Oracle Instance Architecture

Prepared by : Simran (Oracle Apps DBA)

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Agenda

Database Architecture Database Instance SGA Background Processes

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Oracle DB Architecture Overvie w

Server Process PGA

INSTANCE

SGA Shared Pool

Library Cache

User Process
Data Dictionary Cache

Database Buffer Cache

Redo Log Buffer

Java Pool
Memory structure

Large Pool

PMON SMON PMON SMON Background Processes

DBWR DBWR

LGWR LGWR

CKPT CKPT

Parameter file Password File

Data Files

Control Files

Redo Log Files

Archived Log Files

DataBase
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Oracle DB Architecture
Terminology
Oracle Server:- Its is the database management system, that provides datbase concurrency,
consistency, prevent unauthorised access and provide efficient solution for failure recovery User process:- When a user starts a tool such as SQL*plus or runs an application Developed using a tool such as Oracle Forms, This application or tool is executed as User Process Server Process:- When a user logs on to the oracle server, a process is created on to the computer running the Oracle Server. This Process is called the Server process. The server Process communicates with the Instance on behalf of the User Process that runs on the client Connection:- Connection is communication pathway between user process and Oracle server. Session:-A session is a specific connection of a user to an oracle server. Session starts when user is validated by the Oracle server and ends when user logs out

User Process

Conn. Established

Server Process

Session Created

Oracle Server

Database User

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Oracle DB Architecture
Interaction with the Database ( Dedicated Server )

This configuration maintains a one-to-one ratio between the number of user processes and server processes Copyright 2008

Oracle DB Architecture
Interaction with the Database ( Shared Server )
In a Shared Server Environment, a server process handles request of several user processes.
3 6 4 2 7 5

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Oracle DB Architecture Password File

Password File
This file is encrypted and contains userids and passwords Check for authenticity of the user

Parameter file
Used to start an instance Two types : SPFILE and PFILE

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Parameter File contd.

Example
DB_NAME=mynewdb INSTANCE_NAME=mynewdb CONTROL_FILES=("/vobs/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/control01.ctl", "/vobs/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/control02.ctl", "/vobs/oracle/oradata/mynewdb/control03.ctl") DB_BLOCK_SIZE=4096 DB_CACHE_SIZE=20971520 JAVA_POOL_SIZE=31457280 LARGE_POOL_SIZE=1048576 SHARED_POOL_SIZE= 52428800 UNDO_MANAGEMENT=AUTO UNDO_TABLESPACE=undotbs BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST=/vobs/oracle/admin/mynewdb/bdump CORE_DUMP_DEST=/vobs/oracle/admin/mynewdb/cdump USER_DUMP_DEST=/vobs/oracle/admin/mynewdb/udump

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Oracle Architecture
Internal Memory Structures SGA
System or shared Global Area (SGA)
In an Oracle database, the SGA is the part of the RAM used by the Oracle processes. This part of memory is shared by all Oracle processes. All necessary information necessary for the instance operation are present here. SGA Database buffer cache Shared Pool Database Redo Log Redo log buffer Buffer Cache Buffer Library Shared pool Cache Java Pool Java Pool Large Pool Large Pool Data Dictionary Request & response queues Cache Request Response Queue Queue (shared server)
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Oracle Architecture
Database buffer cache
It holds copies of data blocks read from datafiles Organised in two lists: The write list - contains data Modified but not written to disk LRU list
1) Free buffers - that do not contain any useful data and are

available for use

2) Pinned Buffers- that are currently being accessed 3) Dirty Buffers- that have not yet moved

Write List

LRU list
..Free

Buffer ..Pinned Buffer ..Dirty Buffer

to the write list Free space is created by DBWR writing out

dirty blocks or aging out blocks from the LRU

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Oracle Architecture
Least Recently Used (LRU)
LRU and the database buffer cache
Every time a data block is read from disk it is placed in the database buffer cache at the head of the Pinned list If a block is already in the cache and it is read again it is moved to the head of the list Data not used frequently is aged out of the cache while frequently used data remains

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Oracle Architecture
Redo Log Buffer
A circular buffer that contains Changes made to datafile blocks Redo entries take up contiguous, sequential space in the buffer Primary purpose is recovery i.e to recreate the data prior to change made by INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE, ALTER or DROP Data stored in the redo log buffer is periodically written to the online redo log files

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Memory Structure : Shared Pool

Library Cache
- shared

Shared Pool
Library Cache

SQL area -The shared SQL area stores each SQL statement executed in the database. This area allows SQL execution plans to be reused by many users.
- private

Shared SQL Area

SQL area- each user must have a separate copy of the statement private SQL area
- PL/SQL

procedures and package Used to hold parsed and compiled PL/SQL program units, allowing the execution plans to be shared by many users.
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PL/SQL proceedures & Packages

Dictionary Cache

Oracle Architecture
Least Recently Used (LRU)
Dictionary Cache - Collection of most recently used definitions in database.
- Includes information about database files, tables, indexes, user priviledges and other database objects - During Parse phase, server process looks at data dictionary for information to resolve object names and validate access.

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Oracle Architecture
Internal Memory Structures PGA
Program or process Global Area (PGA)
Used for a single process Not shareable with other processes Writable only by the server process Allocated when a process is created and deallocated when a process is terminated Contains:
Sort area Used for any sorts required by SQL processing Session information Includes user privileges Stack space Contains session variables

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Oracle Architecture
Large Pool & JAVA Pool Large Pool
Relieves the burden of Shared Pool used to support parallel query, RMAN backup and recovery operations and Oracle shared server technologies.

JAVA Pool
Service Parsing requirements for JAVA commands

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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - DBWR
Writes contents of database buffers to datafiles DBWR writes when
INSTANCE
SGA

Checkpoint occurs Dirty buffers reach threshhold There are no free buffers Tablespace OFFLINE Tablespace READ ONLY Table DROP or TRUNCATE Tablespace BEGIN BACKUP
Data Files

Database Buffer Cache

DBWR

DataBase
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - DBWR
DBWR writes to disk when:
A server process cannot find a clean reusable buffer A timeout occurs (3 sec) A checkpoint occurs DBWR cannot write out dirty buffers before they have been written to the online redo log files

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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - LGWR
Writes contents of redo log buffers to online redo log files LGWR writes when
INSTANCE

SGA

Redo Log Buffer

At commit When one-third full When there is 1 MB of redo Every 3 seconds Before DBWR write to datafiles
DataBase
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LGWR

Redo Log Files

Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - SMON
Performs automatic instance recovery Rolls forward changes made in online redo log files but not to datafiles Opens database for user access Reclaims space used by temporary segments no longer in use SMON wakes up regularly to check whether it is needed or it may be called directly For example, if Oracle crashed hard with a power failure, the SMON process is attached at startup time, and detects any uncompleted work, using the rollback segments to recover the transactions
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - PMON
Performs automatic process recovery
Cleans up abnormally terminated connections Rolls back non committed transactions Releases resources held by abnormally terminated transactions

Restarts failed shared server and dispatcher processes PMON wakes up regularly to check whether it is needed or it may be called directly Mandatory process
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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - PMON
Detects both user and server aborted database processes Automatically resolves aborted processes
PMON rolls back the current transaction of the aborted process Releases resources used by the process If the process is a background process the instance most likely cannot continue and will be shut down

PMON primarily cleans up client-side failures

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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - CKPT
Purpose is to ensure that all the buffers in database buffer cache that were modified prior to a point in time has been written to data files
Occurs whether or not the data has been committed CKPT does not actually write out buffer data Updates datafile headers with checkpoint information Updates control files with checkpoint

Helps reduce the amount of time needed to perform instance recovery

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Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - ARCH
Automatically copies online redo log files to designated storage once they have become full

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Oracle Architecture
Data File
The datafiles contain all the database data The data of logical database structures, such as tables and indexes, is physically stored in the datafiles allocated for a database. A datafile can be associated with only one database. Datafiles can have certain characteristics set to let them automatically extend when the database runs out of space.
Tablespace
Datafile Segment Segment Datafile Segment

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Oracle Architecture
Redo File
Oracle database has a set of two or more redo log files. A log switch is the point at which the database stops writing to one redo log file and begins writing to another Oracle Database assigns each redo log file a new log sequence number every time a log switch occurs.
Log Switch Log Switch

File Group 1

File Group 2

File Group 3

Member

Member

Member

Disk 1

Member

Member

Member Disk 2

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Oracle Architecture
Redo File
Filled redo log files are available to LGWR for reuse depending on whether archiving is enabled.
If archiving is disabled (the database is in NOARCHIVELOG mode), a filled redo log file is available after the changes recorded in it have been written to the datafiles. If archiving is enabled (the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode), a filled redo log file is available to LGWR after the changes recorded in it have been written to the datafiles and the file has been archived.

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Oracle Architecture
Control File
A control file is a small binary file that is part of an Oracle database. The control file is used to keep track of the database's status and physical structure. Contents
The control file contains information like: Database name Timestamp of database creation Names and locations of Data Files Names and locations of Redo Log files The current log sequence number Checkpoint information Recent RMAN backups taken Etc
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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

UPDATE table SET user = SHIPERT WHERE id = 12345

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

1 ROW UPDATED

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

COMMIT

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

COMMIT SUCCESSFU L

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Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update

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Thanks
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