+ + +
uuur uuuuur uuuur uuur
By the polygon law of addition.
__________________
Slide 19
____________________
(iv) Vector addition exhibits following properties
1. a b b a + +
r r
r r
(commutativity)
2.
( ) ( )
a b c a b c + + + +
r r
r r r r
(associativity)
3. a 0 a +
r
r r
(additive identity)
4. ( ) a a 0 +
r
r r
(additive inverse)
5. ( )
1 2 1 2
k k a k a k a + +
r r r
(multiplication by scalars)
6.
( )
k a b ka kb + +
r r
r r
(multiplication by scalars)
(v) Inequality law:
1. a b a b + +
r r
r r
2. a b a b
r r
r r
__________________
Slide 20
____________________
Position Vector of a Point
If a point O is fixed in space as origin then for any point P,
the vector OP a
uuur
r
is called the position
vector (P.V.) of P w.r.t. O.
Let a and b
r
r
be the position vectors of the points A and B
respectively with reference to the origin.
Then, OA a,OB b
uuur uuur r
r
__________________
Slide 21
____________________
By triangle law of addition of vectors, we have
OA AB OB +
uuur uuur uuur
AB OB OA
uuur uuur uuur
AB b a
uuur r
r
__________________
Slide 22
____________________
Solved Example
If a, b, c
r
r r
be the vectors represented by the sides of a
triangle, taken in order, then prove that: a b c 0. + +
r r
r r
__________________
Slide 23
____________________
Solution
Let ABC be a triangle such that;
BC a,CA bandAB c.
Then, a b c BC CA AB
BA AB AB AB
a b c 0
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
uuur uuur uuur r
r r
uuur uuur uuur r
r r
uuur uuur uuur uuur
r r
r r
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Slide 24
Illustration
If c 3a 4b and 2c a 3b, +
r r
r r r r
show that:
(i) c and a
r r
have the same direction and c a . >
r r
(ii) c and b
r
r
have opposite direction and c b . >
r
r
__________________
Slide 25
____________________
Solved Example
The position vectors of points A, B, C, D are
a,b,2a 3b and a 2b +
r r r
r r r
respectively. Show that
DB 3ba and AC a 3b. +
uuur uuur r r
r r
__________________
Slide 26
____________________
Solution
We have, DB
uuur
Position vector of B Position vector of D
( )
DB b a 2b 3 b a
uuur r r r
r r
and, AC
uuur
Position vector of C Position vector of A
( )
AC 2a 3b a a 3b. + +
uuur r r
r r r
__________________
Slide 27
____________________
Illustration
Let ABCD be a parallelogram. If a,b,c,
r
r r
be the position
vectors of A, B, C respectively with reference to the origin
O, find the position vector of D with reference to O.
__________________
Slide 28
____________________
Section Formula
(i) Internal Division:
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b
r
r
respectively, and C be a point dividing AB internally in
the ratio m : n. Then the position vector of C is given by:
mb na
OC
m n
+
+
r
r
uuur
__________________
Slide 29
____________________
(ii) External Division:
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a a n d b
r
r
respectively and let C be a point dividing AB
uuur
externally in
the ratio m : n. Then the position vector of C
ur
is given by;
mb na
OC .
m n
r
r
uuur
__________________
Slide 30
____________________
Illustration
Find the position vectors of the points which divide the join
of the points 2a3b and 3a2b
r r
r r
internally and externally
in the ration 2 : 3.
__________________
Slide 31
____________________
Illustration
Let a, b, c
r
r r
be the position vectors of three distinct points
A, B, C. If three exist scalars x, y, z (not all zero) such that
xa yb zc 0 + +
r r
r r
and x + y + z = 0, then show that A, B
and C lie of a line.
__________________
Slide 32
____________________
Illustration
Prove using vectors: The diagonals of a quadrilateral
bisect each other iff it is a parallelogram.
__________________
Slide 33
____________________
Coplanar Vectors
Vector are said to be coplanar if all of them lie in the same
plane. As shown in the figure.
Here, vectors a,b and c
r
r r
are coplanar because all of
them lie in the plane of the paper.
Coplanar vectors may have any directions or magnitude.
__________________
Slide 34
____________________
Components of a Vector in Two Dimensions
Let P (x, y) be a point in a plane with reference to OX and
OY as the coordinate axes. As shown in the figure.
Where OM = x and PM = y
Let
i, j be unit vectors along OX and OY respectively.
Then,
OM xi andMP yj
uuuur uuur
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Slide 35
Vectors
OM and MP
uuuur uuur
are known as the components of
OP
uuur
along x-axis and y-axis respectively.
__________________
Slide 36
____________________
Then,
r xi yj +
r
(vector representation of a point)
2 2
r x y ; +
r
(magnitude of a vector)
Thus, if a point P in a plane has co-ordinate (x, y), then
(i)
OP xi yj +
uuur
(ii)
2 2
OP x y +
uuur
__________________
Slide 37
____________________
(iii) The component of OP
uuur
along x-axis is a vector
xi,
whose magnitude is |x| and whose direction is along
OX or OX according as x is positive or negative.
(iv) The component of OP
uuur
along y-axis is a vector
yj,
whose magnitude is |y| and whose direction is along
OY or OY according as y is positive or negative.
__________________
Slide 38
____________________
Components of a Vector AB
uuur
in terms of Co-ordinates
of A and B
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
AB x x y y . +
uuur
__________________
Slide 39
____________________
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication of a Vector by a
Scalar and Equality in Terms of Components
For any two vectors,
1 1 2 2
a x i y j andb x i y j + +
r
r
Then we define
(i) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
a b x x i y y j + + + +
r
r
(ii) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
a b x x i y y j +
r
r
(iii) ( ) ( )
1 1
ma mx i my j, +
r
where m is scalar quantity
(iv)
1 1 2 2
a b x y and x y .
r
r
__________________
Slide 40
____________________
Solved Example
Find the values of x and y so that vectors
2i 3j and xi yj + + are equal.
__________________
Slide 41
____________________
Solution
1 1 2 2
a i b j a i b j + +
1 2 1 2
a a and b b
2i 3j xi yi + +
x = 2 and y = 3.
__________________
Slide 42
____________________
Illustration
Find the components along the coordinates of the position
vector of each of the following points:
(i) P(5, 4)
(ii) S(4, 5).
__________________
Slide 43
____________________
Components of a Vector in Three Dimensions
Let P (x, y, z) be any point in space and
i, j, k are the unit
vectors along the axes of co-ordinates. As shown in the
figure.
OP zk xi yj xi yj zk. + + + +
uuur
__________________
Slide 44
____________________
Note: If P (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) and Q (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) are any two points
in space, then ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
PQ x x i y y j z z k + +
uuur
Scalar components of PQ along the three axes are; (x
2
x
1
),
(y
2
y
1
) and (z
2
z
1
) respectively and the corresponding
vector components are ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
x x i, y y j and z z k.
In this case,
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
r PQ x x y y z z . + +
uuur
r
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Slide 45
Solved Example
Find the sum of vectors
a i 2 j k , b 2i 4j 5k + + +
r
and
c i 6j 7k.
__________________
Slide 46
____________________
Solution
( )
a b c a b c + + + +
r r
r r r r
( ) ( ) { } ( )
a b c i 2 j k 2i 4j 5k i 6j 7k + + + + + + +
r
r r
( ) ( ) ( )
{ } ( )
a b c 12 i 2 4 j 1 5 k i 6j 7k + + + + + + +
r
r r
( ) ( )
a b c i 2j 6k i 6j 7k + + + + +
r
r r
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c 1 1 i 2 6 j 6 7 k + + + + +
r
r r
a b c 0i 4j k. + +
r
r r
__________________
Slide 47
____________________
Solved Example
The position vectors of the points P, Q, R are
i 2j 3k, 2 i 3j 5k and 7 i k + + + + respectively. Prove that
P, Q and R are collinear
__________________
Slide 48
____________________
Solution
We have, PQ
uuur
Position vector of Q Position vector of P
( ) ( )
PQ 2i 3j 5k i 2j 3k 3i j 2k and + + + + + +
uuur
QR
uuur
Position vector of R Position vector of Q
( ) ( )
QR 7 i k 2i 3 j 5k 9i 3j 6k + +
uuur
Clearly, QR 3PQ.
uuur uuur
This shows that the vector PQ and QR
uuur uuur
are collinear.
But, Q is common point between PQ and QR.
uuur uuur
Therefore,
given points P, Q and R are collinear
__________________
Slide 49
____________________
Illustration
If A, B, C have position vectors (2, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2)
show that ABC is isosceles.
Slide 50
Collinearity of Vectors
If a and b
r
r
are two collinear or parallel vectors, then there
exists a scalar such that a b o r b a
r r
r r
__________________
Slide 51
____________________
Note:
(1) Two non-zero vectors a a n d b
r
r
are collinear if there
exists scalars x, y not both zero such that xa yb 0. +
r
r
(2) If a, b
r
r
are any two non-zero non-collinear vectors and
x, y are scalars, then xa yb 0 x y 0. +
r
r
__________________
Slide 52
____________________
Illustration
If a and b
r
r
are non-collinear vectors, find the value of x
for which vectors: ( ) ( ) x 2 a band 3 2x a 2b + +
r r r
r r r
are collinear.
__________________
Slide 53
____________________
Collinearity of Points
Let A, B, C be three points. Then, each pair of the vector
AB, BC; AB, AC; BC, AC
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
is a pair of collinear vectors.
Thus to check collinearity of three points, we can
check the collinearity of any two vectors obtained with the
help of three points.
__________________
Slide 54
____________________
Note: Three points with position vectors a,b and c
r
r
are
collinear if and only if there exists three scalars x, y, z not
all zero simultaneously such that:
xa yb zc 0 + +
r r
r r
together x + y + z = 0.
__________________
Slide 55
____________________
Illustration
Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors
2a 3b 5c,a 2b 3c and 7a c + + + +
r r
r r r r r r
respectively, are
collinear.
__________________
Slide 56
____________________
Product of Two Vectors
There are two ways in which the two vector quantities are
multiplied.
(a) Scalar or Dot product:
(Whose result is a number and does not involve direction)
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(b) Vector or Cross product:
(Whose result is associated with a definite direction
and as such is a vector quantity). Now, we shall
discuss these products.
__________________
Slide 57
____________________
Scalar (or Dot) product of two vectors
The scalar product of aandb
r
r
written as a.b
r
r
is defined to
be the number a b
r
r
cos, where is the angle between
the vectors aandb
r
r
i.e., a.b a b cos
r r
r r
__________________
Slide 58
____________________
Note: Let aandb
r
r
be two given vectors forming an angle
, where 0 . Then the scalar product of a and b
r
r
(i) is positive, if is acute
(ii) is negative, if is obtuse
(iii) is zero, if is right angle
(iv) a.b
r
r
is a pure number and not a vector
(v) The scalar product of aandb
r
r
is sometimes denoted
by
( )
a,b .
r
r
__________________
Slide 59
____________________
Properties of Scalar Product
(i)
2
2
a.a a a
r
r r
i . i j . j k.k 1
(ii) a.b b.a
r r
r r
(i.e., commutative)
(iii) a.0 0
r
r
(iv) ( )
( )
a.b acos b projectionof a onb b
r r
r r
also ( )
( )
a.b bcos a proj ect i onof bona a
r r
r r
__________________
Slide 60
____________________
(v)
( )
( ) a. b c a.b a.c distributive + +
r r
r r r r r
(vi) ( ) ( )
( )
l a . m a lm a.b
r
r r r
(vii) a.b 0 a, b
r r
r r
are perpendicular to each other
i . j j.k k. i 0
(viii)
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
a b a b . a b a b 2a.b t t t + t
uur uur r r r r
r r r r
__________________
Slide 61
____________________
(ix)
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
a b . a b a b a b +
r r r
r r r
If
1 2 3 1 2 3
a a i a j a k and b b i b j b k + + + +
r
r
Then
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b a b a b a b + +
r
r
(x) If a, b
r
r
are non-zero, then the angle between them is
given by
a.b
cos
a b
r
r
r
r
or
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
a b a b a b
cos
a a a b b b
+ +
+ + + +
where
1 2 3 1 2 3
a a i a j a k and b b i b j b k. + + + +
r
r
__________________
Slide 62
____________________
Solved Example
( ) ( )
Find a 3b . 2 a b , i f a i j 2k and b 3i 2j k. + + + +
r r
r r r
__________________
Slide 63
____________________
Solution
We have,
( ) ( )
a 3b i j 2k 3 3i 2 j k 10i 7 j k + + + + + +
r
r
( ) ( )
and 2ab 2 i j 2k 3i 2 j k i 0j 5k + + + + +
r
r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a 3b . 2ab 10i 7 j k . i 0j 5k + + + +
r r
r r
= (10) (1) + (7) (0) + (1) (5) = 10 0 5 = 15
__________________
Slide 64
____________________
ALITER: We have
a 1 1 4 6, b 9 4 1 + + + +
r
r
14anda.b 3 2 2 3. +
r
r
( ) ( )
a 3b . 2ab +
r r
r r
a.2aa.b 3b.2a3b.b +
r r r r
r r r r
( )
2
2
2 a a.b 6 b.a 3 b +
r r r
r r r
( )
2
2
2 a 5 a.b 3 b +
r r
r r
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 6 5 3 3 14 15. +
__________________
Slide 65
____________________
Solved Example
Find the value of so that the vectors
a 2i j k + +
r
and
b i 2 j 3k +
r
are perpendicular to each other.
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Slide 66
Solution
The vectors aandb
r
r
are perpendicular to each other.
a.b 0
r
r
( ) ( )
2i j k . i 2 j 3k 0 + + +
(2) (1) + (2) + (1) (3) = 0
2 + 5 = 0
= 5/2.
__________________
Slide 67
____________________
Illustration
Find the value of p for which the vectors a 3 i 2 j 9k + +
r r r
r
and
b i pj 3k + +
r r r r
are
(i) perpendicular (ii) parallel.
__________________
Slide 68
____________________
Components of a Vector b
r
along and Perpendicular to
Vector a
r
Let a and b
r
r
be two vectors represented by OA and OB
uuur uuur
and let be the angle between a and b.
r
r
Draw BM OA.
Shown as,
b OM MB +
uuuur uuur r
or
( ) ( )
( )
OM OM a OBcos a b cos a
uuuur r
__________________
Slide 69
____________________
( )
( )
2
a.b
a.b a a.b a.b
b a a a
a a a a b a
_
_
_
,
,
,
r
r r r r r r
r r
r
r
r r r r
r r
also b OM MB +
uuuur uuur r
2
a.b
MB b OM b a
a
_
,
r
r
uuur uuuur r r
r
r
Thus, the components of b
r
along the perpendicular to a
r
are
2 2
a.b a.b
a and b a
a a
_ _
, ,
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
respectively.
Slide 70
Solved Example
Show that the projection vector of
( ) 2
a.b
a o n b 0 is b.
b
_
,
r
r
r r r
r
r
__________________
Slide 71
____________________
Solution
Let be the angle between a and b
r r
Shown as in the adjoining figure;
Here OM is the length of projection of a on b
r r
and
( )
OM OM b,
uuuur
i.e., OM
uuuur
is the projection vector of a on b
r
r
OM
cos OM a cos
OA
r
__________________
Slide 72
____________________
a.b a.b
OM a
a b b
_
,
r r
r r
r
r r
r
(projection of a on b
r
r
)
a.b
OM
b
r
r
r
Now,
( )
2
a.b a.b b a.b
OM OM b b b
b b b
b
_
_ _
, ,
,
r r r r
r r r
uuuur r
r r r
r
Projection vector of ( )
2
a.b
a o n b 0 is b.
| b |
_
,
r
r
r r
r
r
__________________
Slide 73
____________________
Vector (or Cross) Product of two Vectors
The vector product of two vectors a andb
r
r
denoted by
a b
r
r
is defined as the vector a b sin ,
r
r
where is
the angle between the vectors a,b and
r
r
is the unit
vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b
r
r
(i.e.,
perpendicular to both a and b
r
r
).
__________________
Slide 74
____________________
The sense of is obtained by the right hand thumb rule.
i.e., a,b and
r
r
form a right handed screw.
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If we curl the figures of our right hand from a t o b
r
r
through
the smaller angle (keeping the initial point of aandb
r
r
same), the thumb points in the direction of .
__________________
Slide 75
____________________
In this case,
( )
a, band or a b ,
r r
r r
in that order are said to
form right handed system.
It is evident that a b absin
r
r
__________________
Slide 76
____________________
Properties:
(i)
( )
a b b a
r r
r r
(non-commutative)
a a 0
r r
(ii)
i i j j k k 0
__________________
Slide 77
____________________
(iii)
( )
a b c a b a c + +
r r
r r r r r
(Distributive law)
(iv) ( )
( ) ( )
la mb lm a b
r r
r r
(v) a b 0 aandb
r r
r r
collinear (If none of a, or b
r
r
is a
zero vector)
__________________
Slide 78
____________________
(vi)
i j i j sin90 k k
i j k, j k i ,k i j
j i k, k j i, i k j
Slide 79
(vii) If
1 2 3 1 2 3
a a i a j a k and b b i b j b k + + + +
r
r
then,
1 2 3
1 2 3
i j k
a b a a a
b b b
r
r
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1
a b a b i a b a b j a b a b k + +
__________________
Slide 80
____________________
(viii) Any vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b
r
r
is
( )
a b ,
r
r
where is a real number. Unit vector
perpendicular to
a b
aandb
a b
r
r
r
r
r
r
__________________
Slide 81
____________________
(ix) If a and b
r
r
are adjacent sides of a triangle then;
Area of
1
a b
2
r
r
If a, b
r
r
are adjacent sides of parallelogram,
Its Area a b
r
r
__________________
Slide 82
____________________
(x) If a, b
r
r
are diagonals of parallelogram;
Its Area
1
| a b| .
2
r
r
__________________
Slide 83
____________________
Solved Example
Find a b, i f a 2i k and b i j k. + + +
r r
r r
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Slide 84
Solution
i j k
We have, a b 2 0 1
1 1 1
r
r
( ) ( ) ( )
a b 0 1 i 2 1 j 2 0 k i j 2k. + +
r
__________________
Slide 85
____________________
Solved Example
Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the
vectors
i 2j 3k and 3 i 2 j k. + + +
__________________
Slide 86
____________________
Solution
Let
a 3i j 2k and b i 3 j 4k. + +
r
r
Then,
i j k
a b 3 1 2
1 3 4
r
r
( ) ( ) ( )
4 6 i 12 2 j 91k + +
2i 14j 10k
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
a b 2 14 10 300 + +
r
r
Area of the parallelogram
1
a b
2
r
r
1
300sq.units.
2
__________________
Slide 87
____________________
Illustration
Given a 10, b 2 and a.b 12, find a b .
r r r
r r r
__________________
Slide 88
____________________
Illustration
In a ABC internal angle bisectors AI, BI and CI are
produced to meet opposite sides in A, B and C
respectively. Prove that the maximum value of
AI.BI.CI 8
is .
AA. BB. CC 27
__________________
Slide 89
____________________
Scalar Triple Product
It is defined for three vectors
a, b, c
r
r r
in that order as the scalar
( )
a b .c,
r
r r
which can also be written simply as a b.c.
r
r r
It denoted the volume of the parallelepiped formed by
taking a,b,c
r
r r
as the coterminus edges.
i.e. V = magnitude of
( ) ( )
a b .c a b . c
r r
r r r r
and is
represented by a b c . 1
]
r
r r
__________________
Slide 90
____________________
Geometrical Interpretation of a Scalar Triple Product
Let a, b, c
r
r r
be three vectors. Consider a parallelepiped
having coterminus edges OA,OB and OC
uuur uuur uuur
such that
OA a,OB b and OC c.
uuur uuur uuur r
r r
Then a b
r
r
is a vector
perpendicular to the plane of a and b.
r
r
If is a unit vector
along a b
r
r
then is the angle between and c.
r
__________________
Slide 91
____________________
Now,
( )
a b c = a b .c 1
]
r r
r r r r
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) . c
r
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( ) .c
r
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( ) c cos
r
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( ) c cos
r
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) (OL)
= Area of base height
= volume of parallelepiped
__________________
Slide 92
____________________
Properties:
(i) If a, b, c
r
r r
are given by
1 2 3
a a i a j a k, + +
r
1 2 3
b b i b j b k + +
r
Mathematics Vectors 119
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1 2 3
c c i c j c k + +
r
Then,
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
a a a
a b .c b b b
c c c
r
r r
__________________
Slide 93
____________________
(ii)
( ) ( )
a b .c a. b c
r r
r r r r
i.e., position of dot and cross can
be interchanged without altering the product. Hence it
is also represented by a b c .
1
]
r
r r
(iii) a b c b c a c a b
1 1 1
] ] ]
r r r
r r r r r r
(iv) a b c b a c
1 1
] ]
r r
r r r r
(v) k a b c k a b c
1 1
] ]
r r
r r r r
__________________
Slide 94
____________________
(vi) a bcd acd bcd
1 1 1
+ +
] ] ]
r r r r r
r r r r r
(vii) a,b,c
r
r r
in that order form a right handed system if
a, b, c 0
1
>
]
r
r r
__________________
Slide 95
____________________
(viii) The necessary and sufficient condition for three non-
zero, non-collinear vectors a, b, c
r
r r
to be coplanar is
that abc 0
1
]
r
r r
i.e., a, b, c
r
r r
are coplanar abc 0
1
]
r
r r
(ix) Four points a, b, c, d
r r
r r
are coplanar if,
dbc dca dab abc
1 1 1 1
+ +
] ] ] ]
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
or abc acd adb dbc
1 1 1 1
+ +
] ] ] ]
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
(x) abc aab bba ccb 0
1 1 1 1
] ] ] ]
r r r r r
r r r r r r r
i.e., if any two vectors are same then vectors are
coplanar.
__________________
Slide 96
____________________
Illustration
If a,b,c, l , m
r r
r r r
are vectors, prove that:
( )
a b c
abc l m a.l b.l c.l
a.m b.m c.m
1
]
r
r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r
r
r r r r r
__________________
Slide 97
____________________
Vector Triple Product
It is defined for three vector a, b, c
r
r r
as the vector
( )
a b c .
r
r r
This vector being perpendicular to b c,
r
r
is
coplanar with bandc
r
r
i.e.,
( )
a b c lb mc +
r r
r r r
Take the scalar product of this equation with we get,
( ) ( )
0 l a.b m a.c +
r
r r r
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a.c b a.b c
1
]
r r r
r r r r r r
__________________
Slide 98
____________________
If we choose the co-ordinate axes in such a way that;
1 1 2 1 2 3
a a i,b b i b j and c c i c j c k, + + +
r
r r
it is easy to
show that = 1
Hence,
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a.c b a.b c
r r r
r r r r r r
In general,
( ) ( )
a b c a b c
r r
r r r r
( ) ( )
a b c a b c
r r
r r r r
if some or all a, b, c
r
r r
are zero
vectors or aandc
r r
are collinear.
__________________
Slide 99
____________________
Note:
( )
a b c
r
r r
is a linear combination of those two
vectors which are with in brackets.
If
( )
r a b c , then r
r
r r r r
is perpendicular to a
r
and lie in the
plane of bandc.
r
r
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a.c b a.b c
r r r
r r r r r r
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c c.a b c.b a
r r r
r r r r r r
Aid to memory I (II III) = (I . III) II (I . II) III.
__________________
Slide 100
___________________
Illustration
If
( )
a i j k , a.b 1 and a b j k, + +
r r
r r r
Then b
r
is
(a)
i j k + (b)
2j k
(c)
i (d)
2i.
120 Vectors Mathematics
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Slide 101
Illustration
The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector
3i 2j 6k + + and is coplanar with the vectors
2i j k + + and
i j k + is
(a)
2i 6j k
41
+
(b)
2i 3j
13
(c)
3j k
10
(d)
4i 3j 3k
.
34
+
__________________
Slide 102
___________________
Illustration
If A, B and C
r r r
are vectors such that B C ,
r r
prove that
( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( )
A B A C B C . B C 0. + + +
r r r r r r r r
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CURRICULUM BASED WORKSHEET
Topics for Worksheet I
Scalar and vector a quotation
Types of vectors.
Equality of two vectors
Addition of two vectors
Position vector of point
Section formula
Components of a vector
Addition, subtraction, multiplication of a vector by a
scalar and Equality in terms of components
Components of a vector in three Dimensional.
Worksheet I
1. Find the position vector of the midpoint of the
vector joining the points
( )
A 2i 3j 4k + + and
( )
B 4i j 2 k . +
2. Points L, M, N divide the sides BC, CA AB of
ABC in the ratios 1 : 4, 3 : 2, 3 : 7 respectively.
Prove that AL BM CN + +
uuur uuur uuur
is a vector parallel to
CK,
uuur
where K divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3.
3. Let O be the origin and let P(4, 3) be a point in
the xy-plane. Express OP
uuur
in terms of vector
i and j. Also find OP.
uuur
4. Find the coordinates of the tip of the position
vector which is equivalent to AB,
uuur
where the
coordinates of A and B are (3, 1) and (5, 0)
respectively.
5. Find the distance between the points A(2, 3, 1),
B(1, 2, 3), using vector method.
6. Prove that four points + +
r r
r r r r
2a 3bc, a2b 3c,
3a 4b 2c and a 6b 6c + +
r r
r r r r
are coplanar.
7. If
$
( )
$
( )
a i 2j 3k and b 2i 3j k ,
+ + +
$ $ $ $
find a unit
vector in the direction of (a b). +
r r
8. Find the components along the coordinates of the
position vector of each of the following points:
(i) Q(4, 3)
(ii) R(5, 7)
9. Show that the points with position vectors
a2b 3c,2a 3bc and4a7b 7c + + +
r r r
r r r r r r
are
collinear.
Topics for Worksheet II
Collinearity of vectors
Collinearity of points
Product of two vectors
Scalar and vector product
Products of vector product
Vector triple product
Worksheet II
1. Let a a n d b
r
r
be two given vectors such that
a 3, b 2 and a . b 6.
r r
r r
Find the angle
between a and b.
r
r
2. Find the projection of
a 2i j kon +
r
b i 2j k. +
r
3. If A(0, 1, 1) ,B(3, 1, 5) and C(0, 3, 3) be the
vertices of a ABC, show, using vectors, that
ABC is right angled at C.
4. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each one of the
vectors
( ) ( )
a 4 i j 3k andb 2i 2 j k . + +
r
r
5. Using vector method, show that the points A(2,
1, 3). B(4, 3, 1) and C(3,1, 2) are collinear.
6. Find the angle between the vectors
( ) ( )
a 3i 2j k andb i 2j 3k . +
r
r
7. If
a i j 2k andb 3i 2j k, + + +
r
r
find the value of
( ) ( )
a 3b . 2 a b . +
r r
r r
8. If
( ) ( )
a i 2 j 3k andb 2i 3j 5k , + +
r r
then find
( )
a b
r
r
and verify that
( )
a b
r
r
is perpendicular to
each one of a and b.
r
r
9. If
( ) ( )
a 2, b 7 and a b 3i 2j 6k , + +
r r r
r
find
the angle between aandb.
r
r
10. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent
sides are represented by the vectors
( ) ( )
3i j 2k and i 3 j 4k . + +
CURRICULUM BASED CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
1. Prove using vectors: Medians of a triangle are
concurrent.
2. If D and E are the mid-points of sides AB and AC
of a triangle ABC respectively. Show that
3
BE DC BC.
2
+
uuur uuur uuur
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3. If the position vector a
r
of a point (12, n) is such
that a 13,
r
find the value of n.
4. If the position vector a
r
of the point (5, n) is such
that a 13,
r
find the value of n.
5. Find the scalar and vector components of the
vector with initial point A(2, 1) and terminal point
B(5, 7).
6. If a
r
is a position vector whose tip is (1, 3). Find
the coordinates of the point B such that AB a.
uuur r
If
A has coordinates (1, 5).
7. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector
3i 4j. +
8. Show that the three points A(2, 3, 5), B(1, 2, 3)
and C(7, 0, 1) are collinear .
9. If + + +
r
r
a i 2j 3kand b 2i 4j 5k represent two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
10. Show that the points A, B and C with position
vector +
r
r
a 3i 4j 4k, b 2i j k and
c i 3j 5k
r
respectively. From the vertices of a
right angled triangle.
11. Find a. bwhen
r
r
(i) + +
r
r
a 2i 2j k and b 6i 3 j 2k
(ii) ( ) ( ) a 1, 1, 2 and b 3,2, 1
r
r
12. Let + + +
r
r r
a 4i 5j k,b i 4j 5kand c 3i j k.
Find a vector d
r
which is perpendicular to both
aandb,
r
r
and satisfying
r
r
d.c 21.
13. Find the angle between the vectors + +
5i 3j 4k
and
6i 8j k.
14. For any two vectors aandb
r
r
prove that:
(i)
2 2
2
a b a b 2a.b + + +
r r r
r r r
.
(ii)
2 2
2
a b a b 2a.b +
r r r
r r r
(iii)
( )
2 2 2
2
a b a b 2 a b + +
r r r
r r r
Interpret the result geometrically.
(iv)
2
a b a b a b +
r r r
r r r
Interpret the result geometrically.
(v) a b a b ai sparal l el t o b + +
r r r
r r r
(vi)
2 2
2
a b a b a,bareorthogonal. + +
r r r
r r r
15. Find the components of a unit vector which is
perpendicular to the vectors
i 2j kand +
3i j 2k. +
16. Find the magnitude of a
r
given by
( ) ( )
a i 3j 2k i 3k + +
r
.
17. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the
vectors + +
i 2j 3kand i 2j k.
18. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
A(3, 1, 2), B(1, 1, 3) and C(4, 3, 1).
19. If
r r r r
r r r r
a b c d anda c b d, show that
r
r
a d is
parallel to b c,
r
r
where a dand b c.
r r
r r
20. If a, b, c
r
r r
are three vectors such that a b c 0, + +
r r
r r
then prove that a b b c c a
r r
r r r r
21. Prove that the normal to the plane containing
three points whose position vectors are
r
r r
a, b, c lies
in the direction b c c a a b. + +
r r
r r r r
22. For any two vectors
r
r
aand b, show that :
( )
( )
( ) { } ( )
2 2 2
2
1 a 1 b 1 a . b a b a b + + + + +
r r r r
r r r r
QUESTION BANK FOR COMPETITIONS
10. Find the position vector of the midpoint of the
vector joining the points
( )
A 2i 3j 4k + + and
( )
B 4i j 2 k . +
(a)
( )
3i 5j k + + (b)
( )
3i 2j k + +
(c)
( )
i 2j k + + (d)
( )
9i 2j k + +
11. Points L, M, N divide the sides BC, CA AB of
ABC in the ratios 1 : 4, 3 : 2, 3 : 7 respectively.
Prove that AL BM CN + +
uuur uuur uuur
is a vector parallel to
CK,
uuur
where K divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3.
(a)
4
CK
10
uuur
(b)
10
CK
4
uuur
(c)
10
CK
4
uuur
(d)
4
CK
10
uuur
12. Let O be the origin and let P(4, 3) be a point in
the xy-plane. Express OP
uuur
in terms of vector
i and j. Also find OP.
uuur
(a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 6 (d) 5
Mathematics Vectors 123
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13. Find the coordinates of the tip of the position
vector which is equivalent to AB,
uuur
where the
coordinates of A and B are (3, 1) and (5, 0)
respectively.
(a) 1, 2 (b) 1, 2
(c) 2, 1 (d) 2, 1
14. Find the distance between the points A(2, 3, 1),
B(1, 2, 3), using vector method.
(a) 26 (b) 40
(c) 29 (d) 29
15. If
$
( )
$
( )
a i 2j 3k and b 2i 3j k ,
+ + +
$ $ $ $
find a unit
vector in the direction of (a b). +
r r
(a)
5 3 6
i j k
38 38 38
_
,
(b)
3 5 2
i j k
38 38 38
_
+
,
(c)
3 5 2
i j k
38 38 38
_
+
,
(d) none of these
16. Let a a n d b
r
r
be two given vectors such that
a 3, b 2 and a . b 6.
r r
r r
Find the angle
between a and b.
r
r
(a)
2
(b)
4
(c)
4
,
(c)
1
7
cos
6
,
(d)
1
5
cos
7
_
,
21. If
a i j 2k andb 3i 2j k, + + +
r
r
find the value of
( ) ( )
a 3b . 2 a b . +
r r
r r
(a) 21 (b) 15
(c) 18 (d) 24
22. If
( ) ( )
a i 2 j 3k andb 2i 3j 5k , + +
r r
then find
( )
a b
r
r
(a)
( )
9i 6 j 3k + + (b)
( )
3i 4 j 9k
(c)
( )
i 11j 7k + + (d) none of these
23. If
( ) ( )
a 2, b 7 and a b 3i 2j 6k , + +
r r r
r
find
the angle between aandb.
r
r
(a)
6
(b)
5
(c)
5
(d)
6
5
24. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent
sides are represented by the vectors
( ) ( )
3i j 2k and i 3 j 4k . + +
(a) 15 3 (b) 10 2
(c) 5 3 (d) 10 3
25. If the position vector a
r
of a point (12, n) is such
that a 13,
r
find the value of n.
(a) 2 t (b) 7 t
(c) 3 t (d) 5 t
26. If the position vector a
r
of the point (5, n) is such
that a 13,
r
find the value of n.
(a) 12 t (b) 11 t
(c) 10 t (d) none of these
27. If a
r
is a position vector whose tip is (1, 3). Find
the coordinates of the point B such that AB a.
uuur r
If
A has coordinates (1, 5).
(a) 2, 0 (b) 2, 0
(c) 2, 0 (d) 0, 2
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28. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector
3i 4j. +
(a)
7 1
i j
5 5
(b)
3 4
i j
5 5
+
(c)
7 9
i j
5 5
+ (d)
3 4
i j
7 7
29. If + + +
r
r
a i 2j 3kand b 2i 4j 5k represent two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
(a)
( )
1
i 5j 8k
59
+ + (b)
( )
5
i 2j 8k
79
+
(c)
( )
1
i 2j 8k
69
+ (d)
( )
1
i 4j 5k
91
+
30. Find a. bwhen
r
r
+ +
r
r
a 2i 2j k and b 6i 3 j 2k
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 8 (d) 10
31. Let + + +
r
r r
a 4i 5j k,b i 4j 5kand c 3i j k.
Find a vector d
r
which is perpendicular to both
aandb,
r
r
and satisfying
r
r
d.c 21.
(a)
5i 5j 5k
r
(b)
6i 6j 6k
r
(c)
7i 7j 7k
r
(d)
8i 8j 8k
r
32. Find the angle between the vectors + +
5i 3j 4k
and
6i 8j k.
(a)
22
cos
5
_
,
(b)
1
5
cos
5 101
_
,
(c)
1
5
cos
5 11
_
,
(d)
1
2
cos
5 101
_
,
33. Find the magnitude of a
r
given by
( ) ( )
a i 3j 2k i 3k + +
r
.
(a) 91 (b) 91
(c) 91 (d) 91
34. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the
vectors + +
i 2j 3kand i 2j k.
(a)
( )
1
i j k
3
+ + (b)
( )
1
i j k
8
+ +
(c)
( )
1
i j k
3
(d)
( )
1
i j k
5
+ +
35. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
A(3, 1, 2), B(1, 1, 3) and C(4, 3, 1).
(a)
1
65
4
(b)
5
965
2
(c)
1
165
2
(d)
1
265
5