Legislation in Sweden
Carbon monoxide
It is the product of incomplete combustion and is: Flammable (from 12,5 % up...) Colorless, Odorless gas, Easy to mix with air, Extremelly toxic (from 50 ppm can produce symptoms of poisoning),
The formation rate of thermal NO is dependent on; the reaction temperature, the local stoichiometry, the residence time.
Available Technologies
1. Removal of the source of pollution (sulphur, nitrogen, ..) from fuel,
Pre-combustion approach removes impurities such as sulphur, from the coal before it is burnt. Among possible methods one may distinguish coal cleaning and upgrading, coal blending, coal switching and bioprocesses.
2. Avoiding the production of the pollutants during combustion (so called primary measures or infurnace measures), 3. Removing the pollutants from the flue gases by end of pipe technologies prior to emission.
Control of combustion temperature (flame) through increase of combustion zone as result flue gas recirculation (Dilution).
9
10
11
12
13
Methods to reduce already formed NOx at the boiler outlet (outside combustion chamber and process)
C. Reduction performed at the outlet of flue gases: - SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) introduction of ammonia chemicals into low temperature flue gases between economiser and air heater. - SCR disadvantages: - high cost of investment dependent on NOx reduction level, - high operational cost , - risk of ammonia slip, - catalyst life time, - storage of used catalysts.
14
15
16
17
Primary air
Mixing
Flue gases
Fuel
Secondary air
18
New look at Air Staging process (air staging with extensive internal recirculation-mixing)
Intermediate zone
Primary air
Mixing
Primary combustion
Secondary combustion
korozja
(<1)
( > 1)
Flue gases
fuel
19
Primary air
mixing
Flue gases
fuel
Secondary air
20
Allows primary air reduction down to 90-95 % of theoretical air required with high risk of corrosion, CO emission and LOI increase
2. Advanced Rotating OFA system system of high pressure air nozzles asymetricaly placed on walls.
Allows reduction of primary air down to 70-75 % of theoretical air without creating corrosion or CO and LOI.
21
22
23
24
25
System of low pressure nozzles 1 (conventional OFA) Main disadvanatge: week control of flow and oxygen concentration by OFA
26
System of many low pressure air nozzles, OFA Problem seen low oxygen content, high temperature corrosion of walls
27
Rotating OFA
Widok z gry
dua prdko powietrza dua prdko powietrza
Widok z boku
Paliwo/powietrze
Paliwo/powietrze
28
From CFD
29
Baseline
ROFA
From CFD
30
31
coal 100%
Conventional combustion
Gas REBURNING
32
33
Retrofiting to reburning
34
Retrofiting to reburning
35
36
SOx reduced by decreased sulphur content in the biofuel (often proportionally to the biofuel thermal load)
Sulphur content in coal: 150-235 mg S/MJ, average 217 mg S/MJ Sulphur content in peat: 100-180 mg S/MJ, average 127 mg S/MJ Sulphur content in oil (average): 72 mg S/MJ
38
At low temperature reaction is very slow and NH3 passes unreacted into the back end of the plant, where it forms corrosive ammonium salts which can also cause fouling. At high temperature, the injected NH3 is oxidised to form NOx, so that NOx emission can actually increase.
3.
39
SNCR Temperature window for NO reduction (input about 500 ppm NOx, NH3 molar ratio to NO 1.6) ref.
40
Practical problems with SNCR are results of: 1. Non-uniform temperature distribution at the injection level of NH3, 2. Too short residence time. Optimum about 1 sek but not shorter then 0.3 sek 3. Not good mixing because of: - NOx concentration is not unform and not stable at the injection level - mixing system does not follow the changes of flow with changes of load.
41
Ammonia slip because of too short residence time and low quality mixing
42
43
44
45
46
De-SOx methods
Wet scrubber systems capable of achieving reduction efficiencies up to 99 percent Spray dry scrubbers, also known as semi dry, which can achieve reduction efficiencies of over 90 percent Dry sorbent injection, the lowest cost SOx removal technology and the most appropriate technology if large reduction efficiencies are not required
47
49
50
51
52
After precipitation from the solution calcium sulphate, is a subject to further treatment (washing and dehydration) and eventually produces a usable gypsum rest product.
53
54
CO2 reduction
55
2-5
10-15
- separate receiving and handling (PC) - separate receiving, common storage (cyclone)
15-35
25-50
56
57
Thank you
58