Pipelines - M. Amerini

PIPELINE
Stefano TARCHI Maurizio Amerini Alberto TESEI
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
NOTE : Most slides in sections 3-6 are courtesy of SRG
Index
Gas Market Regional Unbalance

Production - Consumption
EU Gas Cons.
Bcm/y
50% 50% 75%
Russia
'05
25%
Europe
'15
237
2005
2020
'30
208 186 31%
NA Gas Cons.
3% 97% 20% 80%
Gas imported Indigenous Production
-292 -375 3% -516
China Gas Cons.

35%
North America
'05 '15 '30 -22 -67 -155
ME
195
301
'05
'15 '30 '05 0
China
'15 -28
'30
100%
65%
2005
2020
5%
Africa
8% 143 101 '05
2005
2020
290
43 '05 '15 '30 41% '05 -6
India
'15 -13
Latin America
Natural Gas Reserves (% of total World) 4% 16 '05 24 '15 '30 70
'30
-127 '05
Pacific
'15
'30 8%
'15 '30
-61
-38
-66
-37
4 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Source: World Energy Outlook 2007 (EIA), BP Statistical Review 08.
PIPELINE vs LNG
1. PIP & LNG factors (Qualitative)
- Same factors affect the two markets in a different wayi.e. geographical; geopolitical; execution risk; technical complexity; selling gas alternatives; chain bottlenecks (I.e. pipe, vessels etc)
2. PIP & LNG Value Chain (Quantitative)

- CAPEX: Engineering, Constructions etc.. - OPEX: Maintenance, Fuel, Operations etc.. - ROI and Payback period; sensitivity depending on variables (i.e. distance; plant size/flow; gas price)
LNG vs Pip: in the Mediterranean
Source: C-Engineering
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
6 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi
Economies of scale 1000 km
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Economies of scale 4000 km
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
Pipeline Design Main Steps

1. Route selection 2. Pipe selection 3. Pipeline Hydraulic modeling 4. Compression stations 5. Model validation 6. Off design
1. Route Selection
Decisive criteria to ensure optimum route
Geopolitical factor is often key to project success
2. Pipe Selection
Gas flow in a pipe...pressure..velocity.. losses
Larger pipes => reduced losses (Opex) but higher Capex...need the right compromise
2. Pipe Selection
Not necessarily only #1 pipe...looping, construction and emergency issues may lead to different solutions
3. Pipeline Hydraulic Modeling

PIPELINE ELEVATION PROFILE
1400
PIPELINE ROUTE
Elevation, M
1200
1000
elev m
800
600
400
SOIL THERMAL PROFILE

0.0008
Soil Thermal Conductivity, w/m*k
200 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0

0.025
-200
Kilometers
Soil Thermal Conduct.
Inputs Needed: Pipe characteristics (i.e. Lenght,

Roughness Profile
Pipe Roughness, mm
500
0.02
1000
1500 Kilometrs
2000
2500
roughness, size, thermal exch. coefficient etc..) Soil temperature Ambient temperature Elevation profile
0.015
roughness mm 0.01
0.005
0 0 500 1000
Kilometers
1500
2000
2500
Gas Composition and flow Establish treshold limits

4. Compression Stations
Need to find the right balance between reducing pipe losses (which maximizes # stations) and relevant stations costs Optimum balance depending on several factors (i.e pipe rating, routes losses etc...); typical order of magnitude is 150 km average distance
4. Model validation
Once Station power is established, need to move to compression units selection within the station Units selection shall based on flow profile forecasts, available units size in the market and sparing philosophy CC and GT curves are then included in the hydraulic model Several simulation are run to check proper functioning of the system at different ambient temperatures, flow profiles and operating conditions (iterative process)
5. Off Design - Units

Off design may be due to: 1. 2. Units/Stations in shutdown due to (un)scheduled maintenance Pipe Unavailability (SeaLine)
No Compression required / available GT power and CC pressure ratio are maximized during one station outage
Disch. Pressure 1740 Psig (120 bara)
Units off-design: Sparing Philosophy A. B. C. Parallel (N+1) Series Operation (extra installed power) Dynamic (recovery during cold period, if possible)
5. Off Design - Pipeline

CAPE BON SEA LINE HEAD STATION N10 FR52 + BCL404/A Compressor
1430 Km Onshore Pipeline Italian Peninsula
160 Km 20 Three Lines 20 and Two Lines 26 Pipeline Under Sicilian Channel Cape Bon Head Station 910 Km Onshore Pipeline Algeria-Tunisia
Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme

Initial Normal Conditions (1983)
4 Units working in parallel to maximize Gas Flow Discharge Header (150 Bar) Middle Pressure Header (Not Used) Suction Header
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a Stand-By Unit MS5002B MS5002B

MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme

Initial Emergency Conditions (1983)
3 Units Middle Pressure and 2 Unites to Discharge Header Discharge Header (205 Bar) Middle Pressure Header (In Operation) Suction Header
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a
BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

Unit In Operation
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
Large PIP evolution: design trends

Project Year Pd (bara) Aver.dist (Km) Gas Price ($/MMBTU)* Driver type Driver ISO Efficiency Emissions (NOx ppm) Waste Heat recovery Sparing Philosophy Pipe # Russia 1992 55-75 120 1.7 FR5B/C 36% incl. regen cycle N/A NO 2+1 #600 Algeria 2000 75 150 4.2 PGT25 37.7% 200 NO N+1 #600 India 2006 98 160 6.7 PGT25+ 41.1% 100 Yes (St.1) No Sparing #900
Trends Discharge Pressure
Gas price up ...focus on efficiency (>43%)
Environmental constraints WHR becoming a must LCC approach
(*) Price indicated refers to market price ( Henry Hub) at time of installation, not to price of gas delivered trough that pipeline.
2/22/2010
Rev. 0
Index
Onshore Pipeline Design Key Issues

During the feasibility study, several pipeline routes are analysed to minimize the impact to the environment The geology and the hydrological context of the pipeline routes is analysed When the route is defined, the Company contacts the landowners to explain the project Several studies and surveys are required for the detail design and for the local and national permit procedures
Rights of Way
A permanent Right-of-Way is required to operate and maintain the pipeline after construction. The strip width is usually fixed by law, according to the design pressure & diameter
Example. Strip according to italian law here for 75 bar and DN 1200
20 m 40 m
20 m
Onshore Pipeline Construction

Phases:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Removal of topsoil Clearing and grading of the working strip Handling and stringing Bending Welding and examination Digging the trench Lowering into the trench & backfilling Installing plants Special crossing Testing Restoration
1 - Removal of topsoil
Before digging the trenches, the topsoil layer is carefully separated from the subsoil so to be reinstated in the same place when backfilling
2 - Clearing and grading the working strip
3 - Handling and stringing
Pipe transport

Storage yard
Trailers
Stringing phases

Stringing of pipes along the pipeline work strip
4 - Bending
Pipes can be bent in the field to fit the moderate changes in pipeline route and the morfology
5 Welding & Examination

Coupling: Various sections of pipes are joined into one continuous lenght
After welding, circumferential welds examination is performed both with X-ray and ultra-sound system
5 Welding & Examination

Automatic welding
Manual welding
5 Welding & examination
Ultra-sound examination of welds

6 - Digging the trench

The trenching crew uses specialised escavators to dig the pipe trench
Humus (topsoil) Italian law requires for the cover of the pipe a minimum of 0,9m under the ground level pipe 0.9 m
Backfill (subsoil)
6 - Digging the trench
Trench
7 - Lowering into the trench
Using a number of side-booms, operators simultaneously lift and lower the pipe into the trench Such operation needs close coordination and skilled operators
7 Lowering & Backfilling

Backfilling
Backfilling top soil

8 - Installing plants
Construction includes design and installation of:
Pig Traps Pressure Reduction Stations Gas Compressor Stations Section valves Etc
Pig trap
Pig trap
Interconnection node
High Pressure Reduction Station
Gas Compressor Station Compressor buildings
Gas Compressor Station
9 - Special Crossing
* Several techniques are available for crossing railways, roads, waterways or special natural areas
without digging open trenches

* Depending on soil conditions and geo-hydrology, the appropriate trenchless technique can be selected from the following:
a. b. c. d. e. Raise borer Horizontal Directional Drilling Micro-tunneling Tunnel Boring Machine
9a - Raise Borer
Raise boring is an inclined drilling. The pipe is lowered in the borehole. The benefit of this technique is that it allows installation of the pipeline without any vegetal and morphologic impact Drilling machine
well
Horizontal gallery
9a - Raise Borer
Completed borehole
Inserting the pipeline

9b - Horizontal Directional Drilling

* Based on techniques developed for drilling deviated oil wells From the point of departure where the drilling unit is placed, a small diameter pilot bore is drilled along the planned path. The hole is successively reamed out by a boring machine until it achieves the proper diameter for the pipe. At this point, the pipeline is pulled and laid in the hole * Is the most commonly used trenchless technology, with a reliable directional control system * In Italy it was used for the first time by Snam in 1982 to cross the Po River

Pilot borehole
Conductor pipe Directional control Jet drill
i Des
axis gn
Boring
Conductor pipe
Trivellazione orizzontale controllataTubo di (TOC)

linea Pulling pipe
Borer

Pipe insertion
Borer Pipe

Pipe insertion
9c - Microtunnel
* Micro-tunnelling technology drills tunnel (including curvilinear tunnel) which is completely lined with reinforced concrete segments * The excavation is done by a milling cutter pushed into the subsoil by hydraulic jacks placed in the jacking station at the starting point * By this method, tunnels over 1000 metres in length, can be bored at great depths
9c - Microtunnel
Milling head Thrust station
3.00 m
Concrete segments
9c - Microtunnel
Vegetation and morphology is preserved
9d - Tunnel boring machine

* Tunnel boring machine technology produces medium and large diameter tunnels excavated in rock by a full section self-propelling cutting wheel with rotating cutting facets * A tunnel lining is installed during the cutting operation or when the work is completed * This method can be used for tunnel length more than 500 metres to about 2/3 kilometres, with very large diameters (about 5/6 metres)
u nn T
el
Section
328 m
6.35% nnel i = Tu
L = 2,343 m

Demolishing the last brattice
Welded and coated pipeline in the tunnel


End of works: tunnel entrance
10 - Testing
After backfilling, the pipeline is hydraulically tested: In the Strength test, the pipeline stays for at least 1 hour at a pressure not less than 1.3 times the Design Pressure In the Hydraulic test, the pipeline stay for at least 48 hour at a pressure not less than 1.2 times the Design Pressure
11 - Restoration
* Since the design phase, foresty agronomists and geologists perform all the operations to protect the ecosystems, water courses and landscapes * The final step in the construction process is restoring the land as closely as possible to its original condition * Restoration works includes: - Morphologic restoration - Vegetation restoration
11 - Restoration
During works
After 1 year
After 2 years
11 - Restoration
After construction, the only evidence of the pipe presence, are the pipeline markings
11 - Restoration
fields
orchard
vineyard
Index
Offshore pipelines Proven Technology
Source: Nordstream website
Offshore Construction
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR TESTING AND START UP
Offshore Construction: Mechanical Assembly Laying Methods S-lay and the J-lay Coiled Pipeline
Offshore Construction: Mechanical Assembly

Laying J-Lay S-Lay

S - Lay Process Both for shallow waters and deepwater pipelines up to a depth of 3000 m. The pipe is welded horizontally and lowered into the sea supported by a curved pontoon structure known as a Stinger which forms an elongated "S".

J - Lay Process This system is used to lay pipelines at depths of between 400 and 3500 m. Here the pipe is welded in a vertical position and lowered onto the sea floor without the use of a support structure, thus forming a J shape
http://www.medgaz.com/medgaz/pages/archivos_multimedia-eng.htm
2/22/2010
78
GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi Rev. 0

Coiled Pipeline Pipes which have already welded together an onshore worksite. For pipelines of a modest diameter, up to 14-16 inches (35.6-40.6 cm) Requires pipes with thick walls
Offshore Construction Work on the Sea bed
Testing and preparation for Start up
1. Fill with water /cleaning by pigs 2. Hydraulic Test (1.15/1.25 times the project pressure) 3. Dewater by air through a train of pigs 4. Air-dry 5. Nitrogen fill or air purging 6. Gas or oil fill
Index
Gas transmission control

Gas transmission is ensured through network pressure control using the following plants installed along the pipelines: Compressor stations Manifolds Pressure reduction and regulation plants Check valves.
The control is managed through: Continuous monitoring of the process parameters of the network Use of simulation SW to predict gas demand and balance of the network
Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition

Composed by SW, telecommunication and control systems designed to ensure remote and centralized control of network operation.
Control Room
HMI
RTU
Transmission systems RTU
RTU Server Cable Radio/Satellte transmission

Transmission systems
Dispatching Centre
Integrated control system capable of making gas readily available anywhere at any time
Monitoring the transportation system through data acquisition stations Evaluating the total volume of gas available Regulating the gas flows according to the demand
Physical compressor station...
...SCADA compressor station
Station Control System (SCS)

HMI
Measurement and regulation system
Operating modes
Local manual Local automatic
Supervision system (operation logic)
Remote automatic
Compressor Stations remote control

To ensure the remote control of the stations, a local automated control system is installed in the station interfaced with the Dispatching Centre that operates the plant directly from Headquarters. The operation is optimised according to operating needs defined in terms of the overall transportation flows and the global operational conditions.
Dispatching Centre Station Control Room
Transport optimization consists of finding a steady condition of network operation which minimizes total fuel gas consumption of compressor stations, ensuring gas transmission satisfying gas demand.
Compressor Station regulation

To ensure compressor station regulation, Dispatching Centre define setpoints for: suction pressure discharge pressure flow discharge temperature (local set point) and starts a number of units according to simulation results. The station control system (SCS), through UCP, automatically regulates the units speed match the required setpoint
Annual Supply Demand Modulation

Sum of: Importation Domestic Production Storage withdrawal
Demand
Storage injection
Storage withdrawal
Index
European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group 1970-2004
Third parties interferencies
Markings - Aerial / Ground surveillance
Floodings
Mill / Construction defects

Misallignment Porosity Slag Lack of fusion Lack of penetration Undercut Cracking
Welding defects
Base material defects
Delamination Inclusion Cracking

Ground movements
Landslide monitoring
* For the gas pipeline network in Italy over 1,800 geologically unstable areas have been identified. * Periodical geological surveys are performed to visually monitor morphological evolutions * Over 320 critical areas are currently monitored using a combination of inclinometers, piezometers and strain gauges.
GEOLOGICALLY UNSTABLE AREAS
MAIN PIPELINES
Landslide monitoring
STRAIN GAUGES
Landslide control
SOIL CONSOLIDATION STRESS RELEASE
Corrosion
Cathodic protection
Installation of electrical (cathodic) protection
Impressed Currents
Cathodic Protection Rectifier

Cathodic protection
Pig inspections
Inspection/Maintenance: Pigging Operations

Pig Before Cleaning

Pig After Cleaning
Inspection/Maintenance: Pigging Operations . 3

1
PI
3 2
PI
2
Pipeline
Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs 1 Launching Trap 2 Special T 3 Pig transit signaller 4 Receiving Trap

3 1
PI
3 2
Pipeline
PI
Pipeline start
Pipeline arrival
Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs: Normal Production Condition


3 1
PI
3 2
Pipeline
PI
Pipeline start
Pipeline arrival
Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs Cleaning Condition

Pipeline repair
Pipeline repair
Index
Components of a Pipeline
INITIAL INJECTION STATION This is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.
PARTIAL DELIVERY STATION Known also as Intermediate Stations, these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.
COMPRESSOR/PUMP STATIONS Pumps for liquid pipelines and compressors for gas pipelines are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network.
BLOCK VALVES These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valves are usually located at regular intervals along the line, depending on the type of pipeline.
FINAL DELIVERY STATION Known also as Outlet stations or Terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer.
Compressor Stations
gas coolers
gas filters
compressor unit
control room
2/22/2010
124
Typical CS Process Flow Diagram
Design Philosophy for Gas Pipeline CS

Unit design to
Security of Supply Maximum efficiency Maximum availability/reliability Maximum Service Intervals
Centrifugal Compressor
Referenced High efficiency tri-dimensional impellers Wide operating range with flat efficiency curve Robust Design for Availability/Reliability Very stiff casing providing excellent internal alignment at full pressure and capability to withstand extremely high nozzle loads
Gas Turbine
Aero derivative high efficiency High reliability / Availability Reduced maintenance with Extended Life Parts
2/22/2010
126 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi Rev. 0
Why is efficiency so important in PIP?

Order of Magnitude CAPEX (Unit) CAPEX (Station) Fuel Maintenance Spares MM$ 15 15 45 7 % 18% 18% 55% 9%
Assumptions - 20 Y Cycle - WACC: 12% Fuel - 8600 FH/Y - 30 MW unit: 85% GT Load - 37.5% eff. (6800 BTU/Hp-hr) - Gas price: 3$/MMBTU Maintenance - BI; (every 6m) - HGPI (25kFH) - MI (50kFH)
Incl. In capex
Total
82
100%
Gas Pipeline Compressors
Cover Head
Typical Design used when:

Cover Head
Optimized stages efficiency (>88%) Short time assembly and maintenance time Cylindrical Barrel casing permits shorter manufacturing cycles (no weldings) and maximum optimization of the discharge volute (here not limited by the casing)
BEAM TYPE with Two Cover Head fixed with shear rings method
Centrifugal Compressor Skid
Reduction Station: Typical scheme

filters heating pressure regulation streams
inlet
by-pass relief valve
outlet meter run
Filters
filters heating pressure regulation streams inlet
by-pass relief valve outlet meter run
Heaters
Pressure regulators
Index
The Gas Storage Market

UGS market is growing worldwide...
WGV (Bcm)
700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 2008
high base min
...because its role is also evolving
UGS CAGR ~4%

08-20
Installed UGS + under construction

2010 2012 2015 2020
Source: www.gie.com (updated at Feb 09)
Existing capacity insufficient needed +15 BCMY Higher demand for flexibility & peak gas rates Growth driven by security of supply & arbitrage
2 main operating modes in Gas Storage

P max
I. Filling the Reservoir
P grid From grid Pressure to the Max Pressure of the Reservoir
II. Exporting the Gas
P max
Compressor start up
P grid
Note: curve profiles are qualitative
From cavern Pressure to grid Pr
Flexibility in pressure ratio & flows necessary to manage both the operating modes Pgrid high variance range enhance the need for flexibility
How this apply to centrifugals

Process operations
I) Storage 2 Sections in Series
Requiring Low Flow & High Pressure Ratio
II) Withdrawal/Export 2 Sections in Parallel

Requiring Large Flow & Low Pressure Ratio
One Single unit for storage & export Optimum Efficiency over the complete map
2/22/2010
137
Main Types of Storage

Porous Rocks
Aquifer Reservoir
Max P 170 bar
Depleted Oil/Gas Reservoirs
Caverns
Max P 250 bar exceptionally up to 450 bar
Salty Caverns
Max P 250 bar
Abandoned Mines Lined Rock Caverns

Index
Pipeline Capex (By Cost Component)
Pipeline Capex (By Product)
Pipeline Capex (By Region)
EU Pipeline Infrastructure
China Pipeline Infrastructure

Heihe Kaladierdaban Zhuaji Manzhouli
Gas from Turkmenistan and KazahkstanAlashankou
Kelamayi Cainan
Shaanxi BJ 3 WEPP 2 Length 8000 9000km Diameter 1219mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2011
Hongliu
Huoerguosi
Dushanzi
Urumuqi
Shanshan
Length 1400km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2011
Daqing
Harbin Changchun
Jilin Tieling Fushun Anshan
Yilan
Northeast Pipelines Length 967km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2010
Luntai
Kuerle
Lunnan Tahe
Saihantala
Shenyang
Yingkou
Tazhong
Hohhot
Dunhuang Baotou
Hetian
Beijing
Fangshan Cangzhou
Qinhuangdao
Yinchuan
Sebei
Tianjin Taiyuan Dezhou Shijiazhuang

Handan Anyang Puyang Jining Boai Dongying
Northeast Pipelines
Dalian
Xining
Geermu
Zhongning
Jingbian
Zibo Qingdao Linyi Huaian Yancheng
Qingyang
Jinan
Length 390km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2011
Lhasa Pipeline Length 1200km Diameter 508mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: N/A Lhasa
Sebei-Xining -Lanzhou Duplicate Length 930km Diameter 660mm Startup: 2012
Lanzhou
Baoji
Zhengzhou Xian
Zhumadian Xiangfan Xiaogan
Tangshan Pipelines Hefei Nanjing

Anqing Jiujiang
Jiangyou Dujiangyan Nanchong Longgang
Shanghai
Ningbo
LonggangPipeline Chengdu Length 670km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2013
Dali
Wuhan
Zhangshu
Hangzhou
Ruian
Chongqing Changsha
Huaihua Xiangtan
Shangrao
Length 450km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: N/A
Nanchang
Pingxiang Hengyang Ruijin Shaoguan
China - Burma Length 2748km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2011
Guiyang
Guilin Liuzhou
Fuzhou
Taipei
Kunming
Guangzhou Nanning
Maoming
Legend
Existing 29 / GE Oil & Gas ECLP/ 144 10/28/2008 New
Hong Kong Macao
Haikou
GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
North America Pipeline Infrastructure
India Pipeline Infrastructure
Index
Environmental Impact - Example
Environmental Impact - Example
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PIPELINE

Stefano TARCHI Maurizio Amerini Alberto TESEI

Gas Market Regional Unbalance

208 186 31%

Gas imported Indigenous Production

-292 -375 3% -516

China Gas Cons.

'15 '30 '05 0

Gas imported Indigenous Production

43 '05 '15 '30 41% '05 -6

Gas imported Indigenous Production

Source: World Energy Outlook 2007 (EIA), BP Statistical Review 08.

2. PIP & LNG Value Chain (Quantitative)

LNG vs Pip: in the Mediterranean

Economies of scale 1000 km

Economies of scale 4000 km

Pipeline Design Main Steps

Geopolitical factor is often key to project success

Gas flow in a pipe...pressure..velocity.. losses

3. Pipeline Hydraulic Modeling

SOIL THERMAL PROFILE

0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0

Inputs Needed: Pipe characteristics (i.e. Lenght,

Gas Composition and flow Establish treshold limits

5. Off Design - Units

5. Off Design - Pipeline

1430 Km Onshore Pipeline Italian Peninsula

Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a Stand-By Unit MS5002B MS5002B

Cape Bon Plant Operating Scheme

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

BCL BCL 404/a 404/a

Large PIP evolution: design trends

Trends Discharge Pressure

Gas price up ...focus on efficiency (>43%)

Environmental constraints WHR becoming a must LCC approach

Onshore Pipeline Design Key Issues

Onshore Pipeline Construction

2 - Clearing and grading the working strip

3 - Handling and stringing

3 - Handling and stringing

3 - Handling and stringing

3 - Handling and stringing

5 Welding & Examination

5 Welding & Examination

5 Welding & examination

Ultra-sound examination of welds

6 - Digging the trench

6 - Digging the trench

7 - Lowering into the trench

7 - Lowering into the trench

7 - Lowering into the trench

7 - Lowering into the trench

7 Lowering & Backfilling

Backfilling top soil

without digging open trenches