1beta no note kar 8421025070 CAUSES OF INFLATION Inflation is caused when the aggregate demand exceeds the aggregate

supply of goodsand services. We analyze the factors which lead to increase in demand and the shortage of supply.

Factors Affecting Demand Both Keynesians and monetarists believe that inflation is caused by increase in the aggregate demand. They point towards the following factors which raise it. 1. Increase in Money Supply. Inflation is caused by an increase in the supply of money which leads to increase in aggregate demand. The higher the growth rate of the nominal money supply, the higher is the rate of inflation. Modern quantity theorists do not believe that. true inflation starts after the full employment level. This view is realistic because all advanced countries are faced with high levels of unemployment and high rates of inflation. 2. Increase in Disposable Income. When the disposable income of the people increases, it raises their demand for goods and services. Disposable income may increase with the rise in national income or reduction in taxes or reduction in the saving of the people. 3. Increase in Public Expenditure. Government activities have been expanding much with the result that government expenditure has also been increasing at a phenomenal rate, thereby raising aggregate demand for goods and services. Governments of both developed and developing countries are providing more facilities under public utilities and social services, and also nationalizing industries and starting public enterprises with the result that they help in increasing aggregate demand. 4. Increase in Consumer Spending. The demand for goods and services increases when consumer expenditure increases. Consumers may spend more due to conspicuous consumption or demonstration effect. They may also spend more when they are given credit facilities to buy goods on hire-purchase and installment basis. 5. Cheap Monetary Policy. Cheap monetary policy or the policy of credit expansion also leads to increase in the money supply which raises the demand for goods and services in the economy. When credit expands, it raises the money income of the borrowers which, in turn, raises aggregate demand relative to supply, thereby leading to inflation. This is also known as credit-induced inflation. 6. Deficit Financing. In order to meet its mounting expenses, the government resorts to deficit financing by borrowing from the public and even by printing more notes. This raises aggregate demand in relation to aggregate supply, thereby leading to inflationary rise in prices. This is also known as deficit- induced inflation.

7. Expansion of the Private Sector. The expansion of the private sector also tends to raise the aggregate demand. For huge investments increase employment arid income, thereby 2 Causes of Inflation creating more demand for goods and services. But it takes time for the output to enter the market. 8. Black Money. The existence of black money in all countries due to corruption, tax evasion etc. increases the aggregate demand. People spend such unearned moneyextravagantly, thereby creating unnecessary demand for commodities. This tends to raise theprice level further. 9. Repayment of Public Debt. Whenever the government repays its past internal debt to the public, it leads to increase in the money supply with the public. This tends to raise the aggregate demand for goods and services. 10. Increase in Exports. When the demand for domestically produced goods increases in foreign countries, this raises the earnings of industries producing export commodities. These, in turn, create more demand for goods and services within the economy. Factors Affecting Supply Factors Affecting Supply There are also certain factors which operate on the opposite side and tend to reduce the aggregate supply. Some of the factors are as follows: 1. Shortage of Factors of Production. One of the important causes affecting the supplies of goods is the shortage of such factors as labour, raw materials, power supply, capital etc. They lead to excess capacity and reduction in industrial production. 2. Industrial Dispute. In countries where trade unions are powerful, they also help in curtailing production. Trade unions resort to strikes and if they happen to be unreasonable from the employers' viewpoint and are prolonged, they force the employers to declare lock-outs. In both cases, industrial production falls, there by reducing supplies of goods. If the unions succeed in raising money wages of their members to a very high level than the productivity of labour, this also tends to reduce production and supplies of goods. 3. Natural Calamities. Drought or floods is a factor which adversely affects the supplies of agricultural products. The latter, in turn, create shortages of food products and raw materials, thereby helping inflationary pressures.

4. Artificial Scarcities. Artificial scarcities are created by hoarders and speculators who indulge in black marketing. Thus they are instrumental in reducing supplies of goods and raising their prices.

5. Increase in Exports. When the country produces more goods for export than for domestic consumption, this creates shortages of goods in the domestic market. This leads to inflation in the economy. 3 Causes of Inflation 6. Lop-sided Production. If the stress is on the production of comfort, luxuries, or basic products to the neglect of essential consumer goods in the country, this creates shortages of consumer goods. This again causes inflation. 7. Law of Diminishing Returns. If industries in the country are using old machines and outmoded methods of production, the law of diminishing returns operates. This raises cost per unit of production, thereby raising the prices of products. 8. International Factors. In modern times, inflation is a worldwide phenomenon. When prices rise in major industrial countries, their effects spread to almost all countries with which they have trade relations. Often the rise in the price of a basic raw material like petrol in the international market leads to rise in the price of all related commodities in a country. MEASURES TO CONTROL INFLATION We have studied above that inflation is caused by the failure of aggregate supply to equal the increase in aggregate demand. Inflation can, therefore, be controlled by increasing the supplies and reducing money incomes in order to control aggregate demand. The various methods are usually grouped under three heads: Monetary measures, fiscal measures and other measures.

1. Monetary Measures Monetary measures aim at reducing money incomes. (a) Credit Control. One of the important monetary measures is monetary policy. The central bank of the country adopts a number of methods to control the quality of credit. For this purpose, it raises the bank rates, sells securities in the open market, raises the reserve ratio, and adopts a number of selective credit control measures, such as raising margin requirements and regulating consumer credit. Monetary policy may not be effective in controlling inflation, if inflation is dueto cost-push factors. Monetary policy can only be helpful in controllin g inflation due to demand-pull factors. (b) Demonetization of Currency. However, one of the monetary measures is to demonetize currency of higher denominations. Such a measure is usually adopted when there is abundance of black money in the country.

(c) Issue of New Currency. The most extreme monetary measure is the issue of new currency in place of the old currency. Under this system, one new note is exchanged for a number of notes of the old currency. The value of bank deposits is also fixed accordingly. Such a measure is adopted when there is an excessive issue of notes and 2. Fiscal Measures Monetary policy alone is incapable of controlling inflation. It should, therefore, be supplemented by fiscal measures. Fiscal measures are highly effective for controlling government expenditure, personal consumption expenditure, and private and public investment. The principal fiscal measures are the following: (a) Reduction in Unnecessary Expenditure. The government should reduce unnecessary expenditure on non-development activities in order to curb inflation. This will also put a check on private expenditure which is dependent upon government demand for goods and services. But it is not easy to cut government expenditure. Though economy measures are always welcome but it becomes difficult to distinguish between essential and non-essential expenditure. Therefore, this measure should be supplemented by taxation.

(b) Increase in Taxes. To cut personal consumption expenditure, the rates of personal, corporate and commodity taxes should be raised and even new taxes should be levied, but the rates of taxes should not be so high as to discourage saving, investment and production. Rather, the tax system should provide larger incentives to those who save, invest and produce more. Further, to bring more revenue into the tax -net, the government should penalize the tax evaders by imposing heavy fines. Such measures are bound to be effective in controlling inflation. To increase the supply of goods wi thin the country, the government should reduce import duties and increase export duties. (c) Increase in Savings. Another measure is to increase savings on the part of the people. This will tend to reduce disposable income with the people, and hence personal consumption expenditure. But due to the rising cost of living, people are not in a position to save much voluntarily. Keynes, therefore, advocated compulsory savings or what he called `deferred payment' where the saver gets his money back after some years. For this purpose, the government should float public loans carrying high rates of interest, start saving schemes with prize money, or lottery for long periods, etc. It should also introduce compulsory provident fund, provident fund-cum-pension schemes, etc. compulsorily. All such measures to increase savings are likely to be effective in controlling inflation. (d) Surplus Budgets. An important measure is to adopt anti-inflationary budgetary policy. For this purpose, the government should give up deficit financing and instead have surplus budgets. It means collecting more in revenues and spending less. (e) Public Debt. At the same time, it should stop repayment of public debt and postpone it to some future date till inflationary pressures are controlled within the economy. Instead, the government should borrow more to reduce money supply with the public.

Causes of Inflation Like the monetary measures, fiscal measures alone cannot help in controlling inflation. They should be supplemented by monetary, non-monetary and non fiscal measures. 3. Other Measures The other types of measures are those which aim at increasing aggregate supply and reducing aggregate demand directly. (a) To Increase Production. The following measures should be adopted to increase production: (i) One of the foremost measures to control inflation is to increase the production of essential consumer goods like food, clothing, kerosene oil, sugar, vegetable oils, etc. (ii) If there is need, raw materials for such products may be imported on preferential basis to increase the production of essential commodities. (iii) Efforts should also be made to increase productivity. For this purpose, industrial peace should be maintained through agreements with trade unions, binding them not to resort to strikes for some time. (iv) The policy of rationalization of industries should be adopted as a long -term measure. Rationalization increases productivity and production of industries through the use of brain, brawn and bullion. (v) All possible help in the form of latest technology, raw materials, financial help, subsidies, etc. should be provided to different consumer goods sectors to increase production. (b) Rational Wage Policy. Another important measure is to adopt a rational wage and income policy. Under hyperinflation, there is a wage-price spiral. To control this, the government should freeze wages, incomes, profits, dividends, bonus, etc. But such a drastic measure can only be adopted for a short period and by antagonizing both workers and industrialists. Therefore, the best course is to link increase in wages to increase in productivity. This will have a dual effect. It will control wage and at the same time increase productivity, and hence production of goods in the economy.

(c) Price Control. Price control and rationing is another measure of direct control to check inflation. Price control means fixing an upper limit for the prices of essential consumer goods. They are the maximum prices fixed by law and anybody charging more than these prices is punished by law. But it is difficult to administer price control.

(d)Rationing. Rationing aims at distributing consumption of scarce goods so as to make them available to a large number of consumers. It is applied to essential consumer goods such as wheat, rice, sugar, kerosene oil, etc. It is meant to stabilize the prices of necessaries

What Is Recession? Economic Recession Definition

Many professionals and experts around the world believe that a true economic recession can only be confirmed if GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth is negative for a period of two or more consecutive quarters. The roots of a recession and its true starting point actually rest in the several quarters of positive but slowing growth before the recession cycle really begins. Often in a mild recession the first quarter of negative growth is followed by slight positive growth, then negative growth returns and the recession trend continues. While the two quarter definition is accepted globally, many economists have trouble supporting it completely as it does not consider other important economic change variables. For instance, current national unemployment rates or consumer confidence and spending levels are all a part of the economic system and must to be taken into account when defining a recession and its attributes. The agency that is officially in charge of declaring a recession in the United States is known as the National Bureau of Economic Research, or NBER. The NBER defines a recession as a significant decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months. We often do not receive official word of an economic recession until we are several months into it as NBER must take time to calculate the multitude of variables available before making their decision. While economic recessions are foreseeable, they generally are not detected until already in motion. It is actually more common than you might realize for countries around the world to experience mild economic recessions. Recession (or contraction) is a natural result of the economic cycle and will adjust for changes in consumer spending and consumption or increasing and decreasing prices of goods and labor. Rarely though entirely possible, experiencing a multitude of these negative factors simultaneously can lead to a deep recession or even long economic depression.

Causes of economic recession

An economic recession is primarily attributed to the actions taken to control the money supply in an economy. The Federal Reserve is the agency responsible for maintaining the delicate balance between money supply, interest rates, and inflation. When this delicate balance is tipped, the economy is forced to correct itself. The Fed sometimes deals with these situations by dumping huge amounts of money supply into the money market. This helps to keep interest rates low, even as inflation rises. Inflation is the rise in the prices of goods and services over a period of time. So, if inflation is increasing, it means that goods and services are costing more now than they did before. The higher the level of inflation, the smaller the percentage of goods and services is which can be bought with a certain amount of money. There can be many contributing factors for inflation, which include but are not limited to increased costs of production, higher costs of energy, and/or the national debt. In an environment where inflation is prevalent, people tend to cut out things like leisure spending. They also budget more, spend less on things they usually indulge in, and start saving more money than they did. As people and businesses start finding ways to cut costs and derail unneeded expenditures, the GDP begins to decline. Then, unemployment rates will rise because companies start laying off workers to cut more costs, because consumers are not spending like they were. It is these combined factors that manage to drive the economy into a state of recession. This set of circumstances, coupled with the ability of people to get access to greater amounts of loan money due to extremely lax loan practices, creates a cycle of unsustainable economic activity that will eventually grind an economy to a near halted existence. You could also say that a recession is actually caused by factors that might stunt the growth that is available from the short term benefits to an economy that can be brought about by such things like spiking oil prices or even war. And while these are very short term in nature usually, they have been known to correct themselves quicker than the full blown recessions that have happened in the past.

Effects of economic recession

Generally, an economic recession can be spotted before it actually happens. There are ways to spot it before it actually hits by observing the changing economic landscapes in quarters that come before the actual onset. You will still see GDP growth, but it will be coupled with signs like high unemployment levels, housing price declines, stock market losses, and the absence of business expansion. When an economy sees more extended periods of economic recession, it goes beyond a recession and is declared that the economy is in a state of depression. The only real benefit of an economic recession is that it will help to cure inflation. In fact, the delicate balancing act that the Fed struggles to pursue is to slow the growth of the economy enough so that inflation will not occur, but also so that a recession will not be triggered in the process. Now, the Fed performs this balancing act without the help of fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is usually trying to stimulate the economy as much as is possible through such things as lowering taxes, spending on programs, and ignoring account deficits.

NIFTY
NIFTY is an Index computed from performance of top stocks from different sectors listed on NSE (National stock exchange). NIFTY consists of 50 companies from 24 different sectors. NIFTY stands for National Stock Exchanges Fifty. The companies which form index of NIFTY may vary from time to time based on many factors considered by NSE. NIFTY is for NSE similarly SENSEX is for BSE Some mutual funds use NIFTY index as a benchmark meaning the mutual funds performance is compared against the performance of NIFTY. On NSE there are futures and options available for trading with NIFTY as underlying index. India Index Services and Products Ltd. (IISL) owns NIFTY. IISL is a joint venture of NSE and CRISIL. CRISIL is a subsidiary of Standard and Poor (S&P). And so NIFTY is also called as S&P CNX NIFTY
1. ABB Ltd : ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 2. ACC Ltd : CEMENT AND CEMENT PRODUCTS 3. Ambuja Cements Ltd : CEMENT AND CEMENT PRODUCTS 4. Axis Bank : Banks 5. BHEL : ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 6. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd(BPCL) : REFINERIES 7. Bharti Airtel Ltd : TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES 8. Cairn India Ltd : OIL EXPLORATION/PRODUCTION 9. Cipla Ltd : PHARMACEUTICALS 10. DLF Ltd : CONSTRUCTION 11. GAIL (India) Ltd : GAS 12. HCL Technologies Ltd : COMPUTERS SOFTWARE 13. HDFC Bank Ltd : BANKS 14. Hero Honda Motors Ltd : AUTOMOBILES 2 AND 3 WHEELERS 15. Hindalco Industries Ltd : ALUMINIUM 16. Hindustan Unilever Ltd : DIVERSIFIED 17. Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd(HDFC) : FINANCE HOUSING 18. IDFC: Finance (Including NBFCs) 19. ITC Ltd : CIGARETTES 20. ICICI Bank Ltd : BANKS 21. Idea Cellular Ltd : TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES 22. Infosys Technologies Ltd : COMPUTERS SOFTWARE 23. Jindal Steel: Iron and Steel 24. JP Associate: Construction & Engineering 25. Kotak

Bank: Banks 26. Larsen & Toubro Ltd : ENGINEERING 27. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd : AUTOMOBILES 4 WHEELERS 28. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd : AUTOMOBILES 4 WHEELERS 29. NTPC Ltd : POWER 30. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd(ONGC) : OIL EXPLORATION/PRODUCTION 31. Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd : POWER 32. Punjab National Bank : BANKS 33. Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd : PHARMACEUTICALS 34. Reliance Communications Ltd : TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES 35. Reliance Industries Ltd : REFINERIES 36. Reliance Infrastructure Ltd : POWER 37. Reliance Capital : Finance (including NBFCs) 38. Reliance Power Ltd : POWER 39. Siemens Ltd : ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 40. State Bank of India : BANKS 41. Steel Authority of India Ltd(SAIL): STEEL AND STEEL PRODUCT 42. Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd : METALS 43. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd : PHARMACEUTICALS 44. Suzlon Energy Ltd : ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 45. Tata Consultancy Services Ltd(TCS) : COMPUTERS SOFTWARE 46. Tata Motors Ltd : AUTOMOBILES 4 WHEELERS 47. Tata Power Co. Ltd : POWER 48. Tata Steel Ltd : STEEL AND STEEL PRODUCTS 49. Unitech Ltd : CONSTRUCTION 50. Wipro Ltd : COMPUTERS SOFTWARE

What is SENSEX?
A glance through Indian Stck Market invariably leads to the word/term known as SENSEX. But what is it really? SENSEX is the short term for the words "Sensitive Index" and is associated with the Bombay (Mumbai) Stock Exchage (BSE). What is it? The SENSEX was first formed on 1-1-1986 and used the market capitalization of the 30 most traded stocks of BSE. The base was 1979 and taken as 100. The 30 scrips of 1986 and no more the same - some have been removed while some have been added. At irregular

intervals, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) authorities review and modify its composition to make sure it reflects current market conditions. Today the Sensex constitutes of the following companies: Company Name (Industry) 1. ACC (Cement - Major) 2. Bharti Airtel (Telecommunications - Service) 3. BHEL (Engineering - Heavy) 4. DLF (Construction & Contracting - Real Estate) 5. Grasim (Diversified) 6. HDFC Bank (Banks - Private Sector) 7. HDFC (Finance - Housing) 8. Hindalco (Aluminium) 9. HUL (Personal Care) 10. ICICI Bank (Banks - Private Sector) 11. Infosys (Computers - Software) 12. ITC (Cigarettes) 13. Jaiprakash Associates (Construction & Contracting - Civil) 14. Larsen & Toubro (Diversified) 15. Mahindra and Mahindra (Auto - Cars & Jeeps) 16. Maruti Suzuki (Auto - Cars & Jeeps) 17. NTPC (Power - Generation/Distribution) 18. ONGC (Oil Drilling And Exploration) 19. Ranbaxy Labs (Pharmaceuticals) 20. Reliance Communications (Telecommunications - Service) 21. Reliance Industries Limited (Diversified) 22. Reliance Infrastructure (Power - Generation/Distribution) 23. State Bank of India (Banks - Public Sector) 24. Sterlite Industries (Metals - Non Ferrous) 25. Sun Pharma (Pharmaceuticals) 26. Tata Motors (Auto - LCVs/HCVs) 27. Tata Power (Power - Generation/Distribution) 28. Tata Steel (Steel - Large) 29. TCS (Computers - Software) 30. Wipro (Computers - Software)

Click here for a history of Sensex companies. How is the Sensex calculated? Sensex is calculated using the "Free-float Market Capitalization" methodology. As per this methodology, the level of index at any point of time reflects the Free-float market value of 30 component stocks relative to a base period. The market capitalization of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares issued by the company. This market capitalization is further multiplied by the free-float factor to determine the free-float market capitalization. The base period of Sensex is 1978-79 and the base value is 100 index points. This is often indicated by the notation 1978-79=100. The calculation of Sensex involves dividing the Free-float market capitalization of 30 companies in the Index by a number called the Index

Divisor. The Divisor is the only link to the original base period value of the Sensex. It keeps the Index comparable over time and is the adjustment point for all Index adjustments arising out of corporate actions, replacement of scrips etc. What is Free-Float Market Capitalization? Many different types of investors hold the shares of a company! The Govt. may hold some of the shares. Some of the shares may be held by the founders or directors of the company. Some of the shares may be held by the FDIs, etc. Now, only the open market shares that are free for trading by anyone. These are called the free-float shares. When we are calculating the Sensex, we are interested in these free-float shares! A particular company, may have certain shares in the open market and certain shares that are not available for trading in the open market. According the BSE, any shares that DO NOT fall under the following criteria, can be considered to be open market shares: Holdings by founders/directors/ acquirers which has control element Holdings by persons/ bodies with "controlling interest" Government holding as promoter/acquirer Holdings through the FDI Route Strategic stakes by private corporate bodies/ individuals Equity held by associate/group companies (cross-holdings) Equity held by employee welfare trusts Locked-in shares and shares which would not be sold in the open market in normal course.

Sensex Calculation a) Find out the free-float market cap of all the 30 companies that make up the Sensex! b) Add all the free-float market caps of all the 30 companies! c) Make all this relative to the Sensex base. The value you get is the Sensex value! To explain this further: Suppose that the Sensex was made up of two companies, A and B. Company A, had 100 (free-float) shares in the market in 1979 and the price of Rs. 10. Market cap = Rs. 1000 Company B, had 200 (free-float) shares in the market in 1979 and the price of Rs. 15. Market cap = Rs. 3000 So the Sensex had a total market cap of Rs. 4000 in 1979 and this is taken as index value = 100 Today company A has 1000 (free-float) shares and the current price is Rs. 150, while company B has 5000 (free-float) shares at Rs. 120. Hence market cap = Rs. 150,000 + Rs. 600,000 = Rs. 750,000. So the equation is:

Market Cap of 4000 = Sensex value 100 Then, Market cap of 750,000 = ? Ans: today's Sensex value will be 18750.

Sources: Various Trivia: a) What is the full form of DLF? b) What is full form of ITC? What was its full name before? c) What is largest fall of the Sensex in % terms? When was it recorded? d) What is largest gain of the Sensex in % terms? When was it recorded? e) Which company has the highest market capitalization in the Sensex?

Top 15 Telecom Companies in World

Rank Company Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 China Mobile Vodafone Group Telefonica AmericaMovil Telenor Group Deutsche Telecom China Unicom TeliaSonera France Telecom Bharti Airtel MTN Group Mobile Telesystems Reliance Communications Orascom Telecom AT&T Subscribers 522 Mln 333 Mln 202 Mln 201 Mln 172 Mln 151 Mln 148 Mln 148 Mln 133 Mln 125 Mln 116 Mln 102 Mln 100 Mln 93 Mln 85 Mln

These figures are based as of end- February 2010.

Top TenFMCG
top 10 operating in asia are

1. P & G 2. Unilever 3. Colgate & Pomolive 4. cadbury 5. Gillete 6. Nestle 7. Dabur India 8. general mills 9. Reckitt Benckiser's 10. Parle 3 years ago

WORLD TOP SOFTWARE COMPANIES

1. IBM 2. Oracle Corporation 3. Google 4. Accenture 5. SAP AG 6. Hewlett Packard 7. Computer Sciences Corporation 8. Yahoo! 9. CA

List of companies by revenue

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

WalMart

Retailing

Janua $421.8 $203,65 [2] ry 31, 49 4 2011

2,150,0 NYSE: WMT 00

Bentonville, Arkansas, United States

Michael Duke

ExxonMo Oil and bil gas

$370.1 [3] 2010 25

$364,03 [3] 5

83,600

3]

NYSE: XOM

Irving, Texas, United States

Rex W. Tillerson

Royal Dutch Shell

Oil and gas

$368.0 [4] 2010 56

$186,61 8

112,00 LSE: RDSA 0

The Hague, Netherlands and London, United Kingdom

Peter Voser

BP

Oil and gas

$297.1 [5] 2010 07

$181,80 6

97,600 LSE: BP

London, England, United Kingdom

Robert Dudley

Sinopec

Oil and gas

$289.7 [6] 2010 74

$159,26 3

400,51 SSE: 600028,SE Beijing, 3 HK: 0386 China

Jiming Wang

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

State Grid Corporati $231.5 Electricity [7] 2010 on of 56 China

1,564,0 Government01 owned

Beijing, China

Liu Zhenya

Toyota Motors

March Automotiv $228.2 $143,70 [8] 31, e 47 5 2011

316,12 TYO: 7203 1

Toyota, Aichi, Japan

Fujio Cho

PetroChin Oil and a gas

$221.9 [9] 2010 55

$353,14 0

464,00 SSE: 601857,SE Beijing, 0 HK: 0857 China

Zhou Jiping

Total S.A.

Oil and gas

$212.8 [10] 2010 15

$151,54 4

111,40 Euronext: FP 1

Courbevoie, France

Christop he de Margerie

10

Japan Post Holdings

March Conglome $211.0 [11] 31, rate 80 2011

229,13 Government4 owned

Tokyo, Japan

Jiro Saito

11

Chevron

Oil and gas

$204.9 [12] 2010 28

$154,46 2

61,533 NYSE: CVX

San Ramon, California, United States

David J. O'Reilly

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

12

ConocoP Oil and hillips gas

$198.6 [13] 2010 55

$97,435

29,700 NYSE: COP

Houston, Texas, United States

James Mulva

13

Vitol

Raw material

Janua $195.0 [14] ry 10, 2011

- Private

Rotterdam, Netherlands and Geneva, Switzerland

Ian Taylor

14

Saudi Aramco

Oil and gas

$182.3 [15] 2009 69

54,441

Governmentowned

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Khalid A. Al-Falih

15

Volkswag Automotiv $169.5 [16] 2010 en Group e 3

$42,507

Martin 329,30 ISIN:DE0007664 Wolfsburg, Winterko 5 005 Lower Saxony, rn Germany

16

Fannie Mae

Financial services

$154.2 [17] 2010 70

7,300 -

Washington, D.C., United States

Mike Williams

17

General

Conglome $150.2

2010

$161,09

287,00

NYSE: GE

Fairfield, Connecticut,

Jeffrey

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n) 6

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

Electric

rate

11

[18]

United States

Immelt

18

Raw Glencore materials

$144.9 [19] 2010 78

LSE: GLEN,SEH Baar, 52,000 K: 0805 Switzerland

Ivan Glasenb erg

19

Allianz

Financial services

$142.2 [20] 2010 4

$54,008

Michael 151,38 ISIN:DE0008404 Munich, Bavar Diekman 8 005 ia, Germany n

20

ING Group

Financial services

$140.7 [21] 2010 29

$37,414

107,10 Euronext: INGA 6

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Jan Hommen

21

Berkshire Conglome $136.1 [22] 2010 Hathaway rate 85

$153,62 4

Omaha, 217,00 NYSE: BRKA,NY Nebraska, 0 SE: BRKB United States

Warren Buffett

22

Samsung Conglome $135.7 Electronic [23] 2010 rate 72 s

$136,22 9

Samsung 275,00 KRX: 005930,KR Lee KunTown,Seoul, 0 X: 005935 hee South Korea

23

General Motors

Automotiv $135.5 [24] 2010 e 92

$13,180
25]

284,00 NYSE: GM 0

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Daniel Akerson

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

25

Eni

Oil and gas

$131.2 [26] 2010 92

$102,28 8

78,417 BIT: ENI

Rome, Lazio, Italy

Paolo Scaroni

26

Daimler AG

Automotiv $130.6 [27] 2010 e 28

$56,671

260,10 [27] FWB: DAI 0

Stuttgart, Bad Dieter enZetsche Wrttemberg, Germany

28

Ford Automotiv $128.9 Motor [28] 2010 e 54 Company

$32,362

327,53 NYSE: F 1

Dearborn, Alan Michigan, Mulally United States

29

HewlettPackard

Informatio Octob n $126.0 $121,77 [29] er 31, technolog 33 8 2010 y

266,59 NYSE: HPQ 0

Palo Alto, Meg California, Whitman United States

30

AT&T

Telecomm $124.2 [30] 2010 unications 8

$165,40 5

321,00 NYSE: T 0

Dallas, Texas, United States

Randall L. Stephen son

31

Nippon March $61,717 Telecomm $124.5 Telegraph 31,

205,28

TYO: 9432

Tokyo,

Norio

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

and unications Telephon e

17

[31]

2011

Japan

Wada

32

E.ON

Electricity; $124.0 [32] 2010 gas 84

$58,392

85,105 FWB: EOAN

Dsseldorf, N Johanne orth Rhines Westphalia, Teyssen Germany

33

Carrefour Retailing

$122.2 [33] 2010 80

$33,940

475,97 Euronext: CA 6

Levallois- Lars Perret, France Olofsson

34

AXA

Financial services

$121.5 [34] 2010 77

$54,340

189,92 Euronext: CS 7

Paris, leHenri de de-France, Castries France

35

Assicuraz $121.2 ioni Insurance [35] 2010 99 Generali

$42,037

85,368 BIT: G

Sergio Balbinot, Trieste, FriuliGiovanni Venezia Giulia, Perissino Italy tto

36

Oil and Petrobras gas

$120.0 [36] 2010 52

$199,10 8

Rio de Bovespa:PETR3, 80,492 Janeiro,State 4 of Rio de

Jos Srgio Gabrielli de

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

Janeiro, Brazil Azevedo

37

Cargill

Agricultur e

May $119.4 [37] 31, 69 2011

158,00 Private 0

Wayzata, Greg Minnesota, Page United States

38

JX Holdings

Energy

March $116.4 [38] 31, 14 2011

- TYO: 5020

Japan

39

GDF Suez

Public utilities

$112.8 [39] 2010 8

$98,209

160,70 Euronext: SZE 0

Paris, France

Grard Mestralle t

40

Hitachi, Ltd.

March Conglome $112.2 $24,121 [40] 31, rate 39 2011

361,74 TYO: 6501 5

Tokyo, Japan

Etsuhiko Shoyam a

41

McKesso n Health Corporati care on

March [ $112.0 $16,970 [41] 31, 25] 84 2011

31,800 NYSE: MCK

San Francisco, California, United States

John Hammer gren

42

Gazprom

Oil and Gas

$111.8 [42] 2010 08

$299,76 4

432,00 RTS:GAZP 0

Moscow, Russia

Alexei Miller

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

43

Bank of America

Banking

$111.3 [43] 2010 9

$134,53 4

203,42 NYSE: BAC 5

Charlotte, Brian North Carolina, Moyniha United States n

44

Tesco

Retailing

June $110.8 [44] 14, 5 2011

$52,209

492,71 LSE: TSCO 4

Cheshunt, England, Philip United Clarke Kingdom

45

Federal Home Loan Financial Mortgage services Corporati on

$109.9 [45] 2010 56

5,000 -

McLean, Virginia, United States

Richard F. Syron

46

Septe Electronic $108.2 mber $189,80 Apple Inc. [46] s 49 25, 2 2011

Cupertino, Tim 63,300 NASDAQ: AAPL California, Cook United States

47

Honda

March Automotiv $107.9 $52,445 [47] 31, e 85 2011

181,87 [48] TYO: 7267 6

Tokyo, Japan

Takanob u Ito

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

48

Verizon

Telecomm $106.5 [49] 2010 unications 65

$104,64 6

203,10 NYSE: VZ 0

Basking Ivan Ridge, New Seidenb Jersey, United erg States

49

Nissan Motors

March Automotiv $105.5 $37,425 [50] 31, e 23 2011

127,62 TYO: 7201 5

Yokohama,Ka Carlos nagawa Ghosn Prefecture, Japan

50

Panasoni March c Electronic $105.0 $53,234 [51] 31, Corporati s 35 2011 on

290,49 TYO: 6752 3

Kunio Kadoma, Osa Nakamur ka, Japan a

51

Nestl

Food $104.9 processin [52] 2010 72 g

$190,16 [53] 3

253,00 SIX: NESN 0

Paul Vevey, Vaud, Bulcke Switzerland

52

LUKoil

Oil and Gas

$104.9 [54] 2010 56

$72,723

150,00 RTS:LKOH 0

Moscow, Russia

Vagit Alekpero v

53

Siemens

Conglome $103.6

Septe $84,219 mber

405,00

FWB: SIE Munich, Bavar

Peter

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

AG

rate

95

[55]

30, 2010

ia, Germany

Lscher

54

Pemex

Oil and gas

$103.5 [56] 2010 38

138,21 Government5 owned

Mexico City, Mexico

Juan Jos Surez Coppel

55

JPMorga n Chase

Financial Services

$102.6 [57] 2010 94

$145,88 1

176,00 NYSE: JPM 0

New York Jamie City, United Dimon States

56

Cardinal Health

Health care

June $102.6 [58] 30, 44 2011

$21,090
25]

40,000 NYSE: CAH

Dublin, Ohio, United States

George Barrett

57

Koch Conglome $100.0 2009 [59] Industries rate est.

80,000 Private

Wichita, Kansas, United States

Charles Koch

58

Petrleos de Oil and Venezuel gas a

$94.92 [60] 2010 9

67,900

Governmentowned

Caracas,Mara Rafael caibo Venezue Ramrez la

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

59

IBM

Informatio n $99.87 [61] 2010 technolog y

$159,39 2

426,75 [61] NYSE: IBM 2

Armonk, New York, United States

Samuel J. Palmisan o

60

Hyundai Motors

Automotiv $98.85 [62] 2010 e 8

$15,610
25]

117,00 KRX: 005380 0

Seoul, South Korea

Chung MongKoo

61

Enel

Electricity $97.78 generatio [63] 2010 2 n

$65,863

58,548 BIT: ENEL

Rome, Lazio, Italy

Fulvio Conti

62

CVS Retailing Caremark

$96.41 [64] 2010 3

$47,423
64]

160,00 NYSE: CVS 0

Woonsocket, Rhode Island, United States

Tom Ryan

63

Lloyds Banking Group

Financial Services

$95.34 [65] 2010 2

$41,723

72,000 LSE: LLOY

London, England, United Kingdom

Antnio HortaOsrio

64

Health UnitedHe care alth

$94.15 [66] 2010 5

$42,998

87,000 NYSE: UNH

Minnetonka, Minnesota,

Stephen Hemsley

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

Group

United States

65

Statoil

Oil and gas

$90.73 [67] 2010 3

$95,752

30,344

68]

OSE: STL

Stavanger,Ro Helge galand, Lund Norway

66

Metro AG Retailing

$89.87
[69]

2010

$26,284

263,79 ISIN:DE0007257 Dsseldorf, 4 503 Germany

Eckhard Cordes

67

Aviva

Financial services

$89.89 [70] 2010 0

$32,247

59,000 LSE: AV.

London, England, United Kingdom

Andrew Moss

68

Electricity Electricit $87.07 generatio [71] 2010 de France 3 n

$159,11 8

156,15 Euronext: EDF 2

Paris, leHenri de-France, Proglio France

69

Costco

Retailing

Augus $87.04 $28,149 [72] t 28, 8 2011

Issaquah, 132,00 Jim NASDAQ: COST Washington, 0 Sinegal United States

70

Citigroup

Financial

$86.60

2010

$106,69

299,00

NYSE: C

New York Vikram City, United

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n) 6

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

services

[73]

States

Pandit

71

Sony

March Electronic $86.52 $36,255 [74] 31, s 1 2011

167,90 TYO: 6758 0

Tokyo, Japan

Howard Stringer

72

BASF

Chemical industry

$85.34 [75] 2010 7

$66,302

109,14 [76] FWB: BAS 0

Ludwigshafen am Kurt Rhein, Rhinela Bock nd-Palatinate, Germany

73

Wells Fargo

Banking / Financial services

$85.21
[77]

2010

$95,937

160,00 NYSE: WFC 0

San Francisco, California, United States

John Stumpf

74

Socit Financial Gnrale Services

$84.86 [78] 2010 8

$57,315

120,00 Euronext: GLE 0

Paris, France

Frdric Ouda

75

Kuwait Petroleu Oil and m gas Corporati on

March $84.59 [79] 31, 4 2010

18,500 -

Kuwait

Saad Al Shuwaib

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

76

Deutsche Telecomm $83.40 [80] 2010 Telekom unications 7

$72,907

Bonn, North 246,77 ISIN:DE0005557 Rhine[81] 7 508 Westphalia, Germany

Ren Oberma nn

77

June Procter & Consumer $82.55 [82] 30, Gamble goods 9 2011

$215,64 0

129,00 NYSE: PG 0

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Robert A. "Bob" McDonal d

78

Industrial and Commerc Banking ial Bank of China

$82.53 [83] 2010 6

$268,95 6

301,53 SSE: 601398,SE Beijing, 7 HK: 1398 China

Jiang Jianqing

79

Valero Energy

Oil and gas

$82.23 [84] 2010 3

$26,257

22,000 NYSE: VLO

San Antonio, Texas, United States

Bill Klesse

80

Kroger

Retailing

Janua [ $82.18 $16,380 ry 29, 25] [85] 9 2011

334,00 [85] NYSE: KR 0

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

David Dillon

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

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Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

81

Nippon March $81.31 Life Insurance [86] 31, 5 Insurance 2011

67,348 Mutual

Ch-ku, Osaka, Japan

Kunie Okamoto

82

Telefnic Telecomm $80.93 [87] 2010 a unications 8

$137,66 0

173,55 Euronext: TFA 4

Madrid,Comm Csar unity of Alierta Madrid, Spain

83

BMW

Automotiv $80.80 [88] 2010 e 9

$35,742

104,34 ISIN: DE0005 2

Norbert Munich, Bavar Reithofer ia, Germany

84

Repsol YPF

Oil and Gas

$80.74 [89] 2010 7

$42,288

41,017 BMAD: REP

Madrid, Spain

Antonio Brufau

85

Archer Daniels Midland

Agricultur June e, Food $80.67 [90] 30, processin 6 2011 g

$26,490

30,000 NYSE: ADM

Decatur, Illinois, United States

Patricia A. Woertz

86

HSBC

Financial services

$80.01 [91] 2010 4

$199,25 5

302,00 [92] LSE: HSBA 0

London, England, United Kingdom

Stuart Gulliver

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

87

SK Group

Conglome $79.60 [93] 2010 rate 3

$8,530
]

[25

KRX: 003600

Seoul, South Korea

Choi Tae-Won

88

National Iranian Oil and Oil gas Company

$79.27 [15] 2009 7

36,000

Governmentowned

Tehran, Iran

Masoud Mir Kazemi

89

Trafigura

Raw materials

$79.2

[9 4]

2010

4,000 Private

Lucerne, Switzerland

90

ArcelorMit Steel tal

$78.02 [95] 2010 5

$119,12 4

Euronext: MT,NY 273,81 Luxembourg SE: MT,LuxSE: 1 City, MT Luxembourg

Lakshmi Mittal

91

Amerisou Health rceBerge care n

Septe [25 $77.95 mber $6,780 [96] ] 4 30, 2010

12,300 NYSE: ABC

Chesterbrook, R. David Pennsylvania, Yost United States

92

American Financial Internatio services nal Group

$77.30 [97] 2010 1

$109,09 1

86,000 NYSE: AIG

New York Robert City, United Benmos States che

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

93

Toshiba

March Conglome $77.09 $21,659 [98] 31, rate 0 2011

199,00 TYO: 6502 0

Tokyo, Japan

Tadashi Okamura

94

Petronas

Oil and gas

March $76.82 [99] 31, 2 2011

Government33,944 owned

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tan Sri Dato Sri Mohd Hassan Marican

95

Indian Oil Oil and Corporati Gas on

March [ $75.63 $16,360 31, [100] 25] 2 2011

36,127 NSE: IOC

New Delhi, India

B.M.Ban sal

96

Fiat

Conglome $75.17 [101] 2010 rate 2

$28,591

162,23 BIT: F 7

Sergio Turin, Piedmo Marchion nt, Italy ne

97

ZENNOH

Agricultur March $75.11 al [102] 31, 1 marketing 2011

8,530 -

Tokyo, Japan

Katsuyos hi Kitajima

98

PSA Peugeot Citron

Automotiv $74.90 [103] 2010 e 9

$17,980
25]

186,22 [104] Euronext: UG 0

Paris, lePhilippe de-France, Varin France

R a n k

Comp any name

Primar y indust ry

Re ven ue (US D billi on)

Fis cal Ye ar

Mark et capit alizat ion (Dec 2009, USD millio [1] n)

Emp loye es

Primary Stock listing

Headquart ers

CEO

99

March Telecomm $73.63 $159,33 Vodafone 83,862 [105] 31, unications 5 7 2011

LSE: VOD

London, England, United Kingdom

Vittorio Colao

100

Marathon

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