HET 314 COMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES

LAB 3: ANGLE MODULATION AND DETECTION

LAB REPORT




NAME: HOANG HUNG DINH
STUDENT ID: 6625851

1. AIMS:
The purpose of this experiment is to help students understand more about the process of Angle
Modulation and also to compare and justify what should we expect between theory and real
life about the system. By the end of this experiment, we can see clearly what Angle Modulation
is in reality and how to make the system works steps by steps in practice.

2. Theory And Background :
Angle Modulation is one type of analog modulation in which the phase angle of the carrier is
varied according to the message signal. Two types of Angle Modulation are Phase Modulation
(PM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). In this experiment, we only build and analyze Frequency
Modulation. Angle Modulation is become really popular because of its advantages.
A Angle Modulation is represented by: y (t) = A [ ()]
A Message is used can be represented by: x (t) = A
m
()

3. Equipment :
TIMS Machine, Envelope Detector Box, Multiplier, Adder, 60 kHz LPF and Phase Shifter.

4. Experiment Procedure:
In order to generate FM, we divide the experiment into five small sections.
We use Direct method as mention in the lab manual which is uses a voltage controlled
oscillator (VCO) on TIMS unit

1. Frequency Deviation Constant k
f
:
Set up the circuit like a block diagram of connection shown below.







In this part, we have to measure the frequency deviation constant k
f
for the VCO
module on TIMS by measuring the frequency output f
0
from varied DC input voltage V
in

between +2V and -2V in 0.5 steps and plot that set of data to determine k
f
and then use
k
f
to calculate the frequency output of a 1.25 V. Take the result and compare with the
actual frequency we observe on the screen.



Input
Output
VCO
Vin
fout
k
f

2. Frequency Deviation f :
In this part, we replace the Voltage input to VCO by the 300 Hz Audio Oscillator
modules output frequency. Use the Pico Scope to observe the result on the screen.
Calculate the peak frequency deviation using formula as follow:
fmin = 1/ Tmax where fmin = minimum frequency and Tmax = maximum period.
fmax = 1/ Tmin where fmax = maximum frequency and Tmin = minimum period.
CS = fmax - fmin where CS = carrier swing.
fmax = maximum frequency
fmin = minimum frequency
f = CS/2 where f = peak frequency deviation









3. FM Spectrum:
Connect the 2 kHz Audio Oscillator modules output frequency to the input A of the
Buffer Amplifier module and take the output corresponding k
1
A connect to the input of
the VCO. Adjust k
1
A to observe the spectrum of the VCO. Adjust k
1
A until the first
carrier null and record the result. Compare the actual spectrum to the one in
preliminary work.
Repeat procedure above for the output frequency of 10 kHz and 300 Hz.

4. FM Detection:
Connect the circuit like a block diagram shown below. We got 2sin(4000t) =
2sin(2000t)cos(2000t) + 2sin(2000t)cos(2000t) so in order to create the message
T
min
=1/f
max

T
max
=1/f
min

T
c
=1/f
c

Waveform
trigger
reference
2sin(4000t) we have to use adder module to add two sin(4000t) together. In order to
make sin (4000t) we have to use multiplier module to multiply sin(2000t) and
cos(2000t) and then add two of the products result together.












Use a capacitor from the envelope detector box as differentiator.
Record result on the screen
5. Generation Of Narrow-Band Phase Modulation:
Connect circuit like block diagram below. Observe result of phase shift 0 to 90 degrees.










d/dt
Differentiator

Multiplier
Phase Shifter
u
xd(t)
LPF
60 kHz
~
Message
VCO
2sin(4000tt)

C
R
Differentiator
Use the envelope
detector box
~
Message
2cos(4000tt)
Multiplier
Carrier
2cos(200tx10
3
t)
Phase Shifter
u
B
g
Audio Oscillator
Module
Adder
Output
~
E
A
5. Results And Discussion:
1. Frequency Deviation Constant k
f
:
At 1.25 V , f
0
= 93.8 kHz
Voltage (V) Frequency (kHz)
-2 89.7
-1.5 92.5
-1 94.9
-0.5 97.8
0 100.3
0.5 103
1 105.7
1.5 108.3
2 110.9


Calculate k
f
by using formula
We got expression: k
f
= (100.3-93.8)/-1.25 = 5.2 KHz/v
According to the graph we got k
f
= 5.3 kHz/V
Compare with the actual k
f
we have error at: 5.3-5.2 = 0.1 KHz/V
y = -5300x + 100344
R = 0.9999
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
A
x
i
s

T
i
t
l
e

Axis Title
Chart Title
Series1
dc
c
f
V
f f
V
f
k

=
A
A
=
0
0

2. Frequency Deviation f :
T
max
= 9.1 s ; T
min
= 7.6 s ; Message Amplitude is 1.984 V
f
min
= 1 / (9.1 * 10
-6
) = 109.9 kHz ; f
max
= 1 / (7.6 * 10
-6
) = 131.6 kHz
CS = 131.6 109.9 = 21.7 kHz so f = CS/2 = 21.7 /2 = 10.85 kHz
Using k
f
and A
m
measured above we have f = k
f
* A
m
= 5.3 * 1.984 = 10.52 kHz
Comparing the calculated result with the actual value, we have the different at 0.23 kHz
3. FM Spectrum:

Result for 2 kHz:












Comparing the actual result with the predicted one in preliminary work, we can see they are likely
similar. We only got difference between the actual results and the predicted from 0.066 to 0.1, quite
small figures.
The spectrum equation is : A
c
J
n
() . if we keep f
m
constant and changing the amplitude of the
modulating A
c
therefore spectrum will be changed depend on A
c

Result for 10 kHz:
















From the graph we got value of is 1
According to Carsons rule with = 1 Bandwidth B
T
= 2.(1+)f
m
= 2 * 2 * 10 = 40 kHz and the
result from the graph is exactly the same 120 80 = 40 kHz

Result for 300 Hz :







4. FM Detection:

Frequency Domain:










Time Domain:










According to the time domain graph, we can see the message signal in blue has been recovered
successfully. Its shape is smoothly recovered and in cosine form. It shifted to the left because of the
phase shifter.
5. Generation Of Narrow-Band Phase Modulation:
Result for carrier = 0:












Result for carrier = 90:











Its seemed slightly similar to the DSB-LC modulation and its over modulated.
Result for 10 kHz carrier in persist mode:












According to the graph we found the modulation index is:

=

()

Result for 5 kHz:










We have a bandwidth of 105-95 = 10 kHz

Result for 10 kHz:
















We have a bandwidth is 110-90 = 20 kHz

In order to check the bandwidth we can use Carsons rule
B = 2f
m
= 2 * 10 = 20 kHz

6. Conclusion:
After went through the whole experiment, we have learned and understood much more about
how the Angle Modulation actually builds and processes in real life. We can now justify and compare
between what we should expect in theory and what we actually got in practice. Also, from this
experiment we knew how to actually build up the demodulation system in order to demodulate the
input signal and recover the message signal back.
7. References:
Lecture note HET314: Module 8 Angle Modulation.
Electronic communications systems William Stanley