EG3018/12

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEENSESSION 2011-12 Degree examination in EG3018 FLUID MECHANICS A

Monday 16 January 2012 2.00 p.m. 5.00 p.m.

Notes: (i) Candidates are permitted to use approved calculators. (ii) Candidates are permitted to use the Engineering Mathematics Handbook, which will be made available to them. (ii) Data and list of Aide Memoires are contained on a separate sheet
PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING (i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly permitted in the rules appropriate to this examination. Where this is permitted, such material must not be amended, annotated or modified in any way. (ii) You must not have in your possession any material that could be determined as giving you an advantage in the examination. (iii) You must not attempt to communicate with any candidate during the exam, either orally or by passing written material, or by showing material to another candidate, nor must you attempt to view another candidates work. Failure to comply with the above will be regarded as cheating and may lead to disciplinary action as indicated in the Academic Quality Handbook (www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x1.pdf) Section 4.14 and 5.

Candidates should attempt ALL questions. All questions carry 20 marks. 1. (a) Explain why it is almost always practically impossible to achieve perfect dynamic similarity between a model and prototype fluid flow phenomenon. [4 marks] (b) Use dimensional analysis to show that the drag force per unit length circular cylinder in a fluid flow has the form

F on a vertical L

F = C D Du 2 , where D is the cylinder L diameter, is fluid density, u is flow velocity and CD is a coefficient which depends on uD the Reynolds number ( Re = ). Use , u, D as the recurring set in your analysis. [10 marks]
(c) A model bridge structure is to be tested in a wind tunnel in which the air properties are the same as those for the full-scale bridge.The geometric scale factor is 1:20 (model:prototype). What wind speed should be generated in the tunnel to model a wind speed of 20m/s for the prototype bridge? A structural member of the bridge is a vertical circular cylinder. What is the full-scale force per unit length on this structural member if the force per unit length measured on the corresponding element of the model is 500N/m?
(Refer Aide Memoire for density and viscosity of air.)

[6 marks]
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2.

A steel pipeline conveys oil from the separators on an offshore oil platform to a landing site. The density and dynamic viscosity of the oil are 859 kg/m3 and 26.2 x 10-3 Ns/m2 respectively and the bulk modulus is 1.5x109 N/m2. The pipeline is 100 km long and has a diameter of 800 mm, wall thickness 20mm and roughness 0.04 mm. The throughput (discharge) is 300,000 barrels of oil per day (1 m3 = 6.3 barrels). (a) Calculate the head loss due to friction over the pipeline length. [8 marks] (b) A number of booster pumps are to be placed along the pipeline. If the pressure on exit from the separators is 9 bar and pressure along the pipeline must not be allowed to drop below 5 bar, calculate the maximum distance to the first pump from the separators. Assume the pipeline is horizontal. [6 marks] (c) Show that closing a valve at the landing site within 1 minute is an instantaneous closure and calculate the corresponding magnitude of the dynamic pressure generated by the closure. [6 marks]

3.

(a) What is meant by the terms normal depth, critical depth, alternate depth and conjugate depth in the context of flow in open channels? [4 marks] (b) A change in bed level of 1 m along a channel with rectangular section produces the flow profile illustrated in Figure 3. The channel width is 4 m and the discharge is 7.32 m3/s. The bed slope downstream of location B is 1:400 and the Manning number is 0.0217 s/m1/3. The flow is critical at location A and steady uniform at D. Calculate the flow depth at A. [2 marks] Calculate the flow depth at D. [5 marks] (iii) Assuming no energy loss between A and B, calculate the flow depth at B. [5 marks] (iv) If energy losses between B and C cause the water depth to rise 20 mm per metre length of channel between B and C, calculate the distance from B to the hydraulic jump at C. [4 marks]
(i) (ii)

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4.

Figure Q3 A pump is required to pump water through a 350 mm diameter, 5 km long pipeline. The static lift is 20m. The head losses due to friction may be estimated using Darcy-Weisbach equation with = 0.022 and minor head losses (on a valve and five 90o bends) amount to 6 times the velocity head. The pump has the following characteristics where the usual notation applies: Q (l/s) H (m) (%) 0 40 15 39 39 30 36 56 45 32 67 60 26 63 75 17 47 [12 marks] (b) In order to increase the discharge, an identical pump is installed in the pipeline in series with the first one. Determine the discharge and the total power consumption. [5 marks]
(c) The flow in a single pipe system (a) is to be reduced by half by closing the valve.

(a) Determine the operating discharge and the pump power.

Indicate, without further calculation, the additional head loss that the valve should generate. [3 marks]

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5. Two different porous materials are packed in a laboratory rig (Figure Q5). Hydraulic conductivities of the materials are: K1=1 10-3 m/s, K2=2 10-4 m/s. The cross section of the rig is rectangular, 0.4 0.2cm.

Figure Q5
(a) The first experiment is run with water levels in tank A and B of 0.70m and 0.5m

respectively. Calculate the hydraulic head at the contact between the two materials (section C in Figure Q5), Darcys velocity and discharge. [9 marks]
(b) In the second experiment the water level in tank A is 0.35m and the hydraulic head at the

contact between the two materials is 0.34m. Calculate the discharge and the hydraulic head at the right end of the second material. [6 marks]
(c) Plot the hydraulic head along the rig in both experiments using graph paper.

[5 marks]

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EG/ES3018 FLUID MECHANICS Data and Aide Memoire

water density water viscosity air density air viscosity water bulk modulus Youngs modulus for steel 1 bar = = = = = = = 1000 kg/m3 1.12 x 10-3 Ns/m2 1.23 kg/m3 1.79 x 10-5 Ns/m2 2.05 x 109 N/m2 210 x 109 N/m2 105 N/m2

hf =

8LQ 2 2 gD 5

k 2.51 = 2 log s + 3.7 D Re d 1 c = + K tE

2 1

Po = gHQ

Pj =

1 Qv 2 j 2

L du hi = g dt

p = cu

H =

pD 2t

Q=

1 AR 2 / 3 S o n

Fr =

gL

yc =

q2 g Q D 2 gH

y2 1 = 1 + 8 Fr12 1 y1 2 N 2D2 gH

Q gH P for pumps: 3 2 2 ND N D N 3 D 5

turbines:

P D 2 (gH ) 3 / 2

NPSH HT dh dx hw ln ( R / rw )

NPSH =

P P v g g

u = K

Q = 2 T
n

H 2 hw Q = K ln ( R / rw ) H h =
2 2 n

Q R h = i 1n i ri i =1 2T

i =1

Qi R 1n i K ri

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