energy Resources.
1. India imports a large quantity of ____________________.
2. The oilfields of Naharkatia are in the state of ____________________.
3. In Uttar Pradesh, there is an oil refinery at ____________________.
4. The largest reserves of natural gas are found in the ____________________
area.
5. Every year about ____________________ crore cubic meters of natural gas is
being used in the country.
6. There is an atomic power station at ____________________ in Maharashtra.
7. In Uttar Pradesh, the atomic power station is located at
____________________.
8. There is an atomic power station at ____________________ in Tamil Nadu.
9. There power plant at Manikaran generates electricity from
____________________ energy.
10.The power plant at Timarpur uses ____________________ to generate
electricity.
14. Industries
1. ____________________ Industry is not totally raw material oriented.
2. ____________________ is the leading cotton textile centre in India.
3. In Gujarat, ____________________ is the main cotton textile centre.
4. The sugar industry was first developed in the state of ____________________.
5. The highest number of sugar factories is found in ____________________.
6. ____________________ is the leading producer of sugar in India.
7. Most of the sugar factories in Maharashtra are run on a ____________________
basis.
8. The recovery of sugar from the cane is more in ____________________.
9. It is preferable to locate an iron and steel factory near the
____________________ producing area.
10.The iron and steel industry generates ____________________ employment.
11.The first modern iron and steel factory in India was started at
____________________
12.The first factory producing iron and steel on a large scale was established
at ____________________.
13.Raurkela Steel Plant is located in the state of ____________________.
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14.The iron and steel factory at ____________________ in Tamil Nadu is near an

iron ore producing region.
15.The first cement factory in India was started at ____________________.
16.The manor cement producing state is ____________________.
15. Modes of Transport – Roads and Railways.
1. In India, roads form nearly____________________% of the total land transport
routes.
2. ____________________are under the direct control of state governments.
3. Mumbai and Bangalore are connected by a ____________________.
4. About ____________________ percent transportation takes place on the
national highways.
5. In India, the first railway track was laid between Mumbai and Thane in the
year. ____________________.
6. Rail – routes are built in Chhota Nagpur to exploit its ____________________
resources.
7. In India, the metro routes were first laid in ____________________.
16. Waterways, Airways and Communication.
1. The ____________________ River in Goa is used for internal transport.
2. ____________________ Port is situated on the western coast.
3. ____________________ is an excellent natural port in India.
4. As an alternative to Kolkata, another port has been built at
____________________.
5. Vishakhapatnam port has special facilities for exporting
____________________.
6. ____________________ is being developed as an excellent all weather port.
7. India and European countries are joined by the ____________________ canal
sea routes.
8. ____________________ handles air traffic to foreign countries.
9. ____________________ was started to provide helicopter services to Oil and
Natural gas commission.
10.____________________is the premier airline for the domestic air transport in
India.
11.In India, telephones were first introduced in ____________________.
12.In India, almost ____________________% of the post offices are located in
rural area.
13.____________________ is the most important means of communication.
17. Trade
1. The trade between Maharashtra and Mizoram is called ____________________
trade.
2. In India, ____________________is the main supplier of food grains to the other
states.
3. ____________________ forms the biggest item of imports in India.
4. ____________________ provides the biggest market for Indian goods.
18. Population.
1. In India, population census is carried out every ____________________ years.
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2. Of the word's population, about ____________________% lives in India.

3. The highest population is found in ____________________.
4. ____________________ is the most densely populated state in India.
5. ____________________ has the lowest density of population in India.
6. India ranks ____________________ in the world population.
7. In India, the sex ratio is highest in ____________________.
8. In India, the lowest sex ratio is found in ____________________.
9. In India, about ____________________% people live in villages.
10.As regards population, ____________________ is the largest city in India.
11.In India, ____________________ has the highest literacy.
12.According to 2001 census, ____________________% of the population in India
was literate.
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Q1.
Short notes on
1. North Indian plain region.
Answer.
1. It is formed between the Indian Plateau and the Himalayas.
2. It stretches from Rajasthan to Assam.
3. This plain is famous for its very flat topography.
4. It can be divided into three parts
a. Western Plain
b. Central Plain
c. Eastern Plain
2. River rising in Himalayas and their importance.
Answer. The river Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra are the main Himalayan river of
the Indian sub continent.
1. The Himalayan Rivers are long rivers.
2. This rivers are perennial
3. They are often heavily flooded during the rainy season.
4. During summer they get plenty of water from the melting ice.
3. Market oriented industries.
Answer. Automobile industries, glass (ceramics), science apparatus industries,
readymade garments, etc are called market oriented industries.
1. Industries in which the weight and volume of the finished goods became
bulky are located near the market. The best example of these industries is
automobile industries.
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2. Industries in which the finished goods are delicate, difficult to handle are
also located near the market. The best example of this industries are glass
(ceramics), science apparatus, etc,
3. The industries in which the taste and preference of the consumer changes
frequently are also located near the market. The best example of these
industries is readymade garments, tailoring shop, etc.
4. Airways in India.
Answer.
1. Airways are the fastest modes of transport.
2. It is the costliest mode of transport.
3. They are mostly used for passengers.
4. Light but costliest goods like diamond are transported through airways.
5. The modes of airways are
a. Aeroplanes
b. Helicopters.
c. Rockets, etc.
5. Alluvial Soil
Answer.
1. The Alluvial soil is formed mainly by the depositional work done by the
rivers in their valley s and the coastal plain.
2. It covers the larges area in India.
3. A variety of crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, tobacco, etc are grown in
this soil.
4. It is a faint yellow colour soil containing sand, clay, organic matter.
5. It has good proportion of potash and lime.
6. Karwar port
Answer.
1. Karwar port is a recently developed major port in Karnataka.
2. It will be an excellent well – equipped port.
3. The hinder land of this port is rich in
a. Iron ore
b. Manganese
c. Granite
d. Various agricultural products
e. Various forest products
f. Various marine products, etc.
4. A thermal power station and a petro – chemical complex are being built
near this port. It will gain greater importance in the near future.
7. Variability of Monsoon rainfall.
Answer.
1. The monsoon rainfall in India depends upon the monsoon winds.
2. Where the monsoon wind is uncertain and irregular.
3. Thus, the amount of monsoon rainfall is variable.
4. Deviation from the average rainfall is known as variability of rainfall.
8. SAARC
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Answer.
1. The Indian sub – continent comprises India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Srilanka, Nepal and Maldives.
2. Because of similar geographical condition, these countries have similar
economic activities and problems.
3. To safeguard this activities and to solve these problems they have formed a
group called ''South Asian Association for Regional Co – operation''
4. India occupies a largest area of this region.
5. Thus, India has played and important role in the formation and functioning
of SAARC.
9. River Godavari.
Answer.
1. The Godavari is the longest river on the Indian Plateau.
2. It is an eastward flowing river on the south Indian plateau.
3. It rises in the Sahyadris near Trmbakeshwar.
4. The Pranhita, Indravati and Manjra are its tributaries.
5. It is a perennial river.
10. Mumbai port
Answer.
1. It is the best and most important port of India.
2. It handles 20% of the total traffic of the major port of India.
3. Its cargo includes mineral oil, grains, machinery, etc.
4. It plays an important role in the trade with the gulf countries.
11. Non – conventional energy resources.
Answer.
1. Energy is being generated from sun light, wind, tides, geo – thermal, etc.
which are known as non – conventional energy resources.
2. These non – conventional energy resources are going to be very useful for
human being in future.
3. Producing energy from non – conventional energy resources is the only way
to conserve the conventional energy sources.
12. Norwesters.
Answer.
1. During summer, in Bengal and Orissa warm moist air comes from the Bay
of Bengal.
2. At the same time, hot and dry air blown from the north – west.
3. This strong – winds are called Norwesters.
4. This Norwesters are also known as Kalbaishakhi in West Bengal.
13. Satluj River.
Answer.
1. The Satluj River is the major river in the North West.
2. It rises from Rakas Lake near Mansarowar and flow through Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab.
3. It joint river Sindhu in Pakistan.
4. The main tributaries of the Satluj River are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Beas.
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5. Two dams have been built across the Satluj at Bhakra and Nangal under the
Bhakra Nangal project.
14. Free Trade
Answer.
1. The trade in which no tariff or other restriction is imposed on either the
import or the export is known as free trade.
2. For example in India there is no import or export duty on life saving drug
like cancer, AIDS drugs.
15. Population census.
Answer.
1. The periodic process of counting the population including such information
as, age, sex, education, occupation, etc. is known as population census.
2. It is carried out in every decade (i.e. once in every 10 years)
16. Marshy soil.
Answer.
1. Marshy soil is formed due to continuous presence of water.
2. It is mostly formed in the areas adjoining the sea.
3. it contains high proportion of Iron compounds and organic matter.
4. It is useful for the cultivation of jute.
17. Age structure.
Answer. The composition of population according to various age group is known
as Age structure of population.
For eg.
18. South West Monsoon and North east Monsoon winds.

South West Monsoon Winds
1. They blow in the south – west to north – east direction.
2. They blow from the sea towards land
3. They are warm and humid.
North East Monsoon Winds.

1. They blow in the north – east to south west direction.
2. They blow from the land towards sea.
3. They are cool and mostly dry.
19. SHORT NOTES ON CROPS
a. Rice:-
1. Rice is the main staple food crop of India.
2. About 22% of the total cropped area of India is under rice cultivation.
Climate:-
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1. Rice is mainly crop of hot and humid climate.

2. It requires more than 100 cm of rainfall.
Soil:-
It requires fertile alluvial soil.
Producing regions:-
West Bengal is the leading producer of rice, while per hectare yield is highest in
Punjab.
b. Wheat:-
1. After rice, wheat is the next important crop in India.
2. It occupies 13% of the total cropped areas.
Climate:-
1. Wheat is cultivated as a Rabi crop in India.
2. It requires 75 cm of rainfall.
Soil:-
It requires alluvial or organically rich black soil.
Producing regions:-
1. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are the
main producers of wheat.
2. Utter Pradesh is the leading producer of wheat, while per hectare yield is
highest in Punjab.
c. Jowar:-
1. It occupies about 11% of the total cropped area in India.
Climate:-
1. It is cultivated both in the Kharif and Rabi seasons.
2. It requires 50 cm of rainfall.
Soil:-
It grows well in the regur soil.
Producing areas:-
1. Maharashtra ranks first in the production of Jowar.
2. Maharashtra has 40% or the total area under Jowar.
3. It produces 50% of the total production of the country.
d. Cotton:-
1. It was first cultivated in India.
2. It occupies about 6% of the total cropped area.
Climate:-
1. A temperature of 220 C is required for cotton.
2. Rainfall of about 50 to 80 cm during the growth period is required for the
cotton crop.
3. There should be sufficient sunlight during the cotton picking season.
Soil:-
The deep and black regur soil is favourable for this crop.
Producing Regions:-
1. Cotton is cultivated in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
2. Maharashtra accounts for 36% of the total area under cotton in the country.
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e. Tea:-
India is the largest producer and exporter of tea in the world.

Climate:-
1. The Tea crop requires a warm and humid climate.
2. It requires about 150 cm or more than that of rainfall.
Soil:-
1. The tea plantations are found on the slopes of mountain.
2. Soil containing iron and nitrogen is essential for the tea plants.
Producing regions.
1. In India, the tea plantations were first established in the Brahmaputra
valley of Assam.
2. Even today, 45% of the total production of tea in the country comes from
this region alone.
20. SHORT NOTES ON RIVER PROJECTS
a. Damodar Valleyproject.
Answer.
2. Damodar is a tributary of the river Hugli.
3. The Damodar Valley Development Scheme was formulated in 1948 and was
implemented in stages.
4. Under this project, dams are constructed on the Damodar and its
tributaries.
The following are the benefits of the project:
1. The floods in the Damodar basin are now completely under control.
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2. Water is supplied for irrigation.

3. The industrial areas of the region are supplied with water and electricity.
b. Bhakra – Nangal Project.
Answer.
1. The Bhakra – Nangal Project is built on the river Satluj in two stages.
2. In the first stage, a dam 226-meter was built on the Bhakra in Himachal
Pradesh.
3. In the second stage, another dam was built on the Satluj at Nangal in
Punjab, to the south of the Bhakra dam.
4. Punjab and Haryana are the main beneficiaries of this multipurpose project.
c. Hirakud Project.
Answer.
1. The Hirakud Project is developed in the river Mahanadi to the west of
Sambalpur in Orissa.
2. Hydro – electricity is generated at Hirakud.
3. This project is successful in controlling floods of the Mahanadi and its
tributaries.
4. This project gives a great importance for Orissa.
d. Jayakwadi Project.
Answer.
1. The Jayakwadi dam is built on the river Godavari.
2. It is there in near Painthan in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
3. Its reservoir is named as Nath sagar.
4. Hydro – electricity is generated near the dam.
5. This area being developed as a tourist centre, bird sanctuary and fish –
breeding centre.
e. What are the objectives of the multi purpose river projects?
Answer. The main objectives of the multi purpose river projects are as follows_
1. The primary objective of a multipurpose project is to dam the diver and
supply its water for irrigation through canals.
2. Controlling floods.
3. Generating electricity.
4. Supplying water to cities, towns and industries.
5. Developing tourist places and rest houses.
21. Soil Conservation
Answer.
1. Conservation of soil is essential for maintaining the productivity of land.
2. The uplands and the hilly areas should be afforested to reduce the speed of
the running water and there by prevent soil erosion.
3. People should be educated about the adverse effect of deforestation and
the importance of afforestation.
22. Regions with low density of population in India.
Answer. Regions with low density of population in India includes Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Uttranchal, Chattisgarh, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Himalachal
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Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh has the density of population less than 200 per sq, km.
23. Littoral Forest
Answer.
1. These mangrove forests grow well in the swampy areas along the sea cost
and in the deltas.
2. They are quite dense.
3. Some of the trees attain a height of about 30 metres.
4. There are plenty of Sundari trees in the delta of the Ganga.
5. The trees in this forest are useful for making perfumes, paper, etc.
24. 'Vayudoot' Service
Answer.
1. The Vayudoot service was introduced in 1981.
2. It was established, especially to meet the needs of the north – eastern hilly
state.
3. These services were later extended to commercial and tourist centres,
which were not serviced by the Indian Airlines.
25. Sex Ratio of the population in India
Answer.
1. The sex ratio indicates the number of females per thousand males.
2. According to the 2001 census the sex ration in India was 933.
3. A general trend of fall in the number of females was found in the Indian
population till 1991.
4. Only in Kerala and Pandicherry there were more females than males.
5. In India, the lowest sex ratio among the states was found in Haryana.
26. Indian Airlines
1. 'Indian Airlines' is the premier Airline for domestic air transport in India. It is
an autonomous government company.
2. The services of the Indian Airlines are very useful for the transportation of
the passengers, goods and services made within the country.
3. It also operates a few flights to neighbouring countries like, Pakistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Maldives, etc.
27. Govind Sagar
Answer.
1. In the first stage of Bhakra Nangal Project built on the river Satluj a dam
with a height of 226m was constructed at Bhakra in Himachal Pradesh.
2. It is one o the highest dam in the world.
3. The reservoir created by this dam is named as ''Govind Sagar''.
4. Water of Govind Sagar is used for power generation and irrigation.
28. External trade of India.
Answer. The trade of one county with another is called external trade. It may be
import or export.
1. If India sells goods to U.S.A, Russia, U.K, Japan, Germany, U.A.E, etc. then it
is said to be export trade.
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2. If India purchase goods from U.S.A, Russia, U.K, Japan, Germany, U.A.E,
Saudi Arabia, etc. then it is said to be import trade.
29. Inorganic Soil
Answer.
1. The formation of Inorganic soil starts with disintegration of rocks into small
particles by the process of weathering and erosion.
2. This soil contains the minerals from the parent rock.
3. As rock has no organic matter in it, the soil is known as inorganic soil.
30. Manufacturing industry.
Answer.
1. In manufacturing industry the raw materials are converted into finished
goods.
2. Industries producing
a. Textile from cotton.
b. Sugar from Sugarcane.
c. Paper from wood pulps.
Are examples of manufacturing industries.
3. Countries like U.S.A, U.K, Germany and Japan have become well –
developed countries because of their manufacturing industries.
31. Transport by Roads and Railways.
Answer.
1. Roads have been common routes for many centuries whereas Railways
have been built for the last 150 years.
2. Roads contribute 85% of the land transport routes in India whereas
Railways contribute 15% of the land transport routs in India.
3. Door – to – Door facilities are possible in road transport whereas Door – to –
Door facilities are not possible in railways.
32. Flood prone region in India.
Answer.
1. Flood in a recurring problem in region where the Himalayan Rivers flow.
2. Thus, In Utter Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam are flood prone
region in India.
33. Density of population.
Answer. It is the ratio between the total population and the total area of the
region. Thus, density of population indicates average number of persons living in
a per square km area.
For eg. Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, Uttranchal, etc.
34. National Highways.
Answer.
1. They are long distance routes joining state capitals, important cities, big
industrial centres, major ports and places of strategic importance.
2. They are directly managed by the central government.
3. There are more than 34,600 km of national highways in India.
4. They form just 2% of the total length of all roads in India.
35. River Mahanadi.
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Answer.
1. The Mahanadi is the major eastward flowing river on the Indian plateau.
2. It rises in the hilly areas of Chattisgarh Plateau and meets the Bay of Bengal.
3. It is the largest and most important river of Orissa.
4. Orissa is greatly benefited by the Hirakud Project which is developed on this
river. The project has also helped control the floods of the river.
36. Saline and Alkaline Soil.
Answer.
1. The Saline and alkaline soil contains a very high proportion of salts and
alkalise.
2. Large areas of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Utter Pradesh have their soils
turned saline due to excessive use of canal waters.
3. These soils are infertile.
37. Bhabar plain.
Answer. The plain along the Himalayan foot hills which is formed by the
deposition of stones, pebbles, gravel and sand is known as Bhabar Plain.
38. Lift irrigation.
Answer.
1. In lift irrigation the water in the river is lifted by a pump and carried to the
field.
2. The area under lift irrigation is only 3% of the total irrigated areas.
3. Lift irrigation is costly so it is implemented by the government and co –
operative level only.
39. Project operation flood.

Answer. The program of the government to give momentum to the production of
milk in the country is called 'Project operation flood'
40. Cultural unity in India.
Answer.
1. India is a vast country with diverse geographical condition in its different
part. It has diversities in topography (scenery) climatic condition and
natural resources.
2. There are also diversities of religions, languages, customs, traditions, etc.
3. In spite this diversities, a common cultural heritage bind all people of India
together. Thus, cultural unity in India is observed.
Q2. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF
1. Explain the characteristics of the Indian subcontinent.
Answer. The following are the characteristics of the Indian subcontinent.
1. It is comprised of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and
Maldives. Its major portion is occupied by India.
2. It has a peculiar monsoon climate, which is caused by
a. The existence of the large continental region of Central Asia,
b. The direction of the mountain ranges bordering the subcontinent and
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c. The proximity (nearness) of the Indian Oceanin the south.

3. The northern mountain rim has retained the distinct identity of the Indian
subcontinent.
a. It protects the subcontinent from the severe cold winds of North Asia.
b. In the past, it made the entry of the outsiders into the subcontinent
difficult.
c. So, a distinct civilization of the people of the subcontinent originated
and developed here.
4. The monsoon climate and the associated plants and animals have helped in
the evolution of prosperous human life in the subcontinent.
5. The subcontinent has a distinct rainy period of nearly four months and
characteristic Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons.
6. Agriculture is the main occupation here. The people all over the
subcontinent practice similar agricultural operations. That is an evidence of
the geographical unity of the subcontinent.
7. Diverse population groups residing here retain their own character, but by
their long association for thousands of years they have become part of the
homogeneous Indian culture.
8. The countries of the subcontinent have formed a group called the South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to cooperate with one
another and solve their problems which are of similar nature.
2. Why is unity in diversity observed in India?
Answer.
1. India is a vast country having diverse geographical conditions in its
different parts. It has diversities in topography, climatic conditions and
natural resources.
2. There are also diversities of religions, languages, customs, traditions, etc.
3. In spite of these diversities, a common cultural heritage binds all the people
of India together.
4. The common qualities like tolerance, mutual affection, respect for all
religions and non –violence are inherited from this rich culture.
5. The saints of different religions have preached equality, fraternity,
tolerance and harmony to the people.
6. The poets and writers have spread the message of unity among the people
of India.
Thus, unity in diversity is observed in India.
3. Write about the Himalayan Mountain ranges.
Answer.
1. The Himalayan mountain ranges are spread over the entire northern border
of India.
2. They are the highest mountains in the world.
3. Stretching from the eastern border of Pakistan to western border of
Myanmar, they are about 2500 km long and 150 to 400 km wide.
4. They are young fold mountains.
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5. From south to north, there are three east – west ranges of the Himalayas
which are parallel to one another: - (1) The Shiwalik Range (2) The Middle
Himalayas and (3) The Greater Himalayas.
a. The Shiwalik Range: - The foothills of the Himalayas from the
Shiwalik Range, which stretches from the Potwar Plateau in Pakistan
to the Brahmaputra valley. Their height varies from 1000 to 1500
metres and they are 15 to 20 km wide.
b. The Middle Himalayas: - Adjoining the Shiwalik Range to its north
are the Middle Himalayas. Their average height is about 3000 metres
and their width is 60 to 80 km. Hill stations such as Shimla,
Mussoorie, Nainital & Darjiling are located on the southern slopes of
the Middle Himalayas.
c. The Greater Himalayas: - The northernmost and the highest range
of the Himalayas is known as the Greater Himalayas. Their average
height is 6000 metres and the width is 120 to 200 km.
The entire Himalayan region is characterised by high snow – clad peaks,
hills with steep slopes and deep valleys with swift flowing rivers.
4. Explain the importance of the Himalayas to India.
Answer.
1. The Himalayas serve as a natural fortification on the entire northern
boundary of India, They have retained the distinct identity of India.
2. They protect India from the severely cold winds blowing from North Asia.
They prevent these winds from entering India. So, the winter temperature
in India, barring high altitude places, remains above the freezing point. This
effect is quite beneficial to agriculture.
3. The Himalayas also obstruct the rain – bearing south – west monsoon winds
and cause rainfall all over North India. This rainfall brings down the late
summer temperatures considerably and proves beneficial to the Kharif
crops.
4. Most of the perennial rivers of North India originate form the Himalayas.
5. Hydroelectricity is generated from some of these rivers.
6. The forests on the Himalayas give many useful products like timber,
firewood, medicinal herbs, turpentine, resin, gums, etc.
7. The Himalayas are also rich in minerals.
8. Crops like teal and fruits are cultivated on the slopes of the Himalayas.
9. Sheep and goats are reared on the lower slopes of the Himalayas.
10.The Himalayas provide many tourist spots like hill stations and places of
scenic beauty which attract people in large numbers. So, tourism has
developed in this region.
5. Mention the major characteristics of the North Indian Plain.
Answer. The following are the major characteristics of the North Indian Plain.
1. It is formed between the Indian Plateau and the Himalayas.
2. It stretches from Rajasthan to Assam.
3. The rivers flowing from the Himalayas and the Indian Plateau have
deposited a huge amount of silt in this plain. The silting is nearly 500 to
4000 metres deep.
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4. This plain is famous for its very flat topography.

5. The North Indian Plain can be divided into three parts, namely Western
Plain, the Central Plain and the Eastern Plain.
6. The northern part of the Western Plain is fertile plain formed by the river
Indus (Sindhu) and its tributaries. It covers Punjab and Haryana. The
southern part of this plain is an arid land known as the Great Indian Desert
(Thar Desert).
7. The central plain is fertile plain, It lies in Uttar Pradesh. It is formed by the
rivers Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries.
8. The Eastern Plain comprises Bihar, the Ganga delta in Bengal and the
Brahmaputra plain in Assam. The Ganga delta is very flat and fertile.
9. The North Indian Plain has a dense network of transport routes. So, there is
a rapid economic growth. It occupies about 33% of the total area, but has
about 40% of the total population of India.
6. Explain with the help of a diagram how the deposition of alluvium has
taken place in the North Indian Plain.
Answer.
1. The rivers flowing from the Himalayas and the Indian plateau have
deposited a huge amount of silt in the geosynclines caused during the
formation of the Himalayas, giving rise to the North Indian plain.
2. The silting is nearly 500 to 4000 metres deep.
3. Along Himalayan foothills, the plain has deposition of stones, pebbles
gravel and sand, this part is known as Bhabar plain.
4. To the south of Bhabar is the Tarai plain formed by the deposition of fine
alluvium.
5. Further towards the south, the area with gentle slope and ole alluvium is
called Bhangar.
6. The plain with new alluvium is called Khadar.
7. Describe the East Coastal Plain
Answer.
1. The East Coastal Plain extends from the river Subarnarekha in the north to
Kanyakumari in the south.
2. It comprises the coastal areas of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
3. It is comparatively more extensive and wider then the West Coastal Plain. It
is relatively flat.
4. It contains the deltaic areas of the rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and
Kaveri.
5. Lake Chilka, Kolleru and Pulicat are located in this plain.
6. As the sea is shallow near the eastern coast, sandbars and beaches are
found there.
8. Describe the West Coastal Plain.
Answer.
1. The West Coastal Plain extends from the Rann of Kachchh to Kanyakumari.
2. It comprises the coastal areas of Gujarat, Konkan (Maharashtra), Goa,
Karnataka and Kerala.
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3. It is a narrow plain. Especially, the Konkan plain is quite narrow as the

Western Ghats here are very near the coast. The tall and unbroken Western
Ghats run parallel to the coast and appear like a wall from the western side.
4. The swift flowing short rivers have dissected the plain at a number of
places.
5. As compared to the east coast, the west coast is little more indented and
the ea there is d
9. Explain the functions of forests.
Answer. Forests perform productive and protective functions.
Productive functions.
1. Forest provides us with timber. Timber is useful for building, furniture and
other industrial uses.
2. They are the main source of fuel in the rural areas, where other fuels are not
available.
3. Besides, this there are also many products like honey, bamboo, cane,
medicinal herbs, gum etc are given by the forest.
4. They provide fodder for animals,
5. Forest areas are full of natural beauty, which attracts tourists.
Protective functions.
1. Forests reduce soil erosion.
2. They reduce floods.
3. They improve the quality of environment by purifying the air through the
intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.
4. They keep the environment cool, by reducing the temperature.
5. They reduce the intensity of heat and increasing the level of humidity.
10. Explain the importance of the Indian forests.
Answer.. The importance of Indian forest is as follows.
1. Forest provides us with timber. Timber is useful for building, furniture and
other industrial uses.
2. They are the main source of fuel in the rural areas, where other fuels are not
available.
3. Besides, this there are also many products like honey, bamboo, cane,
medicinal herbs, gum etc are given by the forest.
4. They provide fodder for animals.
5. Forest areas are full of natural beauty, which attracts tourists.
6. Forests reduce soil erosion.
7. They reduce floods.
8. They improve the quality of environment by purifying the air through the
intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.
9. They keep the environment cool, by reducing the temperature.
10.They reduce the intensity of heat and increasing the level of humidity.
11. Explain the economic importance of the forest products.
Answer. Forest products such as timber, bamboo, cane, medicinal herbs, grasses,
honey etc are important in the following ways.
Timber is useful for building, furniture and other industrial uses.
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They are the main source of fuel in the rural areas, where other fuels are not
available.
Bamboo is useful for the low cost buildings and huts in rural areas.
Cane is useful for making household articles and furniture.
Medicinal herbs are used to manufacture medicines.
Grasses are the main fodder for animals.
Soft wood obtained are used for making sports goods like bat, hockey stick,
etc. it also uses in the manufacture of paper, matchsticks, plywood and
packing boxes.
Moreover, honey is the most tasteful products available from the forest.
12. Explain the adverse effects of deforestation.
Answer. The following are the adverse effects of deforestation.
1. Deforestation has reduced the areas of forest which is already less than the
required one.
2. Reduction in forest area has increased the scarcity of forest products like,
timber, bamboo, cane, medicinal herbs, grasses, honey etc.
3. The decreasing proportion of forests has adversely affected the quality of
environment.
4. Deforestation has increased the possibility of soil erosion.
5. Deforestation has increased the possibility of floods.
13. The rate of deforestation is very high in India.

Answer.
1. In India, there has been a steep rise in the population during the last 40
years.
2. To meet the fast growing needs of the rising population, many forests have
been cut for_
a. Human settlement,
b. Factories.
c. Transport routs
d. Agriculture etc.
3. Forestproducts are also in great demand. So, the rate of deforestation is
very high in India.
14. State the various measures for the conservation of forests.
Answer. The following measures should be adopted for the conservation of forests
in India.
1. People should be educated regarding the benefits of forests and the ill
effects due to lack of them.
2. Campaigns like "Social forestry" ''Vanamohotsava'' and other afforestation
programmes should be taken up in right earnest.
3. Farmers should be encouraged to go for forest cultivation.
4. Rules and regulation related to tree – cutting should be strictly enforced.
15. Explain the Characteristics of Indian agriculture.
Answer. The following are the main characteristics of Indian Agriculture:
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1. Agriculture has been the most important occupation in India since Ancient
times.
2. Subsistence is its main characteristic.
3. In India, both dry farming and irrigated farming are practiced.
4. In India, agriculture depends mainly on the monsoon rains.
5. In India, both Kharif and Rabi crops are cultivated.
6. The crops which grow mainly in the rainy season are called Kharif crops.
7. The crops which grow mainly in the winter season are called Rabi crops.
8. The per hectare yield in India is very low.
16. What is meant by fallow land?
Answer. The farm land kept unseeded for a year or two, after ploughing and
harrowing it, to maintain the fertility of the soil is called fallow land.
17. What are the main objectives of Indian agriculture?
Answer. The following are the main objectives of Indian agriculture.
1. India has a very high population, so the main objective of Indian agriculture
is to supply food to the people.
2. Nearly, 70% of population directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture.
3. So, providing employment to a greater proportion is also one of the
important objectives of Indian agriculture.
4. India earns good amount of foreign exchange through the export of
agricultural products.
5. So, Producing certain commodities for export is also an important objective
of Indian agriculture.
18. What is meant by dry farming or Jirayat farming?
Answer. The farming based on rain only is called dry farming or Jirayat farming.
19. Explain the need for irrigation in India.
Answer.
1. The Indian agriculture is mainly depends upon the monsoon rainfall, which
is uncertain.
So, for adequate supply of water to crops, to rise their per hectare yield, to
cultivate more than one crop in a year the irrigation in India is needed.
20. Showing the Indian Plateau region in the map and write briefly
about it.
Answer.
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1. The Indian plateau is the most ancient landmass situated in South India. It
is surrounded by Aravali hills in the Northwest, Rajmahal hills in the north
east, Western Ghats in the west, Eastern Ghats in the east and Nilgris in the
south.
2. This plateau has height ranging between 300m to 900m from the sea level.
3. It occupies most of the peninsular India.
4. It is triangular in shape.
5. The Narmada river divides it into_
The North Indian Plateau and
The South Indian Plateau
i. North Indian Plateau: - It is located to the north of river Narmada.
It stretches from the Aravali hills in the Northwest to Rajmahal hills in
the North east.
ii. South Indian Plateau: - It is located to the south of the river
Narmada. It is also called Deccan plateau. It stretches from Satpuras
in the north the north to Nilgris in the south and from the Western
Ghats in the west to Eastern Ghats in the east. It slopes towards the
east.
21. Write the factors of location of cotton textile industry in India and
give information about it.
Answer.
1. The location of cotton industry does not depend upon its raw materials.
2. Cotton which is light and non – weight losing it can be easily transferable to
any place.
3. It depends upon,
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a. Market condition
b. Climatic condition
c. Efficiency of labour
d. Transport facilities available
4. In India, the cotton textile industries are mainly located in Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
5. Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Salem (Tirupur) are the main centres of cotton
textile industry in India.
22. Show Mumbai – Delhi rail route and give information about types of
rail routes in India.
Answer.
1. The first rail – track in India was laid between Mumbai and Thane in 1853.
2. Later, the rail lines were constructed in the plains and the economically
important regions.
3. Today, there is more than 62,900 km of rail routes in the country.
Types of railway routes:-
Broad gauge, Metre gauge and Narrow gauge are the types of railway
routes in India.
a. Broad gauge:- Out of the total length of rail route in India, 56% is broad
gauge. This percentage is increasing as the metre gauge and narrow gauge
rail – routes are converted into Broad gauge.
Important rail routes are:-

i. Mumbai – Delhi route
ii. Mumbai – Kolkata route
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iii. Mumbai – Chennai route

iv. Kolkata – Chennai route
v. Kolkata – Delhi route
vi. Jammu – Kanyakumari route, etc.
23. State the importance of Non – conventional energy resources.
Answer.
1. The conventional energy resources such as coal, mineral oil, etc are going
to be exhausted in near future.
2. Scientists all over the world are discovering new sources of energy.
3. Energy is being generated from sunlight, wind, tides, geo – thermal etc
which are known as non – conventional energy resources.
4. These non – conventional energy resources are going to be very useful for
human beings in future.
5. Although, this process involves a very huge capital expenditure but
producing energy from non – conventional energy resources is the only way
to conserve the conventional energy sources.
24. Write in brief about the rivers flow over plateau region of India.
Answer. The following are the characteristics of the river of the Indian plateau.
1. Only few of them are big rivers.

2. They get flooded in the rainy season only.
3. They are mostly dry in summer.
4. Therefore these rivers are called as seasonal rivers.
5. They are useful for irrigation and power generation.
6. According to their direction they are divided into four groups.
a. South ward flowing rivers : - Luni, Sabarmati, Mahi
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b. Northward flowing rivers: - Narmada, Tapi

c. Westward flowing rivers: - Chambal, Betwa, Son.
d. Eastward flowing rivers: - Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri.
25. Why is census carried out every decade? What are the advantages
of carrying it out?
Answer.
1. India is rich in human wealth, so it is necessary to utilise this human
resource for the development of the country.
2. For this purpose the government of India should have full information about
a. The number of persons living in different areas.
b. Their age structure.
c. Their occupation etc,
3. In order to get all this information census is carried out in every ten years
(decades)
4. It helps the government to find out the requirement of
a. Food to the people
b. Occupation requirement to the people,
c. Educational requirement to the people, etc.
5. It not only helps the government to find out solution to the problem arising
from the current population but also it helps to take appropriate measures
to meet the requirement of future generation.
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26. Write in detail about ''Sea fishing in India''

Answer.
1. Nearly 60% of the total fish production in India comes from sea fisheries.
2. Sea – Fishing is carried out along both the eastern and western coasts, from
the mouth of the Ganga to the coast of Gujarat.
3. Fishing in the deep sea is done with the help of big mechanized boats.
4. The sea near the Andaman – Nicobar Islands and Bay of Bengal are the
main fishing grounds.
27. Explain the economic importance of forest products and mark the
tropical evergreen rests in the outline map of India.
Answer. Forest products such as timber, bamboo, cane, medicinal herbs, grasses,
honey, etc are important in the following ways.
1. Timber is useful for building, furniture and other industrial uses.
2. They are the main sources of the fuel in the rural area, where other fuels
are not available.
3. Bamboo is useful for the low buildings and huts in rural areas.
4. Cane is useful for making household articles and furniture.
5. Medicinal herbs are used to manufacture medicines.
6. Grasses are the main fodder for animals.
28. Why was the GAAT formed? OR
Write a short note on General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade.
Answer.
1. No country in the world is self sufficient in producing all the goods that is
requires.
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2. Therefore every country has to depend on some other country to meet its
certain needs.
3. This gives rise to a international trade.
4. While doing this international trade there arise many difficulties and
obstacles.
5. In order to remove all this difficulties and obstacles and to make the
international trade simple the GATT was formed.
6. At present about 90% of the international trade is carried out through the
GATT.
7. In 1995, GAAT was replaced by World Trade Organisation (WTO).
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29. In the outline map of India, show the eastern tea producing areas
and write a note on Tea plantation?
Answer.
1. India is the largest producer and exporter of tea in the world.

Climate:-
1. The Tea crop requires a warm and humid climate.
Soil.:-
1. The tea plantation is found on the slopes of mountain.
2. Soil containing iron and nitrogen is essential for the tea plants.
Producing regions.
1. In India, the tea plantations were first established in the Brahmaputra
valley of Assam.
2. Even today, 45% of the total production of tea in the country comes from
this region alone.
30. What efforts are being made to increase milk production in India?
Answer. The following efforts are being made to increase milk production in India.
1. The farmers are now cultivating green fodder like Lucerne (alfalfa) for milch
animals.
2. Kadawal a summer fodder crop is cultivated in some parts of Maharashtra.
3. A neutrious animal feed containing oil cakes, mashed pulses, cotton seeds,
etc. is provided to the milch animals.
4. People now realised that even animals require a balanced diet.
5. Efforts are made to set up veterinary dispensaries at Taluka places.
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6. The Government of India, through the project 'OPERATION FLOOD'has

given an opportunity to increase the production of milk.
31. State the importance of communication?
Answer.
1. Speedy means of personal communication like telephone, telegram, fax,
etc are very useful for trade, commerce and other economical activities.
2. Mass media communications like newspapers, radio, television, internets,
etc make it possible to carry economical, social, cultural and political
messages to the large number of people.
3. As a result of satellite communication the world has now become a
''GLOBAL VILLAGE''.
4. Communication provides latest information to the trade and industries.
5. During Natural Calamities the communication plays a very important role.
6. Communication provides the forecasting whether report which is very
useful to farmers, fishermen, school children etc.
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32. Explain the importance of mineral resources in India?

Answer.
1. India is rich in metallic minerals like ores of Iron, Manganese, Bauxite

(Aluminium), Copper, etc. India has vast reserves of Iron ore.
2. During post – independence period, there has been a significant increase in
production of iron ore in the country.
3. So, India exports iron ore on a large scale.
4. The ion and steel industry is considered to be the backbone of the
industrial progress of any economy.
5. All types of machines, means of transport like trucks, lorry, car, train,
Agricultural implements, house buildings industry etc. depend on the iron
and steel industry.
6. In India, the first modern iron and steel factory was started at Kulti in West
Bengal.
33. Explain the importance of Doordarshan in communication?
Answer.
1. Doordarshan is a public means of communication.
2. It is a mass media of communication through which the messages are
spread throughout the country.
3. About 85% of the population watch program everyday on the television.
4. Programmes of our country as well as other countries can be viewed.
For. Eg. Programmes in Zee TV, Star News, Sony max etc. and
programmes in Discovery, National Geography, Animal planet,
Cartoon network, CNN, etc.
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5. Educational programmes like Discovery junior, KBC II, Sports Quiz, Indian
Idol are very useful for school going children.
6. Agricultural programmes are useful for farmers.
34. What are the aims of the National Water Grid (network)?
Answer.
1. There is increase in demand and supply of water in future.
2. Considering this the government of India is planning a ''National Water
Grid''
3. This plan includes the object of joining the
a. Ganga river to Kaveri
b. Brahmaputra to Ganga through canals.
c. Constructing canals on Narmada and turn them towards Gujarat and
Rajasthan.
4. Constructing canals from river Champal and it is taken upto the central part
of Rajasthan.
5. Diverting the direction of westward flowing rivers of Western Ghats towards
east is also one of the main objectives of 'National Water Grid' plan.
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35. In the outline map of India, show the Mumbai – Coachin and Chennai
(Madras) – Kolkata water ways and explain why the water ways are
cheaper as compared to other means.
Answer.
1. Water ways are naturally available except at the terminal ports.

2. Water ways involve no cost of construction and maintenance.
3. Whereas construction of roads and railways involve heavy expenditure.
4. Water ways are more convenient and economical for heavy goods (bulky
goods)
5. For example: - Goods like minerals, goal, machinery, etc.
36. Explain the South – West Monsoon winds? OR
How do the South – West Monsoon winds bring rainfall to India?
Answer.
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1. The factors responsible for the formation of south – west monsoon winds
are
a. The large extent of land area in the north.
b. The arrangement of mountain ranges
c. The tropic of cancer passing through the middle of India.
d. The location of Indian Ocean to the south.
2. With the help of summer in India, the temperature increases to its
maximum in the last week of May.
3. This temperature condition continues up to the last week of July in the
north and north western part of the country.
4. So, a high pressure area is formed in the southern hemisphere.
5. This contrasting situation causes the winds to blow from the south towards
the north.
6. As this winds advance towards India they pick up plenty of moisture from
the Indian ocean.
7. They enter India through two branches
a. One blowing over the Arabian sea &
b. Other one blowing from the Bay of Bengal.
8. These two branches give rain to almost the whole part of India.
Q3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN BRIEF
1. What are the major problems in live stock rearing?
Answer. The following are the major problems in live stock rearing.
1. Most of the domestic animals in India are of inferior grade.
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2. Due to malnutrition (௨ணவ பறறாகைற) and disease, they do not yield

enough milk.
3. The main reason for Malnutrition is the Scarcity of fodder and its poor
quality.
4. Malnourished (ெெழிநத) animals are subject to diseases.
5. Every year thousands of cattle fall diseases like foot rot, diphtheria,
rinderpest, etc.
6. In India, the number of diseased, ages and useless animals is large. To feed
them is a major problem.
2. State the various measures adopted for the conservation of live

stock (animals).
Answer.
1. Efforts are being made to provide good fee and ample water to the animals.
2. Farmers are now cultivating green fodder for the animals.
3. People have started providing a balanced diet to animals especially the
milch one.
4. The number of veterinary centres is being increased to provide relief to the
diseased animals and to control diseases.
3. The goat is called as the poor man’s cow.

Answer.
1. Like the cow, the goat is also useful to man in a number of ways. It provides
milk, meat and manure.
2. Moreover, it requires less expenditure for rearing.
3. Because of its small size, it requires a small space.
4. So, the goat is called as the poor man’s cow.
4. The area of pastures is quite small in India.

Answer.
1. India is a very densely populated country.
2. So, 40% of the total area of the country is under cultivation.
3. 23% of the area is under forest.
4. 13% of the land is under roads, railways, settlements, industries and water
bodies.
5. 8% is fallow land and the remaining 10% only is the grazing – cum – waste
land.
6. Since most of the cultivated land is used for the production of good crop.
7. It is very difficult to raise fodder crops or to use the land under cultivation
as a pasture.
8. Thus, the area of pastures is quite small in India.
5. Inland fisheries in India. OR

Explain inland fishing and show the leading state in inland fishing in the
stencil.
Answer.
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1. About 40% of the total fish production in India comes from inland fishing.
2. Inland fishing is done in rivers, lakes, tanks, canals and reservoirs of dams.
3. It is mostly fresh water fishing; Salt lakes such as Chilka and Pulicat are also
used for inland fishing.
4. West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh are the main
states leading in inland fishing.
5. West Bengal ranks first among them.
6. Sea fisheries of India.

Answer.
1. Nearly 60% of the total fish production in India comes from sea fisheries.
2. Sea – Fishing is carried out along both the eastern and western coasts, from
the mouth of the Ganga to the coast of Gujarat.
3. Fishing in the deep sea is done with the help of big mechanized boats.
4. The sea near the Andaman – Nicobar Islands and Bay of Bengal are the
main fishing grounds.
7. Explain the importance of fish seedlings development project. OR

Write a short note on “Fish Farming”
Answer.
1. The government of India making efforts for the development of fisheries in
the inland water bodies like reservoirs of the dams and lakes.
2. For this purpose, a National Fish Seedlings Development Project has been
established.
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3. Under this project, good quality seedlings of fish are cultivated in the
reservoirs and lakes and fish production is undertaken on a large scale
through proper management.
8. In recent years, the demand for mica in India is decreasing.

Answer.
1. Mica is mainly used as an insulator in certain electrical appliances, also in
the pharmaceutical and paint industries.
2. In recent years, substitutes like plastics and synthetic materials are used in
place of Mica.
3. So, the demand for mica in India is decreasing.
9. India exports iron ore on a large scale.

Answer.
1. India has vast reserves of iron ore.
the production of iron ore in the country.
10. Oil refineries are located along the coasts of India.

Answer.
1. India is deficient in mineral oil production.
2. So, it imports crude oil from outside.
3. So, to minimize the cost of transport and
4. To avoid the risk of transporting the oil since, it is highly inflammable in
nature.
11. Natural gas is an important domestic fuel. OR

Supply of natural gas to the rural areas is important.
Answer.
1. Natural gas provides a clean and non – polluting fuel.
2. It is easily stored in cylinders and transported to the consumers.
3. If natural gases are used in the rural areas, it can save many trees which
are otherwise cut for obtaining fuel wood.
12. Explain ‘India is a big market for the finished goods’

Answer.
1. India is a vast country
2. Population wise, it is the second larges country in the world.
3. Such a large population requires huge amount of finished goods to meet
their requirements.
4. In India, raw materials are available plenty for the manufacture of finished
goods.
5. Natural resources like water, soil, forests, animals, minerals and energy are
also available for the growth of various industries.
6. From the point of view of world market, location of India is quite favourable.
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7. So, India is a big market for the finished goods.
13. Write briefly about the Iron and Steel Industry in India
Answer.
the production of iron ore in the country.
4. The iron and steel industry is considered to be the backbone of the
industrial progress of any country.
5. All types of machines, means of transport like trucks, lorry, car, train,
agricultural implements, houses, buildings, industries etc. depend mostly
on the iron and steel industry.
6. In India, the first modern iron and steel factory was started at Kulti in West
Bengal.
14. What is localization of Industries? OR
What are the factors that affect localization of Industries?
Answer. Localization of Industries means “the selection of a place where a factory
is established is known as localization of industry.
The localization of industries depends upon the following factors.
1. Raw materials
2. Land suitable for the factory
3. Favourable Climate
4. Ample water supply
5. Energy or power supply
6. Capital and banking facilities
7. Skilled workers
8. Machinery
9. Market
10.Transportation facilities
11.Government policy, etc.
This can be explained in a diagram, which is given above.
15. State the benefits of transport routes.

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Answer. The benefits of transport routes are_

1. Transport routes are essential for the development of trade and industries.
2. They facilitate the supply of raw materials, labour and other equipment to
the industries.
3. Transport makes available of finished goods to the consumers.
4. Because of transport and communication the world has come closer now.
5. They act as lifelines during natural calamities like floods, famines, earth
quakes, etc.
16. What are the major modes of transport in India?
Answer. Land – routes lime roads and railways, water – routes and air – routes are
the major modes of transport.
Explanation of Road transport:-
1. Road transport occupies nearly 85% of the total length of the land transport
routes in India.
2. India has 30 lakh kilometres of roads.
3. These roads connect most of the places in the country.
4. The density of roads is high in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Tripura.
Types of roads:- Roads in India classified into 4 types according to their
importance.
1. National highways: - 1. They are long distance routes joining state
capitals, important cities, big industrial centres, major ports and places of
strategic importance. 2. They are directly managed by the Central
government. 3. There are more than 34,600 km of national highways in
India. 4. They form just 2% of the total length of all roads in India.
2. State highways:- 1. They connect all district headquarters and important
places in the state. 2. These roads are directly managed by the state
government.
3. District roads:- They join major town and markets in the district. They are
connected to the nearest state highways. They are managed by the Zilla
Parishad.
4. Village roads:-They are generally kutchcha roads. Many of them are not
usable in rainy season.
17. Give information about the rail routes in India.
Answer.
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1. The first rail – track in India was laid between Mumbai and Thane in 1853.
2. Later, the rail – lines were constructed in the plains and the economically
important regions.
3. Today, there are more than 62,900 km of rail – routes in the country.
Types of railway routes:- Broad gauge, meter gauge and narrow gauge are
the three types of railway routes in India.
Important rail routes: - In India, there are many important rail – routes like
1. Mumbai – Delhi, 2. Mumbai – Kolkata, 3. Mumbai – Chennai, 4. Delhi –
Kolkata, 5. Delhi – Chennai. 6. Chennai – Kolkata, 7. Jammu– Kanyakumari,
18. Discus the obstacles in the industrial development of India.
Answer. The obstacles in the industrial development of India are_
1. Shortage in the supply of power
2. Inadequate transport facilities
3. Lack of skilled labour
4. Scarcity of water and
5. Lack of capital
6. Political disturbance are the main obstacles in the industrial development in
India.
Q4. Give reasons:-
1. The Monsoon climate has originated in the Indian subcontinent.
Answer. The Monsoon climate has originate in the Indian subcontinent because
1. The Location and extent of the Himalayas and other mountain ranges in the
central part of Asia and the Indian Ocean to the south are the major factors
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responsible for the origin of the monsoon climate in the Indian

Subcontinent.
2. This location of huge landmass in the north and a vast water body in the
south causes seasonal change in winds and rains which is a peculiar feature
of the Monsoon climate.
2. The Eastern Ghats appear as a broken range.
Answer.
1. The South Indian Plateau is pulled towards the east. So, most of the rivers
on the plateau region such as Godavari, Krishna, Penneru, Kaveri, etc., Flow
in the eastward direction.
2. During their eastward journey, they come across the Eastern Ghats and
erode them. As a result, the Eastern Ghats appear as a broken range.
3. A Delta is formed at the mouth of the river Ganga.
Answer.
1. An area near the mouth of the Ganga is an extremely plain region with a
highly gentle slope. Because of this, the flow of the river is quite slow.
2. As a result, much of the Alluvium carried by the river is deposited in its
channel.
3. The deposited silt causes obstruction to the flow of water.
In this way, a delta is formed at the mouth of the river Ganga.
4. Compared to Mahabaleshwar, Wai receives less rainfall.
Answer.
1. When the Moist southwest monsoon winds are obstructed by the Western
Ghats, they rise upwards and become cooler. This leads to the
condensation of water vapour inside them and formation of clouds. These
clouds give rain to the Western Slopes of the Ghats.
2. So, they give much less rain to the region lying to the east of the Ghats.
Wai, situated in this region of rain shadow and gets only 71cm of annual
rainfall.
Thus, compared to Mahabaleshwar, Wai received less rainfall.
5. The northeast monsoon winds are generally dry.
Answer.
1. During winter, the northeast monsoon winds blow from the northern part of
the subcontinent towards the south.
2. As they blow from the land area towards the sea, they do not contain much
moisture, so they are generally dry.
6. Compared to Shillong, Cherrapunji receives more rainfall.
Answer.
1. A branch of the southwest monsoon winds blowing over the Bay of Bengal
enters the hilly region of Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills.
2. While passing through these narrow gaps in the hills, the winds rise
upwards and give more rains to the southern slopes of the Khasi hills where
Cherrapunji is located.
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3. So, Cherrapunji receives 1200cm of rainfall every year which is very high as
compared to Khasi – Jainitia hills and Shillong which receives only 140cm of
rainfall.
Thus compared to Shillong, Cherrapunji receives more rainfall.
7. The amount of rainfall decreases as we move from West Bengal to
Punjab.
Answer.
1. One branch of the southwest monsoon winds from the bay of Bengal blows
towards Punjab through West Bengal.
2. As it moves ahead from West Bengal, it goes on losing moisture by giving
rains to the regions on its way. Thus, the amount of rainfall decreases as we
move from West Bengal to Punjab.
8. The North Indian rivers are perennial.
Answer.
1. Most of the major North Indian Rivers have their sources in the snow - clad
ranges of the Himalayas.
2. This source area receives heavy rainfall during the rainy season flooding
the rivers frequently.
3. During summer also, these rivers get plenty of water from the melting ice.
Because of this reasons, the North Indian Rivers are perennial.
9. Ground water reserves are concentrated in the North Indian plain.
Answer.
1. Rain and Rivers of the Himalayas supply plenty of water to the North Indian
plain.
2. Since, the plain is covered by alluvium all over, water raises the ground
water level. Thus, ground water reserves are concentrated in the North
Indian plain.
10. There are limited reserves of ground water on the South Indian
plateau.
Answer.
1. The south Indian plateau is mostly made impermeable igneous rocks.
2. The rainfall on the plateau is also low.
3. So, there is very little scope for water to percolate easily in to the ground.
As a result, there are limited reserves of ground water on the South Indian
Plateau.
11. Soil has got more importance in Agriculture.
Answer.
1. Soil is an important medium through which food is supplied to the plants.
2. It also supports the plants survival and growth, So, the soil has got more
importance in agriculture.
12. Mountainous Soils are Immature.
Answer.
1. The weathered material on mountains cannot remain in situ, because of
steep slopes and speedy runoff in these areas. It is washed away
downwards in the direction of the slope.
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2. Because of this, the process of soil development remains incomplete. The

soil here is coarse and it contains many pieces of rocks. So, the
mountainous soils are immature.
13. Alluvial soil is fertile.
Answer.
1. Alluvial soil is a mixture of fine sand clay and organic matter. Since it is
made up of fine particles, it can hold water.
2. It contains a good proportion of potash and lime. All these ingredients make
it the best quality fertile soil.
14. Regur has moisture – retaining capacity.
Answer.
1. Regur has a high proportion of clay in it.
2. Because of fineness of its particles, clay can retain water.
So, Regur has moisture – retaining capacity.
15. The Laterite soil is red in colour.
Answer.
1. The laterite soil develops from the laterite rocks in the hot areas of high
rainfall where there is regularly alternating wet and dry spells.
2. Due to heavy rainfall, lime and silica are leached from the soil. This leaves
iron and aluminium compounds in a greater proportion in the upper layer
of the soil.
Since these compounds are red, the laterite soil is red in colour.
16. Deserts are encroaching towards Punjab.
Answer.
1. Punjab has a dry climate for a major part of the year.
2. Moreover, it is almost fully deforested for the purpose of agriculture.
3. Because of these reason, strong winds blow unobstructed from the great
Indian Deserts towards Punjab.
17. Deciduous forests are found in India.
Answer.
1. India receives rain during the rainy season only, which lasts for nearly four
months. So, India experiences dry weather for the major part of the year.
2. In order to survive the dry and hot spell, the trees in most regions shed all
their leaves at the end of the growing season.
So, Deciduous forests are found in India.
Answer.
1. In, India there has been a steep rise in population during the last 40 years.
2. To meet the fast growing needs of the rising population, many forests have
been cut for human settlements, Factories, transport routes and
agriculture.
Thus, the rate of deforestation is very high in India.
19. Tropical broad – leaved deciduous trees shed their leaves.
Answer.
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1. Tropical broad – leaved deciduous trees are found in the areas receiving
200 cm of rainfall during the rainy season. These areas experience dry
weather for nearly eight months.
2. In order to survive the long dry on hot spells, the trees in these areas shed
all their leaves at the end of the growing season.
3. This helps them to conserve water by reducing transpiration through
leaves.
20. Forest conservation is the need of the day.
1. During the last 40 years due to the growth of population, cities and
industries, there has been acute shortage of forest products in India.
Forests have been over – exploited and destroyed on a large scale for
selfish purposes.
2. Although it is possible to receive forest resource, it takes a very long time
to do so.
3. So, to conserve forests by giving priority to ecological balance is the need
of the day.
21. Some farmers keep the land fallow for a year or two.
1. Some farmers keep their farms un seeded after ploughing and harrowing
them for one or two year, to maintain the fertility of the soil.
2. Such uncultivated land is called fallow land.
3. With some efforts like mixed cropping, rotational cropping, use of manures
and fertilizers, etc., Fallow land can be brought under cultivations.
22. Per hectare production of crops in India is low.
Answer.
1. In India, the farmers use their land continuously for long without adding
fertilizers to the soil. As a result, the soil goes on losing its fertility.
2. Moreover, agriculture in India depends mainly on the monsoon rainfall
which is very irregular and uncertain. Because of these main reasons, the
per hectare production of crops in India is low.
23. The Production of crops had increased due to the green Revolution.
Answer.
1. The advanced western Technology and the strains of high – yielding cereal
crops bred by Dr. Norman Borlaug, a renowned U.S agronomist have
brought about green revolution in India.
2. The high – yielding varieties of corps, better irrigation facilities and greater
use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides are the means Green
Revolution. Due to employment of these means, there has been a
spectacular rise in per hectare yield and the overall production of
agricultural corps.
24. The Damodar valley project had proved to be a boon to the
development of Bihar and West Bengal.
Answer.
1. The Damodar is a tributary of the river Hugli.
2. The Damodar valley development scheme was formulated in 1948 and was
implemented in stages.
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25. Maharashtra is one of the leading states producing cotton.

Answer.
1. The cotton crop grows well in the deep black regur soil.
2. It needs less but well – distributed rainfall or irrigation.
3. Since, Maharashtra plateau has extensive regur soil, less rainfall and dry
climate, Maharashtra is one of the leading cotton producing states.
26. Even though Punjab receives low rainfall, the area under rice
cultivation has increased.
Answer.
1. The rice crop required fertile alluvial soil, hot and humid climate and more
than 100 cm of rainfall or irrigation.
2. Punjab has got fertile alluvial soil and also a hot and humid climate during
the rainy season. So, even though Punjab receives low rainfall, the area
under rice cultivation has increased.
27. West Bengal produces the highest quantity of jute.
Answer.
1. The Jute crop requires rainfall of about 200 cm, temperature of more than
200c and the renewed fertile alluvium sol every year.
2. The jute industry also requires plenty of water for retting the harvested
crop and washing the fibres. The delta region of the Ganga in west Bengal
has all these facilities. So, West Bengal produces the highest quantity of
jute.
28. Condiments and spices have great economic importance.
Answer.
1. Condiments and spices add flavour to the food items. Some of them are
preservatives also, So, they are in great demand both in the national and
international market.
2. India earns a good amount of foreign exchange from their export.
Thus, condiments and spices have great economic importance.
29. The area of pastures is quite small in India.
Answer.
1. India is a very densely populated country. So, 46% of the total area of the
country is under cultivation, 23% of the area is under forests, 13% of the
land is under roads, railways, settlements, 8% is fallow land and the
remaining 10% only is the grazing – cum – waste land.
2. Thus, the area of pastures is quite small in India.
30. Fish production in India has increased.
Answer.
1. A National fish seeding development projects has been initiated.
2. Training institutes have been started for training the people in fishing.
So, there is an increase in the fish production in India.
Answer.
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1. India has vast reserves or iron ore and during the post – independence
period, there has been a significant increase in the production of iron ore in
the country.
2. So, India exports iron ore on a large scale and earns valuable foreign
exchange.
32. Copper is useful in the manufacture of electric wires.
Answer.
1. Copper is a non – rusting malleable metal.
2. It is a good conductor of electricity.
So, it is useful in the manufacture of electric wire.
33. In recent years, the demand for mica in India is decreasing.
Answer.
1. Mica is mainly used as an insulator in certain electrical appliances and in
the pharmaceutical and paint industries.
2. In recent – years, substitutes like plastics and synthetic materials which are
more effective and cheaper than mica have been found. So, the demand for
mica in Indiais decreasing.
34. The Minerals in certain areas are on the verge of extinction.
Answer.
1. The mineral production has increased due to ever increasing demand in the
industrial and agricultural sectors.
2. It has also increased due to the modern methods of surveying and the
advanced mining technology.
35. A variety of crops are found in India.
Answer.
1. India is a vast country having a variety of soils and climatic conditions.
2. Since different types of soils and climatic conditions are suitable for
different types of crops, a variety of crops are found in India.
36. Rice is produced in both the coastal plains of India.
Answer.
1. The crop of rice requires fertile alluvial soil, hot and humid climate and
more than 100 cm of rainfall or irrigation.
2. Coastal plains of India provide all these facilities to the rice crop all the year
round.
3. So, Rice is produced in both Coastal plains of India.
37. West Bengal ranks first in the production of rice.
Answer.
more than 100 cm of rainfall or irrigation.
2. West Bengal provides all these facilities to the rice crop all the year round.
3. So West Bengal ranks first in production of rice.
38. Even though Punjab receives low rainfall, the area under rice
cultivation has increased.
Answer.
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more then 100 cm of rainfall or irrigation.
2. Punjab has got fertile alluvial soil and also a hot and humid climate.
3. It receives low rainfall, but it has a huge network of perennial canals.
4. So, rice is grown in Punjab with the help of irrigation.
5. Green revolution technology is widely used in Punjab for the cultivation of
rice.
39. Wheat is a Rabi crop.
Answer.
1. Wheat is a crop of cool climate.
2. India, being a monsoon country, experiences such cool climate in winter
only.
3. So, Wheat is cultivated as a Rabi (winter) crop in India.
40. Condiments and spices (படைை, கிராமப and ஏழககாய) have great
economic importance.
Answer.
1. Condiments and spices add flavour to the food items. Some of them are
preservatives also.
2. So, they are in great demand both in the national and international market.
3. India earns a good amount of foreign exchange from their export.
4. Thus, Condiments and spices have great economic importance.
Answer.
1. The cotton crop grows well in the deep black regur soil.
2. It needs less but well – distributed rainfall or irrigation.
3. Temperature of 220 and rainfall of 50 to 80 cm during the growth period is
good for the crop. It requires sufficient sunlight during the cotton plucking
season.
4. Since, the Maharashtra Plateau provides all these conditions.
Answer.
1. The jute crop requires rainfall of about 200 cm, temperature of more than
200 C. and the renewed fertile alluvium soil every year.
2. The jute industry also requires plenty of water.
3. The delta region of the Ganga in West Bengal has all these facilities.
4. So, West Bengal produces the highest quantity of jute.
Answer.
1. Punjab has a dry climate for a major part of the year.
2. Moreover, it is almost deforested for the purpose of agriculture.
3. Because of these condition, strong winds blows unobstructed from the
great Indian deserts towards Punjab.
4. They bring a lot of sand with them and spread it over the adjoining areas of
Southern Punjab.
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Thus, deserts are encroaching towards Punjab.

Answer.
2. During post – Independence period, there has been a significant increase in
the production of iron ore.
45. Waterway is cheaper than roads and railway.
Answer.
1. Waterways are naturally available except at the terminal port.
2. Waterways involve no cost either in construction and maintenance.
3. While roads and railways involves high expenditure.
4. Waterways are more convenient and economical for heavy goods (bulky
goods)
For eg : - Heavy goods like coal, minerals, machines, etc. can be easily
transported through water ways.
Hence, waterway is cheaper than roads and railway.
46. Over population is an obstacle in the over progress of the nation.
Answer.
1. When the population of a country increases the requirements of the people
also increases simultaneously.
2. So, it becomes necessary for the government to provide all the basic needs
of the people such as food, clothing, shelter, medical facilities, etc.
3. It leads to over requirement of resources. If the resources are not
adequately present or if effectively utilized there arises a problem of
poverty, illiteracy, poor health condition, ignorance, etc.
Hence, Over population is an obstacle in the over progress of the nation.
47. In India the volume of internal trade is more than its international
trade.
Answer.
1. No states in India are self sufficient in producing all the goods that it
requires.
2. Therefore every state has to depend upon some other states for its
requirements.
3. It leads to rise in the internal trade.
4. India's international trade is much limited, this is because,
a. India has very few surplus goods available for export.
b. It cannot import much more than its export, as it leads to deficit in
BOP(Balance of Payment)
Thus, In India the volume of internal trade is more than its international
trade.
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48. Tea plantations grow well on the slopes of mountain.

Answer.
1. Tea crop requires a warm and humid climatic condition.
3. Soil containing iron and nitrogen is essential for the tea plantation.
4. All these conditions are mostly available on the mountainous regions.
Hence, Tea plantations grow well on the slopes of mountain.
49. A regional and national electricity grid is planned.
Answer.
1. After producing the electricity, it should be transfer to the consuming area as
early as possible as it is not possible to store electricity for a long time.
2. If the electricity is carried too far, there is some wastage.
3. So the electricity cannot be distributed properly.
4. If the supply of electricity from one centre is discontinued due to poor supply,
weather
condition, etc. it should be continued from some other centre.
5. For doing all this process properly, regional and national electricity grids are
planned.
50. Deciduous trees shed their leaves.
Answer. Deciduous forests are found in India.
1. India receives rain during the rainy season only, which lasts for nearly four
months only.
2. So, India experiences dry weather for the major part of the year.
3. In order to survive the dry and hot spell, the trees in most of the region
shed all their leaves.
4. These trees are called deciduous trees.
So, deciduous trees shed their leaves.
Answer.
1. Copper is a non – rustling and malleable metal.
2. It is a good conductor of electricity.
So, copper is useful in the manufacture of electric wires.
GEOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENTS
Q1. Answer the following in briefly 4
MARKS
1. Write the economic importance of the forest produce
2. Describe ‘Development of Livestock’
3. Give the factors of Localization of Industries
4. Why is unity in diversity observed in India? October 2004
1. Explain in detain GATT?

2. In the outline map of India, show the eastern tea producing area and writhe
a note on Tea Plantation.
3. Explain the importance of mineral resources in India
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4. Explain the characteristics of the Indian Sub – continent. March 2004

1. Give the importance of the Bhakra Nangal Project.
2. Write briefly about the Iron and Steel Industry.
3. State the benefits of transportation routes.
4. What are the major problems in livestock rearing? October 2003
1. Explain the characteristics of Indian Agriculture.
2. Explain with figure how Jaikwadi Project has developed surrounding area.
3. In the outline map of India, show the Mumbai – Coaching and Chennai
(Madras) – Kolkata water ways and explain why the waterways are cheaper
as compared to the other means.
4. In the outline map of India, show the eastern region’s tea farming area and
writhe a geographical note about tea crop.
March 2003
October 2002
1. Explain the south – west monsoon winds.
2. Mention the economic importance of the forest products.
3. What efforts are being made to increase milk production in India?
4. Name the major modes of transport and give the information of road
transport in India.
1. Describe the West coastal plain.
2. What are the aims of the National Water Grid?
3. What are the objectives of the multipurpose river projects?
4. State the importance of communication. March 2002
October 2001
1. Showing the Indian plateau region in the map and write briefly about it.
2. Write briefly the main characteristics of Indian agriculture.
3. Write the factors of location of cotton textile industry in India and give
information about it.
4. Show Mumbai – Delhi rail – route and give information about types of rail –
routes in India.
March 2001
1. Discuss the obstacles in the industrial development of India.
2. Write in brief about the rivers which flow over plateau region on India.
3. Explain the characteristics of Indian agriculture.
4. Why is census carried out every decade? What are the advantages of
carrying it out?
October 2000
1. Explain the characteristics of the Indian sub – continent.
2. What is Localisation of Industries? What are the factors that affect the
localisation of industries? Explain any one factor.
3. Explain Inland fishing and show the leading state in inland fishing in the
stencil.
4. State the importance of Non – conventional energy resources.
March 2000
1. Write in detail about “Sea fishing in India”
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2. Explain the economic importance of forest products and mark the tropical
evergreen forests in the outline map of India.
3. Explain “ India is a big market for the finished goods”
4. State the location of Damodar valley project in the outline map of India and
describe it.
October 1999
1. What is meant by multipurpose project? Give the importance of Jayakwadi
project.
2. Write a short note on cotton regarding
Climate, Soil, Cultivating states
3. Write about regional and national grid of electricity and the electricity
zones in India.
4. Write briefly about the factors of the location of the industries, especially
the iron and steel industry in India.
March 1999
1. What is trade? How does trade originate?
2. State the importance of Non conventional energy resources.
3. Describe the four types of roads and explain their importance
4. State the major types of soils found in India. Write a detailed note on
Literate Soil.
October 1998
1. What are the major problems of livestock rearing?
2. Why are minerals on the verge of extinction? How can they be conserved?
3. How do the S.W. Monsoon winds bring rainfall to India?
4. Explain briefly the types of rail routes in India. Name any two of the
important rail routes.
1. Describe the east coastal plain
2. State the adverse effects of deforestation.
3. What is Project Operation Flood? State its objectives
4. Write a note on National Highways. March 1998
1. Write briefly about the Iron and Steel industry in India.
2. Explain the main features of the rivers rising in the Himalayas.
3. What effort is the government making for the balanced development of
fisheries?
4. What are the benefits of transport routes? October 1997
March 1997
1. Explain with the help of a diagram how the deposition of alluvium takes
place in the North Indian plain region.
2. In the outline map of India show any Northern State having very less area
under cultivation and describe any four characteristics of the Indian
Agriculture.
3. In the outline map of India show any one iron – ore producing region of
Bihar and describe in short the types of iron – or and its distribution.
4. In the outline map of India show any southern state having high density of
roads and write in short the importance of transport routes.
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October 1996
1. In the outline map of India show the eastern region’s tea farming and write
a geographical note about tea crop.
2. In the outline map of India show waterways between Mumbai – Cochin and
Madras – Kolkatta and Explain why the waterways are cheaper as compared
to other means.
3. Explain with figures how the deposition of alluvium on the north Indian
plain region.
4. Explain with figure how Jaikawadi project had developed surrounding area.
1. Why is GATT formed?
2. Give the importance of Jayakawadi Project.
3. Explain the characteristics of Indian Agriculture.
4. Explain the North – East Monsoon Winds. March 1996
Q2. Give the geographical reasons of the following
(any three) 6 marks
October 2004
1. The monsoon climate has originated in the Indian sub – continent.
4. Waterway is cheaper than roads and railway.
5. Over – population is an obstacle in the over progress of the nation.
March 2004
1. The monsoon climate has originated in the Indian Sub – continent.
2. A dense network of rail – routes is found in the North Indian plain.
3. In India, the volume of internal trade is more than its international trade.
4. Oil refineries are located along the coasts of India.
5. The density of population is low in Rajasthan.
October 2003
1. A delta is formed at the mouth of the river Ganga.
2. Tea plantations grow well on the slopes of mountains.
3. Mumbai is the chief centre of Cotton Textile industry.
4. Railways are divided into nine zones.
5. Recently poultry farming has started extensively in the country.
March 2003
1. Sugar factories are located in the sugarcane growing areas.
3. Compared to Shillong, Cherrapunji received more rainfall.
4. West Bengal produces the highest quantity of Jute.
5. The laterite soil is red in colour.
October 2002
1. The monsoon climate has originated in the Indian Sub – continent.
3. Due to Green Revolution, the production in agriculture has increased.
4. It is necessary to enhance the use of internal waterways.
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5. India is a big market for finished goods.

March 2002
1. The amount of rainfall decreases as we move from West Bengal to Punjab.
2. Deciduous trees shed their leaves.
4. Mountain soils are immature.
5. Water transport is cheaper.
October 2001
1. Unity in diversity is observed in India
2. Mountainous soil is known as immature soil.
3. Condiments and spices have a great economic importance.
4. Oil refineries are located along the coasts
March 2001
1. A regional and national electricity grid is planned.
2. Regur soil has moisture retaining capacity.
3. North – east monsoon winds are generally dry.
4. Ground water resources are concentrated in the North Indian plain.
5. Monsoon climate has originated in the Indian sub – continent.
October 2000
1. Population census is carried out every 10 years in the country.
2. Deciduous forests are found in India.
3. In India railways are divided into different zones.
4. Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the chief centres of the cotton textile industry.
5. A delta is formed at the mouth of the river Ganga.
March 2000
1. In India the volume of internal trade is more than its international trade.
2. Communication is very important for the development of the country.
3. The area under pastures is less in India.
5. Damodar Valley Project has proved to be a boon to the development of
Bihar and West Bengal.
October 1999
1. As compared to Mahabaleshwar, Wai receives less rainfall.
2. The deserts are encroaching towards Punjab.
3. The North Indian Rivers are perennial.
4. Sugar factories are located in the sugarcane growing areas.
5. It is necessary to enhance the use of internal water – ways.
March 1999
1. Recently the demand for mica has decreased in India.
2. Fish production in India has increased.
3. Forest conservation is the need of the day.
4. Alluvial soil is fertile.
5. Some farmers keep the land fallow for a year or two.
October 1998
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1. Mountainous soils are immature.

2. Water transport is cheaper than road and rail transport
3. Mumbai is the chief cotton textile centre.
4. Supply of natural gas to the rural areas is important.
5. Even though Punjab receives low rainfall the area under rice cultivation has
increased.
March 1998
1. The Eastern Ghats appear as a broken range.
2. Soil has got more importance in agriculture.
4. India exports iron or on a large scale.
5. The Indian railways are converting different gauges into broad gauge.
October 1997
1. Wai receives lesser rainfall than Mahabaleshwar.
2. Condiments and spices have great economic importance.
3. The minerals in certain areas are on the verge of extinction.
4. Oil refineries are located along the coast.
5. Water transport is cheaper than rail and road transport.
March 1997
1. Compared to Shillong Cheerapunji receives more rainfall.
2. Mountainous soils are immature.
4. There are limited reserves of groundwater on the Indian plateau.
5. Over – population is an obstacle in the overall progress of the country.
October 1996
1. Compared to Mahabaleshwar, Wai receives less rainfall.
2. There are limited reserves of groundwater on the Indian Plateau.
3. Deserts are encroaching towards the Punjab.
4. In recent years demands for mica in India is decreasing
5. Sugar factories are located in the sugar – cane growing areas.
March 1996
1. Oil refineries are located along the coasts of India
2. Sugar factories are located in the sugar cane growing areas.
3. Laterite soil is red in colour.
4. Groundwater reserves are rather meager in the south Indian plateau.
5. The per hectare production of crops in India is low.
Q3. Write short notes on.
October 2004
1. North Indian Plain Region
2. Functions of Forests
3. Rivers rising in Himalayas and their importance
4. Market oriented industries
5. Airways in India.
March 2004
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1. Trellis drainage pattern.

2. Alluvial soil
3. Karwar Port
4. Variability of the monsoon rainfall
5. Rajasthan Canal Scheme.
October 2003
1. SAARC
2. River Godavari
3. Manganese producing area
4. Mumbai port
5. Non – conventional energy resources
March 2003
1. SAARC
2. Norwesters
3. Sutlej River
4. Functions of Forests
5. Fish culture
October 2002
1. Norwesters
2. Inundated canals
3. Fish culture
4. Free trade
5. Population census
March 2002
1. Variability of monsoons
2. River Sutlej
3. Marshy soil
4. Fallow land
5. Age structure.
October 2001
1. South west monsoon and North east monsoon winds.
2. Perennial and inundated canals
3. National fish seedling development project
4. Soil conservation
5. Bhakra – Nangal Project.
March 2001
1. GATT agreement
2. Regions with low density of population in India
3. Market oriented Industries
4. Littoral forests
5. Southwest Monsoon winds
October 2000
1. The main objectives of Indian Agriculture
2. Production of Tea in India
3. ‘Vayudoot’ services
4. External trade of India.
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5. Variability of Monsoon Rainfall

March 2000
1. Inorganic soil
2. Protective functions of Forests
3. Manufacturing industry
4. Transport by Roads and Railways
5. conservation of Mineral Resources
October 1999
1. Drainage pattern
2. Economic importance of the forest product
3. Main characteristic of Indian agriculture
4. Inland fisheries and sea fisheries
5. General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)
March 1999
1. Sex – ratio in India
2. Conservation of mineral resources
3. Various measures of conservation of animals
4. Development of water resources
5. Flood prone regions in India.
October 1998
1. Free Trade
2. Density of Population
3. National Highway
4. Fish culture
5. Norwesters
March 1998
1. Norwesters
2. The river Mahanadi
3. Saline and Alkaline soil.
4. Protective function of the forests
5. Sex – ratio
October 1997
1. Fallow land
2. Bhabar Plain
3. Lift Irrigation
4. Project operation flood
5. Density of population
March 1997
1. Cultural unity in India
2. Fish farming
3. Conservation of mineral resources
4. Indian Airlines
5. Factors of localization of industries
October 1996
1. Variability of Monsoon rainfall
2. Fallow land
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3. Fish farming
4. Free trade
5. Sex – ratio
March 1996
1. Density of population in India
2. Airways in India
3. Regional and National Grid of Electricity
4. Conservation of Mineral Resources
5. Forest production in India.
OMTEX CLASSES '''FIELD WORK''' (4

marks)
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN TWO MARK EACH

1. WHAT IS FIELD WORK? OR WHAT IS THE AIM OF FIELD WORK?
Answer.
1. Geography is a science to be learnt through observation. Although direct
observation of the whole world is not possible, we can study some
geographical factors in our physical and cultural environment.
2. We can visit certain landforms; dam's, power projects, factories, markets,
etc. and acquire first hand information about them. Such a study is called
the field work.
2. WHAT FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED BEFORE STARTING A FIELD
SURVEY?
1. We must know the aims and objectives of the field survey. It gives ideas
about the Preparation to be made for the survey.
2. We must know about the geographical features that we will come across.
3. We should obtain a map or Sketch of the area of our survey. It enables us to
know about our routes.
4. We must have a good set of questions based on the aim of the field survey.
These are he factors should be considered before starting a field survey.
3. WHICH GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN A FIELD
SURVEY?
Answer.
[1] Location of the place of the field survey.
[2] Physical features.
[3] Climate and its effect on the diet, costumes and shelters of the
People.
[4] Water resources.
[5] Soil and crops.
[6] Plants and animals in the surroundings.
[7] Trade and Transport etc…
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4. WHY IS A SKETCH MAP USED IN FIELD STUDY?

Answer.
A Sketch map is used in field study to enables us to know about
[1] Our route
[2] The likely place of the distance.
[3] The means of transport and
[4] The time required for reaching there.
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5. WHICH EQUIPMENTS/ MATERIALS ARE ESSENTIALS FOR FIELD WORK?

Answer. Equipments/ materials like field book, pen, pencils, measurers tape,
compass, etc. are essentials for field work. A camera can be very useful for taking
photographs of the landforms and cultural features. Nowadays, it is better to use
a mobile phone with camera attached in it.
6. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A CAMERA ON A FIELD TRIP?
Answer.
1. A camera is useful for taking photographs of the land forms, Flora, fauna
and cultural features of the places of study.
2. These Photographs make the report of the field trip more Concrete,
authentic and interesting.
7. EXPLAIN THE NECESSITY OF FIELD STUDY?
Answer.
[1] There are many physical and human aspects of geography which
cannot be explained properly in a class room or a laboratory.
[2] They are better understood if they are observed at their locations
[3] Geography is a science which cannot be learnt through observation.
[4] Field study helps us to acquire first hand information about the natural and
cultural features of the area that we have to study.
8. WHICH POINT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHILE WRITING A REPORT OF
THE
FIELD VISIT?
Answer. The points should be considered while writing a report of the field visit is.
[1] Introduction
[2] Location
[3] Physical features
[4] Climate
[5] Land use
[6] Population and
[7] Conclusion
9. WHAT INFORMATION SHOULD BE GIVEN ABOUT POPULATION IN A
FIELD
STUDY REPORT?
Answer.
[1] Total population.
[2] Its age structure.
[3] Sex ratio
[4] Percentage of literacy and
[5] Occupation in the area.
10. EXPLAIN HOW THE INTRODUCTION OF A REPORT CAN BE WRITTEN?
Answer.
[1] The importance of the aspect selected for the study should be described
properly.
[2] The distance of the place of visit, the nature of the road [kutchcha or Pucca]
and the kind of transport used should be mentioned.
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[3] The objective of the field work should be specified.

11. WHY IS CLIMATIC INFORMATION IMPORTANT IN A FIELD WORK
REPORT?
Answer.
[1]Climatic plays a very important role in moulding the
Lifestyle of man.
[2]Even today, man’s stable food, clothing, shelter, economic activities, etc. are
much influenced by climate. So, climate information is important in a field work
report.
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Q1. FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. A heavy concentration of mineral-based industries is found on the Chhota

42.Low scattered hills is a characteristic feature of the Eastern Ghast

1. India and Indian Subcontinent

2. In the month of May, the highest temperature is recorded in

1. ____________________Soil has a high proportion of clay.

6. The main object of multipurpose project is ____________________.

4. ____________________ leads the world in the number of buffaloes.

13. a. Energy Resources

14.The iron and steel factory at ____________________ in Tamil Nadu is near an

2. Of the word's population, about ____________________% lives in India.

18. South West Monsoon and North east Monsoon winds.

North East Monsoon Winds.

1. Rice is mainly crop of hot and humid climate.

India is the largest producer and exporter of tea in the world.

2. Water is supplied for irrigation.

39. Project operation flood.

c. The proximity (nearness) of the Indian Oceanin the south.

4. This plain is famous for its very flat topography.

3. It is a narrow plain. Especially, the Konkan plain is quite narrow as the

13. The rate of deforestation is very high in India.

Important rail routes are:-

iii. Mumbai – Chennai route

1. Only few of them are big rivers.

b. Northward flowing rivers: - Narmada, Tapi

26. Write in detail about ''Sea fishing in India''

1. India is the largest producer and exporter of tea in the world.

6. The Government of India, through the project 'OPERATION FLOOD'has

32. Explain the importance of mineral resources in India?

1. India is rich in metallic minerals like ores of Iron, Manganese, Bauxite

1. Water ways are naturally available except at the terminal ports.

2. Due to malnutrition (௨ணவ பறறாகைற) and disease, they do not yield

2. State the various measures adopted for the conservation of live

3. The goat is called as the poor man’s cow.

4. The area of pastures is quite small in India.

5. Inland fisheries in India. OR

6. Sea fisheries of India.

7. Explain the importance of fish seedlings development project. OR

8. In recent years, the demand for mica in India is decreasing.

9. India exports iron ore on a large scale.

10. Oil refineries are located along the coasts of India.

11. Natural gas is an important domestic fuel. OR

12. Explain ‘India is a big market for the finished goods’

7. So, India is a big market for the finished goods.

2. Land suitable for the factory

4. Ample water supply

5. Energy or power supply

6. Capital and banking facilities

11.Government policy, etc.

This can be explained in a diagram, which is given above.

15. State the benefits of transport routes.

Answer. The benefits of transport routes are_

responsible for the origin of the monsoon climate in the Indian

2. Because of this, the process of soil development remains incomplete. The

25. Maharashtra is one of the leading states producing cotton.

Thus, deserts are encroaching towards Punjab.

48. Tea plantations grow well on the slopes of mountain.

1. Explain in detain GATT?

4. Explain the characteristics of the Indian Sub – continent. March 2004

5. India is a big market for finished goods.

1. Mountainous soils are immature.