Embedded Systems Seminar

On

Applications of Embedded systems

Submitted By:

Abhishek Vijayvargiya Arjun Sanu Jitesh Emmanuel Kanoj.B

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The MODEM

Contents
About MODEM Architecture of MODEM Whats embedded in there? Working Li-Fi- The future of Ultra Speed Data Transfer

About MODEM
MODEM- MOdulator DEModulator Is an electronic device that converts computer's digital information into analog carrier signals and vice versa

Modulation- is the process of changing the form of the signal carrying the information. Demodulation- is process of extracting information from the signals that are modulated.

Different Types Of Modems Modems are classified on the basis of different criteria such as the place where they are installed, the manner in which they accept information and the way they transmit signals. Based on these criteria, modems are divided into the following types. Internal and External Modems: Internal modems are in the form of circuit boards, fitted in expansion slots of the motherboard. An internal modem is a device installed inside a desktop or laptop computer, allowing the computer to communicate over a network with other connected computers. There are two types of internal modems: dial-up and WiFi (wireless). Dial-up operates over a telephone line and requires a network access phone number and logon credentials to make a connection. WIFI connect wirelessly and without credentials in certain cases. External modems are enclosed in separate cases and not inside the system units. The modem is connected to the computer and telephone line by means of two separate cables. Intelligent and Standard Modems: Standard Modems: Most modems used today are called standard modems. These modems are usually operated by commands entered from a microcomputer keyboard. Users control the functions (dialing, etc.) of a modem through the keyboard. Modems may use different command languages to control their functions, but most modems (called "Hayes compatible") use a popular language developed by a company "Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc." Intelligent Modems: Intelligent modems are also called advanced modems. These modems can accept new instructions and then respond to the commands while transmitting data and information. These can be done by microprocessor chips and internal read only memory (ROM) contained in the modem.Wireless and Short-Haul Modems: Short-Haul Modems: Short- haul modems are devices that transmit signals down the cable through any COM1 port. They sometimes are called modem eliminators, because they do not require an external power source. They are also called line drivers that can send data for a distance of more than one mile. This type of modem can be used within or across several buildings in a company or a university campus.Wireless Modems: Wireless modems transmit the data signals through the air instead of by using a cable. They sometimes are called a radiofrequency modem. This type of modem is designed to work with cellular technology, and wireless local area networks. Wireless modems are not yet perfected, but the technology is rapidly improving.

The Internal Architecture

Telephone Network

All the functions of modem are controlled and monitored by logic control block. It has the following modules. Baud rate generator Clock generator Handshaking logic Tone detector Data compression & error detection Hayes command set Baud rate generator: Baud rate is nothing but modulation rate. It is expressed in terms of symbols per second or pulses per second. This transmission/reception rate is determined by baud rate generator. For example: bd1000=1000 pulse/sec. Clock generator: This circuit produces timing signals which helps in synchronizing the circuit operation. It is usually a quartz piezoelectric oscillator & may consist of resonant circuit & an amplifier. Handshaking logic: It is a hardware/software logic wherein signals are transmitted back and forth over a communication network in order to maintain the valid connection or synchronization. There are two types of handshaking protocols and they are: Simple handshaking protocol: Here the receiver sends message to sender. For eg.: The receiver may send message to sender saying I have received our previous message & Im ready for you to send me the next message. Complex handshaking protocol: Here the sender may ask the receiver or receiver may reply the sender. For eg.: The sender asks receiver if he is ready to receive or receiver replies with I did not receive your last message correctly. Please send it again. (if the data was corrupted in between).

Tone detector: Modem requires a channel which should be very clear. Therefore it uses echo cancellation. But if the network is also performing the echo cancellation, then the two cancellers end up in quarreling, leading to bad results. Therefore to avoid this tone detector is used which disables the echo cancellation of network. Data compression & error detection: Data compression enables information to be transmitted beyond the actual connection speed. Data, particularly text & graphics usually contain repeated sequence of identical information. Data compression works by replacing many characters of repeated information with few characters & transmitting only one copy of repeated sequence of data. While transferring data using modem, accidents can & do happen. Because of noise the modem may misinterpret the signal received from other modem causing data corruption. To avoid this Microcosm Network Protocol(MNP) is used. Hayes command set: It is a command language. It consists of series of short text strings which combine together to produce complete commands for operations like dialing & changing the parameters of the connection. Most of the modem use this command set.

Functions of MODEM
Error Correction: Checks whether the data received is undamaged. It: Divides the data into packets called frames. Tags each packet with checksum to check redundancy. Checks whether the data received is the same as sent.

Compressing data: The data is compressed & sent in bits over the network.

Whats embedded in there ?

1 3

Number 1 2 3

Component SOC processor Pseudo-static RAM Serial to Ethernet SOC

1. SoC processor
SoC with highly integrated display, media & image processing. ARM processor; 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer(RISC) instruction set architecture. Most of the instructions are single machine cycle instructions. Integrated Ethernet Memory Access Control(MAC). USB 2.0 host for pc connectivity. Device ports to support 3G, WiFi, Bluetooth for enhanced data connection. Integrated Stereo Class-D amplifier with speaker. 1080p Hardware Video engine for rich video quality.

2. PSRAM- Pseudo-Static RAM Similar to Static RAM. Combined features of DRAM & SRAM Inexpensive because of use of DRAM cell array

3.

Integrated Serial-to-Ethernet SoC 8051 CPU 64KB ROM 32KB of SRAM 2 channel 8bit ADC 10/100Mbps Ethernet and UART

Working
When a modem first makes a connection, we hear screeching sounds coming from the modem. These are digital signals coming from the computer to which we are connecting being modulated into audible sounds. The modem sends a higher-pitched tone to represent the digit I and a lower-pitched tone to represent the digit 0. At the other end of the modem connection, the computer attached to its modem reverses this process. The receiving modem demodulates the various tones into digital signals and sends them to the receiving computer. Actually, the process is a bit more complicated than sending and receiving signals in one direction and then another. Modems simultaneously send and receive signals in small chunks. The modems can tell incoming from outgoing data signals by the type of standard tones they use. Another part of the translation process involves transmission integrity. The modems exchange an added mathematical code along the way. This special code, called a checksum, lets both computers know if the data segments are coming through properly. If the mathematical sums do not match, the modems communicate with each other by resending the missing segments of data. Modems also have special circuitry that allows them to compress digital signals before modulating them and then decompressing them after demodulating the signals. The compression/decompression process compacts the data so that it can travel along telephone lines more efficiently.

Working

300 bps modem Uses frequency shift keying (FSK) Operation: Originating Modem : 0 for 1070 Hz tone 1 for 1270 Hz tone Answering Modem : 0 for 2025 Hz tone 1 for 2225 Hz tone Full-duplex operation 56K modem Phase-shift keying(PSK) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line( ADSL) Bandwidth Range from 24 KHz to 11 Mhz

Advancements

Wi-Fi
R & D in RTOS system has resulted in development of Wireless Devices Embedded Wi-Fi Modules with RTOS wirelessly enabling any device provide simple means of

These modules communicate via internet Since the data transfer happens wirelessly, the serial data transfer bus is not present The hardware required is complex as the clock signals are required to be synchronized wirelessly

Advancements

Li-Fi
Large chunks of data are sent through light waves Where a Wi-Fi gives data transfer rates of 10-100 Mbps, LiFi supports data transfer upto 1 Gbps The RTOS enabled embedded system has helped in unleashing whats called as what you see is what you send trend

References

Wikipedia articles about modem www.howstuffworks.com/modem.htm www.crm.mb.ca/guide/components/modem.html http://www.avnetembedded.eu/products/wireless/modems.html http://www.brighthub.com/computing/hardware/a rticles/31406.aspx