Speed of a body is distance moved in unit time Defined as rate of change of distance SPEED=DISTANCE =m/s TIME AVERAGE SPEED=TOTAL

DISTANCE TOTAL TIME Actual speed-speed of a body at any given instant of time Actual speed-how far a body moves in the shortest time Uniform speed-if a body is travelling equal distance in equal interval of time, body have uniform speed.

Displacement of a body in unit time Defined as rate of change of displacement -velocity (v) = displacement =m/s Time Vector quantity =both magnitude + direction

Rate of change of velocity

-acceleration = change in velocity =m/s Time -acceleration=V-U Vector quantity Negative acceleration (deceleration)-when changing velocity is negative(that is final velocity is less than initial velocity)acceleration will be negative Negative acceleration is called deceleration/retardation Uniform acceleration-when change in speed is equal in interval of time , acceleration is uniformed To convert m/s to km/hr multiply the quantity with 3.6

 Push/pull that an object exerts on other S.I unit-Newton (N) Vector quantity

Can make an object at rest ,start moving Can make something go faster Can make something slowdown Can make something stop Can change direction of moving of moving object Can change shape + size of an object Inertia-inability of body to change the state of rest or motion Newton first law of motion (law of inertia)-an object in its continuous state of rest /of uniform motion in a straight line unless an external force acts on it

Several forces acts on a body If they balance each other they cancel out Resultant force will be zero If forces are balanced , together they give a single resultant force This resultant force gives an acceleration to body in same direction as that of resultant force Newtons second law of motion-law describes the relationship between an objects mass + force needed to accelerate the body - resultant force acting on an object is equal to objects mass (m) multiplied by its acceleration (a) Resultant force=mass acceleration F=ma Unbalanced force=(add) Balanced force-(subtract) Newtons third law -if object A exerts a force an object B then object B exerts a force equal in size but opposite in direction on object A

-for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Pressure acts in all directions Pressure becomes less as you rise up Can be compressed . This makes atmospheric denser at lower levels

Instruments that measure atmospheric pressure P=Dgh = Pascal(Pa)

Actual pressure of gas= Excess pressure + atmospheric pressure

 If there are no air resistance all objects would fall with same downward acceleration is called acceleration of free fall(g) For objects falling near earths surface g=9.8m/s G is also known as gravitation field strength + is equal to 9.8N/kg on earth

In a falling body when upward force becomes equal to downward force body will be travelling with steady speed. This constant speed downward is known as terminal velocity

-p=dgh P- density of liquid G-gravitational acceleration H-height of liquid PROPERTIES OF LIQUID PRESSURE Pressure acts in all direction Pressure increase with depth Pressure of a liquid depends on its density Pressure does not depend on shape of container

Force that opposes motion between two surfaces in

contract Result of surfaces irregularities catching on to one another as two surfaces more against each other 2 types of frictional forces -Static friction=frictional force between two surface at rest which are just about to move -Dynamic friction-frictional force between two surfaces when an object is moving Reduces resultant force on body + hence decreases acceleration of object If frictional force is larger than forward force in a moving object it will cause object it will cause object to decelerate Negative effects- cause wear and tear in moving parts -reduces efficiency as large amount of energy wasted as heat

 Positive effect-enables moving objects to slow down Prevents objects from slipping Methods of reducing friction -moving parts are smoothed as much as possible -lubricants (oil +grease) are used to prevent any direct contact of moving part -use of ball bearings between moving parts -stream lining -use of air cushion

Distance travelled in time between rider first sees hazard + vehicle coming to complete stop Divided into thinking distance =thinking + braking distance - Stopping distance =thing distance + braking distance

Distance travelled in time between rider seen hazard + applying brakes Thinking distance = speed reaction time Where reaction time is time it take for rider to apply brakes after he sees hazard

SPEED- thinking distance will increase when speed is high + it will be less if vehicle moves at a slow speed

 REACTION TIME- tired/drunken drivers reaction .time will be more. This increases thinking distance -driver who is alert / fit will have smaller reaction time. This decreases thinking distance

Distance travelled in time between brakes are applied + vehicle coming to complete stop -SPEED faster you go further you will go , their by increasing braking distance -INERTIA vehicles with more inertia will take longer to stop increasing breaking distance

-FRICTION worn out brakes wet roads will reduce frictional force increasing braking distance

If an object is travelling in circle, it is constantly changing , which mean it is accelerating Thats mean there must be a net force acting on it. This force acts towards centre of circle + keeps body at fixed distance from centre CENTRIPETAL FORCE force that keeps something moving in circle is called centripetal force Tension gravity/ friction can provide centripetal force Centripetal force depends on : -MASS force is larger for heavier object -SPEED force is larger when speed is increased - RADIUS force is larger when radius is less

 - pressure = force Area =P =F A = N/m or Pascal (Pa) 1 Pascal is equal to a force of 1 Newton acting in area of 1m PRESSURE DEPENDS ON: FORCE- when force is increased pressure is increased -Provided area is constant -Therefore pressure is directly proportional to force

 AREA- when area is increase pressure decreases -provided force is constant -therefore pressure is inversely proportional to area

In some machines , forces are transmitted by liquids under pressure. Machines like this are called hydraulic machines PROPERTIES OF LIQUID Liquids are virtually incompressible they cannot be squashed If a trapped liquid is put under pressure, pressure is transmitted to all parts of liquid

Input force= force

Area Output force= pressure area

Turning effect of a force about a particular point Moment of force= force perpendicular distance Moment force= F l r distance S.I unit= Newton meter(Nm) Moment is also known as Torque( ) Clockwise and anticlockwise moment are tags of moment depending on direction

When an object is in equilibrium sum of clockwise moment about an any point is equal about that point -total clockwise moment=total anticlockwise moment Conditions for equilibrium If an object is in equilibrium -sum of forces in one direction must be equal to sum of forces in opposite direction -principal of moment must apply

Point at which whole mass of body is concentrated Effect of center of mass on stability(conditions for stability) Position of center of mass effects stability of a body Stability of a body can be increased by -lowering centre of mass -increasing base area of object State of equilibrium Stable equilibrium

 Unstable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium