Otto Cycle

Example No1:- In an air standard Otto Cycle engine, the temperature at the end of
compression stroke is 600 K and the maximum cycle temperature us 2400 KJ/kg. If
the engine delivers 800 KJ/kg of net work, find the thermal efficiency and
compression ratio of the engine.
Solution:Heat added, Q1
=
CV (T3 T2)
=
0.718 (2400-600)
=
1292.4 KJ/kg
Thermal efficiency, =

net work output

Heat supplied

800
1292.4

61.9 %

0.619

In terms of compression ratio r = v1/v2, the efficiency of an engine working on Otto cycle
is

1- 1
r 1

0.619 = 1 -

1
r 1.4 1
1
1 - 0.619)

1 / 0.4

11.15

Example No2:- Consider an air standard Otto cycle that has a heat addition of 3000
KJ/kg of air, a compression ratio of 8 and a pressure and temperature at the
beginning of compression process of 1 bar, 320 K. Determine:
a)
The maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle
b)
The thermal efficiency and
c)
The mean effective pressure.
Solution:
a)
Considering adiabatic compression process 1-2
P2
=
P1 (V1/V2) r =
1X (8) 1.4
=
18.38 bar
r-1
0.4
T2
=
T1 (V1/V2) =
320 X (8)
=
735.16 K
Heat added, Q1
=
Cv (T3 T2) for unit mass.
3000= 0.718 (T3 735.16)
T3
=
4913.43 K
Considering constant volume process 2-3

P3= P2 T3
T2

=
=

b)

18.38 x 4913.43
735.16
122.84 bar

Considering adiabatic expansion process 3-4

r-1

V1
V2

4913.43
(8)0.4
Heat rejected/kg,

2138.78

Q2 =

Cv (T4 - T1)

T3
T4

T4

Work done

V4
V3

0.718 (2138.78 - 320)

1305.88 KJ/kg

=
=
=

Heat added - heat rejected

3000 - 1305.9 KJ/kg
1694.1

=
=
=
c)

=
=

Efficiency, =

Check:

r-1

Work done
Heat supplied
0.5647 or 56.47%

1 - 1
=
-1
r
0.5647 or 56.47 %

1 - 1
(8)0.4

(8) 0.4

1694.1
3000

From characteristic gas equation

P1V1

= RT1

V1

RT1
P1

V2

V1
8

=
=
=
=

Stroke volume =

287 X 320
1 X 105
0.9184 m3/ kg
0.9184
8
0.1148 m3/ kg

V1 - V2

Mean effective pressure, Pm =

=

=
=

0.9184 - 0.1148
0.8036 m3/ kg

Work done per cycle

Swept volume
1694.1

=
=

0.8036
2108.138
21.08 bar

KN/m2

Example No.3 :- An Otto cycle takes in air at 1 bar and 15oC. The compression
ratio is 6 to 1 and 2000 kJ/kg of energy is released to air in each cycle. To what value
must the compression ratio be raised to increase the net work per cycle by 20
percent?
Solution:
= 1- 1/r-1 = 1-1/ 61.4-1 = 0.51165
Wnet = * heat supplied
= 0.51165* 2000
= 1023.3 kJ/kg
For the new cycle,
Wnet = 1023.3 * 1.2
= 1227.96
= Wnet / heat supplied
= 1227.96/2000
= 0.61398
In terms of compression ratio,
= 1- 1/r-1 = 1-1/ r1.4-1 = 0.61398
r = [1/(1- 0.61398)]1/0.4
= [1/0.38602]1/0.4
= [2.5905]2.5
= 10.80
It is to be noted that for modest increase in net work output, the compression ratio has to
be increased by a large value.
Example No.4:-An air standard Otto cycle is designed to operate with the following
data:
Maximum
cycle
pressure
and
temperature:
6
MPa
and
2250 minimum cycle pressure and temperature: 0.1 MPa and 320 k.Determine the
net work output per unit mass of working fluid and the thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Refer Fig.15.6 compression ratio, r = V1 / V2 = p2 / p1 * T1 / T2
For constant volume heat addition process,
P 2 / T2 = P3 / T3
:. r = T1P2 /P1T3 = (6 * 320)/(2250* 0.1)
=1920/225 = 8.533

 = 1- 1/r-1 = 1-1/ (8.533)1.4-1

=0.576 = 57.6%
From adiabatic compression process
T2 = T1(V1 / V2) -1
=320 * (8.533)0.4
= 754.2 K
Heat supplied per unit mass of working fluid
Q1 = Cv (T3 -T2)
= 0.718(2250-754.27)
= 1073.93KJ/Kg
Work done, W = n * Q1= 0.576 * 1073.93
=618.58KJ/Kg
Example No.5:- The upper and lower temperature limits for Otto cycle are 1600 K
and 300 K respectively. What compression ratio is required to develop maximum
work? Estimate the maximum theoretical power developed by an engine working on
this cycle when the air flow rated is 0.35 kg/min.
Ans: The conditions for maximum work output are
r = (T3 /T1)1/ (2r-1) = (1500 /400)1/2*0.4 = 5.656
T2 =T4 = (T3 T1)1/2= (400 * 1600)1/2= 800 K
Work done per kg mass of air
= heat suppliedheat rejected
= Cv (T3 -T2) - Cv (T4 T1)
=0.718 (1600 800) - 0.718 (800 - 400)
=287.2kJ/Kg
:. Maximum power developed= 287.2 * 0.35 /60 = 1.67533
Example No. 6:- An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m, pressure
1 bar and temperature 30C at the beginning of compression stroke. At the end of
compression stroke, the pressure is 11bar. 210 kJ of heat is added at constant
volume. Determine:
(i)
Pressures, temperatures and volumes at salient points in the cycle.
(ii)
Percentage clearance.
(iii) Efficiency.
(iv)
Net work per cycle.
(v)
Mean effective pressure.
(vi)
Ideal power developed by the engine if the number of working cycles
per minute is 210.
Assume the cycle is reversible.
Solution: Refer Fig. 15.7
Volume,

V1 = 0.45 m

Initial pressure,
P1 = 1 bar
Initial temperature,
T1 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
Pressure at the end of compression stroke, P2 = 11 bar
Heat added at constant volume
= 210 kJ
Number of working cycles/min.
= 210.
(i)
Pressures, temperatures and volumes at salient points :
For adiabatic compression 1-2
p1V1 = p2V2
p(bar)
3
21.48

Adiabatics
11
2

1
1
V (m)
V1 = 0.45 m
Fig. 15.7
1

or

p2 V 1
= = ( r )
p1 V 2

or

p 2 11 14
r = = = (11) 0.714 = 5.5
1
p1

T2 V1
= = (r ) 1 = (5.5)1.4 1 = 1.977 1.98
T1 V 2

T 2 = T 1 1.98 = 303 1.98 = 600 K. (Ans.)

Applying gas laws to points 1 and 2
p1V1 p2V2
=
T1
T2
T
p
600 1 0.45

V2 = 2 1 V1 =
= 0.081 m. (Ans.)
T1 p2
303 11
The heat supplied during the process 2-3 is given by:

Also

Qs = mcv (T3 T2 )
p1V1 1 105 0.45
=
= 0.517kg
RT1
287 303

210 = 0.517 0.71(T3 600)

210
or
T3 =
+ 600 = 1172 K. (Ans.)
0.517 0.71
For the constant volume process 2-3

where

m=

p3 p2
=
T3 T2
T
1172

p3 = 3 p2 =
11 = 21.48 bar. (Ans.)
T2
600
V3 = V2 = 0.081 m. (Ans.)
For the adiabatic (or isentropic) process 3-4
p3V3 = p4V4

V
1
p4 = p3 3 = p3
r
V4

1.4

1
= 21.48

5 .5
1

Also

= 1.97 bar. (Ans.)

1

1.4 1

T4 V3
1
1
= = =
= 0.505

T3 V4
r
5 .5
T4 = 0.505T3 = 0.505 1172 = 591.8 K. (Ans.)

V4 = V1 = 0.45 m. (Ans.)

(ii) Percentage clearance :

Percentage clearance
V
V2
0.081
= c =
100 =
100
Vs V1 V2
0.45 0.081
= 21.95%. (Ans.)
(iii)Efficiency :
The heat rejected per cycle is given by
Qr = mcv (T4 T1 )
= 0.5170.71(591.8 303) = 106 kJ
The air-standard efficiency of the cycle is given by
Q Qr 210 106
otto = s
=
= 0.495 or 49.5%. (Ans.)
Qs
210
Alternatively:

otto = 1

1
1

(r )

=1

1
= 0495 or 49.5%. (Ans.).
(5.5)1.4 1

(iv) Mean effective pressure, pm :

The mean effective pressure is given by
W (work done )
Q Qr
pm =
= s
Vs ( sweptvolume) (V1 V2 )

(210 106) 103

= 2.818 bar. (Ans.)
(0.45 0.081) 105
(v) Power developed, P :
Power developed, P = work done per second
= work done per cycle number of cycles per second
= (210 106) (210/60) = 364 kW. (Ans.)
=

Example No.7:- The efficiency of an Otto cycle is 60% and = 1.5. What is the
compression ratio?
Solution: Efficiency of otto cycle, = 60%
Ratio of specific heats, = 1.5
Efficiency of Otto cycle is given by,
otto = 1 - 1 .
( r ) - 1
0.6 = 1- 1 .
( r )1.5 - 1
or
( r )0.5 = 1/0.4 = 2.5
1 . = 0.4 or
( r )0.5

or
Hence , compression ratio

r = 6.25
=

6.25

(Ans).

Diesel Cycle
Example No.1 :- In an air standard Diesel Cycle, the compression ratio is 16 and the
fluid properties at the beginning of compression are 100kPa and 300K. For a peak
temperature of 1500K, calculate (a) the percentage of stroke at which cut off occurs
(b) the cycle efficiency and (c) the work output per kg of air.
Solution:(a) Considering adiabatic compression process,
T2 =T1 (V1/V2) -1 =300 (16)1.4-1 =909.423 K
From constant pressure process 2-3,
Cut off ratio, =v3/v2 =T3/T2 =1500/909.423 =1.6494
v1=RT1/P1 = 287300/ (1001000) =0.861 m3/kg
v2=V1/8 = 0.861/16 =0.05381 m3/kg
v3= 1.64940.05381= 0.088754 m3/kg
Therefore, % age cut off = (v3-v2)/ (v1-v2)
= (0.088754-0.05381)/ (0.861-0.05381)
= 0.04329 or 4.329%
(b) In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio , the thermal efficiency of a diesel
engine is given by,
= 1- 1/r -1[{ -1}/ { (-1)}]
= 1- 1/160.4[{1.6494 1.4 -1}/ {1.4(1.6494-1)}]
7

= 0.63175 or 63.175%
(c) Heat supplied during constant pressure process 2-3,
Q1 = Cp (T3-T2) = 1.005 (1500-909.423)
= 593.529 kJ/kg
Net Work Output = Q1
= 0.63175 593.529
= 374.962 kJ/kg

Example No.2 :- An engine working in Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16

and fuel supply is cut off at 8% of stroke. If the engine has a relative efficiency of
50%, determine the fuel consumption per kW-hr. Assume the fuel has the calorific
value 42,000 kJ/kg.
Solution:Volume at cut off, V3=V2+0.08(V1-V2)
Cut off ratio, = V3/V2 = 1+ 0.08{(V1/V2)-1}
= 1+ 0.08(16-1)
=2.2
In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio , the efficiency of a diesel cycle engine
is given by
= 1- 1/r -1[{ -1}/ { (-1)}]
= 1- 1/160.4[{2.21.4 -1}/ {1.4(2.2-1)}]
= 0.6042 or 60.42%
The ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the air standard efficiency is known as relative
efficiency or efficiency ratio.
Therefore, Actual Thermal Efficiency = 0.6042 0.5
= 0.3021
Now, Actual Thermal Efficiency = (power output in kW 3600)/ (mf calorific value)
Where, mf = mass of the fuel used per kW-hr

0.3021 = (1 3600)/ (mf 42000)

mf = 0.28373 kg/kW-hr
The fuel used per kW-hr is called specific fuel consumption.

Example No.3 :- In an air standard diesel cycle with compression ratio 14, the
conditions of air at the start of the compression stroke are 1 bar and 300 K. After
addition of heat at constant pressure, the temperature rises to 2775K. Determine the
thermal efficiency of the cycle, net work done per kg of air and the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:From adiabatic compression process 1-2,
T2 =T1 (V1/V2) -1 =300 (14)1.4-1 = 862 K
From constant pressure heat addition process,
Cut off ratio, =v3/v2 =T3/T2 = 2775/862 = 3.22

In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio , the thermal efficiency of a diesel
engine is given by,
= 1- 1/r -1[{ -1}/ { (-1)}]
= 1- 1/140.4[{3.22 1.4 -1}/ {1.4(3.22-1)}]
= 0.536 or 53.6%
(b) Heat supplied during constant pressure process 2-3,
Q1 = cp (T3-T2) = 1.005 (2775-862)
= 1922.56 kJ/kg
Net Work Output = Q1
= 0.536 1922.56
= 1030.49 kJ/kg
(c) From characteristic gas equation,
v1=RT1/p1 = 287300/ (1100000) =0.861 m3/kg
v2= 0.861/14 =0.0615 m3/kg
Swept volume = v1 - v2 = 0.861 0.0615 = 0.7995 m3/kg
Mean Effective Pressure = work done / swept volume
= 1030.49 / 0.7995 = 1288.92 kN/m2 12.89 bar

Example No.4 :- In a Diesel Cycle, air at 0.1 MPa and 300K is compressed
adiabatically until the pressure rises to 5 MPa. If 700 kJ/kg of energy in the form of
heat is supplied at constant pressure, determine the compression ratio, cut off ratio,
thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure.
Solution:(a) Considering adiabatic compression process,
p1v1 = p2v2
v1/ v2 = (p1/p2)1/ = (5/0.1)1/1.4 = 16.35
Compression ratio, r = V1/V2 = 16.35
T2 = T1 (v1/v2) -1 = 300 (16.35)1.4-1 = 917.3K

Heat supplied,
Q1 = cp (T3-T2)
700 = 1.005 (T3 917.3)
T3 = (700/1.005) + 917.3 = 1613.82K
Cut off ratio, = v3/v2 = T3/T2 = 1613.82/917.3 = 1.759
(b) In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio , the thermal efficiency of a diesel
engine is given by,
= 1- 1/r -1[{ -1}/ { (-1)}]
= 1- 1/16.350.4[{1.759 1.4 -1}/ {1.4(1.759-1)}]
= 0.6292 or 62.92%
(c)
Net Work Output = Q1
= 0.6292 700

= 440.44 kJ/kg
From characteristic gas equation,
v1=RT1/p1 = 28730/ (0.11000000) =0.861 m3/kg
v2= 0.861/16.35 = 0.05266 m3/kg
Swept volume = v1 - v2 = 0.861 0.05266 = 0.8083 m3/kg
Mean Effective Pressure = work done / swept volume
= 440.44 / 0.8083 = 544.89 kN/m2 0.545 MPa

Example No.5 :- A 4-stroke engine working on Diesel cycle has a piston diameter of
25cm, a stroke of 40cm and a clearance volume of 1200c.c. The fuel injection takes
place for 5% of stroke. If the induction pressure corresponds to 1 bar and engine
turns 5 rev/sec, find the air standard efficiency, mean effective pressure and power
developed.
Solution
Swept volume, VS = /4 d2l = /4 (25)2 40 = 19625 cm3
Clearance volume, VC = 1200 cm3
Compression ratio,r = (VC+VS)/VC = (1200+19625)/1200 = 17.35
Volume at the end point of cut off,V3 = V2 + 0.05VS
= 1200 + 0.05 19625
= 2181.25 cm3
Cut off ratio, = V3/V2 = 2181.25/1200 = 1.818

In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio , the thermal efficiency of a diesel
engine is given by,
= 1- 1/r -1[{ -1}/ { (-1)}]
= 1- 1/17.350.4[{1.818 1.4 -1}/ {1.4(1.818-1)}]
= 0.635 or 63.5%
(b) The mean effective pressure (pm) of a diesel engine cycle is given by
pm = p1 r/{(r-1)( -1)} [ r -1 (-1) ( -1)]
= 117.35/{(17.35-1)(1.4-1)} [ 1.417.350.4(1.818-1)-(1.8181.4-1)]
= 2.653(3.584 1.31)
= 6.03 bar
(c)
Work output = mean effective pressure swept volume
=6.03 105 (19625 10-6)
= 11834 Nm/ cycle = 11.834 kJ/cycle
For a 4-stroke engine, the cycle is completed in two strokes and accordingly the number
of effective working cycles equal half the number of revolutions/ second.
Therefore, Power developed = 11.834 5/2 = 29.58 kJ/s = 29.58 kW
Example No.6 :- The mean effective pressure of a diesel cycle is 7.5 bar and
compression ratio is 12.5.Find the percentage cut off of the cycle if its initial
pressure in 1 bar.
Solution:

10

Mean effective pressure, pm=7.5 bar

Compression ratio, r =12.5
Initial pressure, p1=1 bar
The mean effective pressure is given by
Pm = p1.r [(-1)-r1- ( -1)]
(-1) (r-1)
7.5 = 1*(12.5)1.4 [1.4(-1)-(12.5)1-1.4 (1.4 -1)
(1.4-1) (12.5-1)
7.5 = 7.46(1.4 -1.4-0.364 1.4 + 0.364)
4.6
2.04=1.4 -0.364 1.4
Solving by trial and error method, we get
= 2.24
% cut off = -1 * 100 = 2.24-1 * 100 = 10.78%
r-1
12.5-1

Example 7

In a diesel cycle the compression ratio is 18 and the cut-off ratio is 1.6. The pressure at
the beginning of compression is 1 bar. Determine (a) the air-standard thermal efficiency
and (b) the mean effective pressure. Assume =1.4

Solution:
Since

r = 18; = 1.6

(a) ( )thermal = 1- 1/(r-1). [(-1)/ (-1)]

= 1-

(18)1.4 1

1.61.4-1

= 1-

1.4(1.6-1)

= 0.651= 65.1%
(b) Also, m.e.p = p1r [r-1( -1)-(-1)]
(r-1)(-1)
= 1 x 18 [1.4x (18)0.4-1.61.4-1)]
(18-1)(1.4-1)
= 4.6 bar

11

. 1.931-1

3.178

0.84

Dual Cycle
Example No.1: - The swept volume of a diesel engine working on dual cycle is 0.0053
m and clearance volume is 0.00035 m. the maximum pressure is 65 bars. Fuel
injection ends at 5% of the stroke .The temp and pressure at the start of the
compression are 80 C and 0.9 bars. Determine the air standard efficiency of the
cycle. Take for air =1.4.
Solution:- refer fig 15.13

Fig 15.13
Swept volume,
Clearance volume,
Maximum pressure,
Initial temperature,
Initial pressure,

Vs =0.0053 m
Vc =V3=V2=0.00035 m
p3 =p4 =65 bar
T1=80+273=353 K
p1 =0.9 bar

The efficiency of a dual cycle is given by

dual =1-1/(r) (-1) (. -1)/ ((-1) + (-1))

(eq.1)

Compression ratio, r=V1/V2 = (Vs +Vc)/Vc = (0.0053+0.00035)/0.00035=16.14

[Because V2=Vc=clearance volume]
Cut-off ratio,

=V4/V3= ((0.05) Vs+V3)/V3

= (0.050.0053+0.00035)/0.00035=1.76
(Because V2=V3=Vc)

Also during the compression operation 1-2,

12

pV = pV
(p/p ) = (V /V) = (16.14) 1.4=49.14
p =p49.14=0.949.14=44.22 bar
Pressure explosion ratio, =p3/p2 =65/44.22=1.47
Putting the values in eq.1, we get
= 63.83% (Ans.)

Example No.2:- An oil engine working on the dual combustion cycle has a
compression ratio 14 and the explosion ratio 14 and the explosion ratio obtained
from an indicator card is 1.4. If the cut-off occurs at 6% of stroke, find the ideal
efficiency. Take for air = 1.4.
Solution:Compression ratio,
r=14
Explosion ratio,
=1.4
If is the cut-off ratio, then (-1)/(r-1) =6/100
Or (-1)/ (14-1) =0.06

=1.78

Ideal efficiency is given by

ideal or dual =1 - 1/r-1( -1)/ ((-1) + (-1))

=1 - 1/141.4-1(1.41.781.4-1)/((1.41)+1.41.4(1.781))
=61.4% (Ans.)

Example No3:- the compression ratio for a single-cylinder engine operating on dual
cycle is 9. The max. Pressure in the cylinder is limited to 60 bars. The pressure and
temperature of the air at the beginning of cycle are 1 bar and 30oC. Heat is added
during constant pressure process up to 4% of the stroke. Assuming the cylinder
diameter and stroke length as 250 mm and 300 mm resp., determine:
(i) The air standard efficiency of the cycle.
(ii) The power developed if the numbers of working cycle are 3 per sec.
Take for air Cv=0.71 kJ/kg k and: Cp=1.0 kJ/kg k
Solution: Refer fig 15.14
Cylinder diameter,
D=250mm=0.25m
Compression ratio,
r =9
Stroke length,
L=300mm=0.3m
Initial pressure,
p1=1 bar

13

Initial temp.,
T1=30+273=303K
Max. pressure,
p3= p4= 60 bar
Cut-off
= 4% of stroke volume
Number of working cycles/sec. =3

Fig 15.14

(Process 3 to 4 rep. 0.04Vs )

(i) Air standard efficiency:
Now, swept volume, Vs=/4 D2L= /4 0.25 20.3 =0.0147 m3
Also, compression ratio, r = (Vs + Vc)/Vc
9= (0.0147+Vc)/Vc

Vc=0.0018 m3

V1=Vs+Vc=0.0147+0.0018=0.0165 m3
For the adiabatic (or isentropic) process 1-2,
p1V1=p2V2
p2=p1 (V1/V2) =1(r) =1 (9)1.4 =21.67 bar
Also,

(T2/T1) = (V1/V2) -1 = (9)1.4-1=2.408

=>

T2=3032.408=729.6 K

For the constant volume process 2-3,

P3/P2=T3/T2
14

T3=729.660/21.67=2020 K
Also,

(-1)/(r-1) =0.04

As r=9, then =1.32

For the constant pressure process 3-4,
T4/T3=V4/V3
=> T4=T3=20201.32=2666.4 K
V5/V4= (V5/V2) (V2/V4) = (V1/V2) (V3/V4)=r/

Also, expansion ratio,

[Because V5=V1 and V2=V3]

For adiabatic process 4-5,
T5/T4= (V4/V5) -1 = (/r) -1
=> T5=2666.4 (1.32/9) 1.4-1 =1237 K
p4V4=p5V5

Also,

p5=60(r/) =60 (1.32/9)1.4 =4.08 bar.

Heat supplied,

Qs=cv (T3-T2) + cp (T4-T3)

=0.71(2020-729.6) +1.0(2666.4-2020) =1562.58 kJ/kg.

Heat rejected,

Qr = cv (T5-T1) =0.71(1237-303) =663.14 kJ/kg

air-standard = (Qs-Qr)/Qs

= (1562.58-663.14)/1562.58=57.56% (Ans.)
(ii) Power developed by the engine, P:
Mass of air in the cycle is given by
m=p1V1/RT1=11050.0165/287303=0.0189 kg
Therefore, work done per cycle

=m (Qs-Qr)
=0.0189(1562.58-663.14) =16.999

Power developed

=work done per cycle no. of cycles per sec.

=16.9993=50.99 say 51 kW (Ans.)

15