Cambridge IGCSE Biology

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Classification Major classification groups of the Binomial System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Remember them in this order by: Kuwait Produces Crude Oil For General Sale.

The classification name of an organism uses two names (binomial): - Genus name - Species name
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E.g. A lion is classified as: Panthera leo Genus name

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Species name

Note: The genus name always begins with a capital letter. The species name always begins with a small letter. If typed, the names should be in italics. If hand written, the names should be underlined. The five main Kingdoms

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Species J.F.Shelton9B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. Tel: 6164024 Email: he smallest number of identical organisms except for T jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com differences. superficial Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
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Characteristics of living organisms Nutrition:

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The genus name always begins with a capital letter. The species name always begins with a small letter. If typed, the names should be in italics. If hand written, the names should be underlined. The five main Kingdoms

Species The smallest number of identical organisms except for superficial differences. Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Characteristics of living organisms Nutrition: - Taking in organic materials and inorganic mineral ions - To obtain energy - For movement, growth and repair of tissue. Excretion: - Removal of toxic materials, e.g. alcohol - Removal of substances in excess of the body needs, e.g. amino acids, vitamins. - Removal of metabolic waste, e.g. carbon dioxide.

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Respiration: - Release of energy from food.

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Irritability / sensitivity: - Ability to detect (sensitivity) and respond (irritability) to stimuli.

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Reproduction: - Production of new offspring - With the same basic characteristics.

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Growth: - Increase in mass - Increase in size

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J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. Tel: 6164024 Email: Change in position jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com in direction - Change
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Movement:

Equipment used in looking at biological material

Reproduction: - Production of new offspring - With the same basic characteristics.

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Growth: - Increase in mass - Increase in size Movement: - Change in position - Change in direction

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Equipment used in looking at biological material Classification features of the major groups Virus Single strand of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid or Ribo nucleic acid). 50 times smaller than bacteria. Protein coat (capsid). No nucleus, organelles or membranes. Only shows one characteristic of life reproduction and can only do this by using a host cell.

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Replication of a virus Kingdom Protoctista These are the single celled organisms - e.g. Paramecium, covered in hair like cilia. - e.g. Euglena, has chlorophyll and photosynthesises.

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Kingdom Prokaryote Bacteria - Larger than viruses. - Unicellular (one cell). - Bacterial cell wall. - Nucleic acid arranged as a single, circular bacterial chromosome. - No nuclear membrane (nucleic acid not contained inside a J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. nucleus). Tel: 6164024 Email:
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jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com Three main groups of bacteria 26

Cocci (spherical shape) e.g. Streptococus (sore throat). Bacilli (rod shaped) e.g. Salmonella (food poisoning). Spirilli (spiral shaped) e.g. Vibrio (Cholera).

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Kingdom Prokaryote Bacteria - Larger than viruses. Cambridge IGCSE Biology - Unicellular (one cell). - Bacterial cell wall. - Nucleic acid arranged as a single, circular bacterial chromosome. - No nuclear membrane (nucleic acid not contained inside a nucleus).
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Three main groups of bacteria Cocci (spherical shape) e.g. Streptococus (sore throat). Bacilli (rod shaped) e.g. Salmonella (food poisoning). Spirilli (spiral shaped) e.g. Vibrio (Cholera).

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General structure of a bacterium Kingdom Fungi

The basic unit is a multinucleate (more than one nucleus) filament called a hypha
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Large groups of hyphae form a network called the mycelium. Macroscopic Cell wall made of chitin. Septa instead of cell wall between the nuclei of each hypha.
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Classification of the Plant Kingdom

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Criteria used for classification of these two groups of plant include: - Leaf shape - Leaf veins - Arrangement of vascular tissue in the stem - Arrangement of flower parts J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. - Number of cotyledons in the seed
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Monocotyledons also have: Flower parts arranged in threes None branching stem

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Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Criteria used for classification of these two groups of plant include: Cambridge IGCSE Biology - Leaf shape - Leaf veins - Arrangement of vascular tissue in the stem - Arrangement of flower parts - Number of cotyledons in the seed
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Monocotyledons also have: Flower parts arranged in threes None branching stem One cotyledon Dicotyledons also have: Flower parts arranged in fives Branching stem Two cotyledons Classification of the Animal Kingdom (Invertebrates) Classification of Invertebrates: Characteristics of the Arthropods: - Jointed limbs - Exoskeleton - Segmented body Features to look for when classifying the classes of Arthropod: Antennae Eyes Number of body parts Limbs Wings Characteristics of the four classes of Arthropod Insect One pair antennae Three body parts Compound eyes Three pairs limbs Compound eyes of dragonfly
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J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. 47 Antennae Tel: 6164024 Email: jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com
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Crustacean Two pairs antennae Two body parts Five pairs limbs

Wings
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Characteristics of the four classes of Arthropod

Insect One pair antennae Cambridge IGCSE Biology Three body parts Compound eyes Three pairs limbs
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Compound eyes of dragonfly Antennae Crustacean Two pairs antennae Two body parts Five pairs limbs Compound eyes

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Myriapod One pair antennae Two body parts Simple eyes More than five pairs limbs Arachnid Two body parts Simple eyes Four pairs limbs Examples of Arthropods:

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J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. T Tel: 6164024 Email: hese are worms, with bodies made up of ring-like segments. Most of jonsan_shelton@yahoo.comthem live in water, but some live in moist soil such as

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Phylum Annelida

the earthworm.

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Characteristics of Annelida: Ring like segments

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Phylum Annelida These are worms, with bodies made up of ring-like segments. Most of them live in water, but some live in moist soil such as the earthworm. Characteristics of Annelida: Ring like segments No limbs Have chaetae (bristles)

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Phylum Mollusca These are soft bodied animals, sometimes with a shell, like snails, or sometimes without, like slugs. Octopuses are also molluscs. Characteristics of Molluscs: Soft, unsegmented body May have a shell Muscular foot

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Phylum Nematoda Simple worms that are mostly microscopic or too small to be seen easily. Examples include roundworms. Characteristics of Nematodes: Unsegmented Slender, cylindrical bodies tapering at each end.

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Classification of 73 J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed..Vertebrates Tel: 6164024 Email: 74 Characteristics of vertebrates jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com

Backbone (vertebral column) Surrounding a spinal cord Two pairs of limbs Post anal tail (in humans this is the coccyx at the base of the

Simple worms that are mostly microscopic or too small to be seen easily. Examples include roundworms. Characteristics of Nematodes: Unsegmented Cambridge IGCSE Biology Slender, cylindrical bodies tapering at each end.
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Classification of Vertebrates Characteristics of vertebrates Backbone (vertebral column) Surrounding a spinal cord Two pairs of limbs Post anal tail (in humans this is the coccyx at the base of the spine). Characteristics of the classes of vertebrate: Class Pisces (Fish) - Streamlined shape - Wet scales on skin - Fins

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Class Reptilia (Reptiles) - Dry scales on skin - Lay leathery shelled eggs
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Class Amphibia (Amphibians) - Moist, none scaly skin - Lay eggs without a shell
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J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. 86 Tel: 6164024 Email: Class Aves (Birds) jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com

- Feathers - Scales on legs - Lay eggs with a hard shell

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Class Amphibia (Amphibians) - Moist, Cambridge IGCSE Biology none scaly skin - Lay eggs without a shell
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Class Aves (Birds) - Feathers - Scales on legs - Lay eggs with a hard shell
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Class Mammalia (Mammals) - Body hair - Mammary glands - External ear pinnae
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J.F.Shelton B.Sc., B.Ed (hon)., M.Ed.. Tel: 6164024 Email: jonsan_shelton@yahoo.com