Topics p
Lecture 3 y Transmission and Physical model
Dr. Thaier Hayajneh Department of Computer Engineering The Hashemite University 408450 Computer Networks, Fall 2011/2012 http://www.hlms.hu.edu/
Transmission Media
Attenuation and link budget Signal di Si l distortion i Capacity limitations
Modulation and line coding Synchronization and framing Multiplexing M lti l i Capacity requirements ExamplesTDM, A S S l ADSL, SDH
Transmission Media
T
Transmitter Wave guide Amplifier, Signal regenerator Wave guide g
Attenuation
R
Receiver
10 l 10 Pin/Pout log
No link is perfect Attenuation Power loss between sender and receiver Relationship between incoming and outgoing power Measured in decibel [dB] Example: Pin = 120 mW Pout = 30 mW Attenuation = 10 log10 4 6 dB
Guided media Electrical Twisted pair cable Coaxial cable Optical Single-mode and multimode
U id d di Unguided media Electromagnetic waves in air Radio Microwaves (terrestrial and satellite) t llit )
Measured in decibel watt dBW or decibel milliwatt dBm decibel milliwatt PdbW = 10 log10 P PdBm= 10 log10 P/(110-3) For example, transmitter output power and receiver input sensitivity Note: absolute power measures!
Signal changes form or shape Each frequency component has its own speed through the medium
Cmax = 2B l 2 L log
C = B l 2 (1 + S/N) log
Claude Shannon (1916 2001)
Harry Nyquist (1889 1976) Also Nyquists/Hartleys Law Nyquist bit rate Cmax is the maxiumum bit rate on an ideal channel So maximum baud rate is 2B
Highest possible bit rate in a channel with white noise B is channel bandwidth S/N i signal to noise ratio is i lt i ti
Example B = 3100 Hz S/N = 20 dB = 100 times C = 3100 log2(1 + 100) = 20.6 l 20 6 kb/s Telephone line B: 3100-3500 Hz S/N: 33-39 dB C 33-45 kb/s (What about ADSL and 56K modems?)
Guided Media
Wires, cables Twisted pair cables Coaxial cables Optical fibers
Category
Bandwidth
Data Rate
Digital/Analog
Use
very low
Analog
Telephone
< 2 MHz
2 Mbps
Analog/digital
T-1 lines
Several pairs bundled together Often with RJ-45 connector RJ 45 Often installed in building when built Shielded (STP) and unshielded (UTP) Shielding protects from noise and crosstalk Bulkier and more expensive B lki d i
4 5 6 (draft) 7 (draft)
Optical Fiber
Core of glass or plastic Cladding with lower index of g refraction Light Emitting Diode (LED) or laser
Installation/maintenance Unidirectional
Radio, television, etc Up to 1 GHz Ground sky Gro nd and sk propagation Omnidirectional antennas
1-300 GHz Cellular phones, satellite networks, wireless LANs Line of sight propagation Unidirectional antennas
300 GHz 400 THz Line-of-sight propagation Closed areas Interference from sun rays Short di t Sh t distances
Asynchronous
Need for synchronization at bit level External clock, such as GPS Separate link for clock signal Line coding with embedded clock Manchester coding, for example Receiver resynchronization
Modulator/demodulator
Multiplexing p g
Resource sharing
Bandwidth di id d i t f B d idth divided into frequency channels h l Transmission time divided into time slots
Access according to time slots Time slots grouped into frames If n is the number of inputs, the output link needs to be n times faster than each input inputs link Frame duration is the same as the duration of a data unit on the input
Hierarchical Multiplexing p g
Rate (Mbps) Voice Channels
Example: SDH/SONET p
ANSI: Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) ITU-T: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) TDM system
Synchronous network A single, common clock allows channel multiplexing h l li l i
E Line
E-1
2.048
30
E-2
8.448
120
E-4
139.264
1920
E Line Rates
SONET/SDH Rates
Optical p level
OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192 OC 768 OC-768
Electrical level
STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192 STS 768 STS-768
SDH equivalent
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 STM 256 STM-256
Adaptive
For residential access Upstream 64 kb/s to 1 Mb/s, Downstream 500 kb/s p , to 8 Mb/s
Bandwidth (typically) divided into 4 kHz channels