CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.

0 INTRODUCTION Non government organizations are not new in Uganda and Bataleja district in particular. Non government organizations carry out their activities all over the world and Uganda. Non Government Organizations (NGOs) are increasing by the day and their impact in community development cannot be ignored. In Uganda, they started emerging after 1986, following the establishment of the National NGO Forum, which gave a conducive environment for NGO formation and operation. Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. Bataleja district is one of the districts of the eastern region boarded by Mbale, Tororo, Budaka and the Busoga region. The largest population of Butaleja district engages mostly in agriculture and mainly for food consumption like millet, maize, potatoes, cassava and groundnuts while rice serves as cash crop as well as food crop and it is the main of income to the largest population of Butaleja district. The researcher is trigged to study the contribution of Non government organizations in uplifting peoples livelihood from the observation made during internship with World vision. One shocking and un doubtable persistent poverty levels, low standards of living, high illiteracy rate, low primary and secondary school enrollment, power health standards of the population.

1.1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

Several recent studies indicate an alarming increase in the level of poverty in developing countries, particularly in Uganda where 80 percent of the population rely on agriculture in the villages where the poor live. To eliminate this problem, the role of various organizations - government, private and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are considered vital. The intervention of Non government organizations is not a new practice in Uganda and Butaleja district for quite long. Since the 1990s, through the new millennium to date, a number of Non government organizations have come on board in Bataleja district among the many Non government organizations that operate in Butaleja district include; World vision, Christian child fund, and others. To study the contributions of NGOs, World vision will be given more attention as a case study among the Non government organizations in Butaleja district. World vision is a non government Christian relief, development and advocacy organization dedicated to working with children, families and communities to overcome poverty and injustice. Inspired by the Christian valves, dedicated to working with the worlds most vulnerable people for this case Butaleja district people, World vision serves all people regardless of religion, race, ethnicity or gender. World vision international began with the vision of one man the reverend Bob pierce. In 1947 Rev. Pierce met Tena Hoelhedoer, a teacher, while on a trip to china. She introduced him to a battered and abandoned child named white Jade. Unable to care for the chills her self, she asked, What are you going to do about her? Rev. Pierce gave the woman his last five dollars and agreed to send the same amount each month to help the woman care for the child. This encounter was a turning point for Rev. Pierce. He began building an organization dedicated to helping the worlds children, and in 1950 world vision was born.

World vision started in Uganda in 1986, responding to the emergency needs of communities in the Luwero triangle, the main theatre of a just concluded guerrilla war. In 1990 world vision expanded its programming in response to the countrys then soaring HIV/AIDS infection rate. To date it is working in 24 districts of the country promoting child focused humanitarian, development, relief and advocacy services with scattered ADPs (Area development projects) all over and Kachonga Budumba which was established in 2005 with the objective to achieve transformational development, that is community based and sustainable, focused especially on the needs of children as one of the its objectives to implement the following activities to achieve the above objective and others. Promoting and replicating local response to HIV/AIDS, supporting community based support networks for people living with HIV/AIDS and mobilizing local communities and churches towards positive actions on HIV/AIDS. Helping farming families to increase their crop production with training in improved techniques like organic farming, row cropping, and soil and water conservation. Improving community access to basic healthcare services, training and supporting local health works and promoting immunization campaigns, better nutrition, hygiene and sanitation. Supporting increased community access to education, vocational training and adult literacy classes, through the building and rehabilitation of classrooms, and the provision of school materials, uniforms and books both for the school and children. Having implemented all the above activities there seems to exist a knowledge gap towards the uplifting peoples livelihood.

1.2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite all the much efforts of NGOs and world vision in particular, peoples livelihood is still low in terms of high poverty levels, low standards of living, poor sanitation, high illiteracy rate and low healthy status of the population among others which call for an assessment of the contribution of NGOs in uplifting peoples livelihood 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study will focus on the objectives below in an attempt to assess the contributions of NGOs in Butaleja District. 1. 2. 3. 4 To assess the contributions of NGOs in improving the housing status of the poor communities. To examine the contribution of NGOs towards the health standards of the poor communities To find out the NGO efforts towards food security among the poor communities To find out the Contributions of NGOs towards income generation among the poor 1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at assessing the contributions of non government organization in uplifting peoples livelihood in Butaleja

1.5

Research questions

1. What role has NGOs played in improving the housing status of the poor

communities? 2. What are the Contributions of NGOs towards the health standards of the poor communities? 3. What are the NGOs efforts towards food security for the poor? 4. What has NGOs Contributed towards income generation among the poor? 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers Butaleja district and in particular Naweyo, Kachonga and Budumba sub counties. This is because they are one of the areas where world vision operates. The study covers the period from 2005 2010, because world vision has implemented many activities from that time to uplift peoples livelihood but still remain a challenge above all, the findings will be limited to assessing the contribution of NGOs in uplifting peoples livelihood. 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. The study is designed to see the roles played by the NGOs for handling poverty issues. 2. The study also aims to review the existing policies on NGOs in the improvement of livelihood of the targeted population. 3. The study will stimulate a fundamental change in the operations and functioning of the present prospects realized through NGOs. 4. This research focuses on livelihood issues, and explores how the findings can best be applied in the amelioration of livelihood both at the conceptual and practical

levels. 5. The study will impact positively on the existing body of knowledge. This will there fore go along way in aiding other researchers in undertaking further research in future. 6. It is anticipated that the study will workout measures that may bridge challenges facing NGOs in uplifting peoples livelihood in Uganda and Butaleja in particular. 7. The study is hoped that the findings of the study will refocus the existing strategies of implementation of world vision geared towards uplifting the livelihood of people. 8. The study will create room to bridge the implementation information gap basing on the community views. 9. The study will also enhance links and networks among NGOs in an attempt to achieve more avenues to uplift peoples livelihood in their area of operation. 10. This study is first of its kind to analyze the relationship between NGOs and livelihood issue particularly at the micro-level, i.e., of the village communities. Thus, this study intends to discuss whether NGOs are good institutional and operational options for improving livelihood of the poor people in Butaleja district.

CHAPTER TWO LETERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of the review on the related and relevant literatures to the topic so as to get an insight on what has been already done by different scholars. The chapter also equips the researcher with vital materials and knowledge concerning the contributions of NGOs in uplifting peoples livelihood. Carney, (1998:4) in Dhaka (2002) defined livelihood as the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. Wallman (1984) in Dhaka (2002) still approached livelihoods as always more than just a matter of finding or making shelter, transacting money, and preparing food to put on the table or exchange in the market place but it is equally a matter of the ownership and circulation of information, the management of social relationships, the affirmation of personal significance and group identity, and the inter relation of each of these tasks to the other. In other words livelihood is the ways and means of making a living and this involves the standard of living, level of income among the people, and the people to meet the basic needs of life such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and education among others From the gender perspective, according to Dhaka (2002) NGOs contribute to raising the general status of women, help in realizing economic rights, and enhancing new roles to some extent. The income-generating activities put more emphasis on distribution of cash/kind inputs rather than developing human resources, entrepreneurial know-how, and markets. 2.1 CONTRIBUTIONS OF NGOS IN IMPROVING THE HOUSING STATUS OF THE PEOPLE GBER (2004) identified the following as some of the Housing Programs by the

NGOs in Bangladesh in the housing activities during his researcher. Direct Housing: No NGO provides housing directly in the urban areas as it is not the first priority for the target group or the NGOs, and there is a lack of land ownership among the poor, living predominantly in the bastes (slums and squatter settlements). While the landowners can be assisted to build, the squatters cannot be helped so unless they acquire land title. Service Provision: The NGOs have taken limited projects improving sanitary and drainage systems, providing potable water, regularizing garbage clearance, and paving roads. The beneficiaries participated in stages of the projects- need advocacy and identification, decision making, negotiation if necessary, construction, toll collection, monitoring and maintenance. The NGOs are operating several successful and innovative urban water supply and sanitation projects (Rahman, 2004). They mobilized the households, negotiated for them with the Authorities who do not covers bastes and gave guarantee that the facilities would be maintained, cost would be met and bills would be paid regularly. Some NGOs and CBOs have promoted door-to-door garbage collection through motivation, and have taken charge of the general cleanliness and neighbourhood street sweeping. A few self-sustaining waste recycling plants have been set up. Credit: Credit has been provided in few cases after the NGOs income generating activities (IGAs) were hampered by natural disaster and eviction creating the beneficiaries homelessness. Some NGOs motivated the landowners, negotiated bank loans and initiated slum-upgrading projects involving physical construction. A few financial institutes were willing to extend credit facilities to the poor. However, they require a clear title to sanction loan. It is rare among poor households to own land and avail this opportunity; no loan is available for purchasing land. Some NGOs are seeking funds to build houses for its project beneficiaries, and recover it through an affordable schedule. Some are generating fund through members' savings and IGAs. Few large NGOs are planning to introduce urban housing credit subject to finding viable methods to overcome the landownership problem. Special Housing: Several NGOs are catering for the housing need of special groups like garments workers, destitute and delinquent women and youth, street children,

orphans, mentally and physically retarded children, working mother etc. These dorm-type rental accommodations are part of empowerment or rehabilitation programs comprising literacy and skill training, legal, social and entrepreneur support, health, mother and childcare facilities, etc. Some NGOs are endeavoring to acquire funds to construct own buildings, which would generate extra income from partly commercial use to cover the maintenance and operation Cost besides the loan repayment. One common feature of such NGOs is that they, formed and run by women, turned out to be commercially successful. Slum Development: The Government initiated Slum Improvement Program (SIP) undertaken by a few NGOs with IFA-assistance. These focus on income generation, health and family planning, education, infrastructure and services like roads, drainage, water supply, sanitation etc., aimed at environmental upgrading and enhancement of affordability to improve the housing situation indirectly. Along with the NGOs and CBOs, several clubs, youth organizations and social welfare societies are also engaged in SIPs. Many organizations have taken programs based upon improving few of the components in a small scale. Sometimes, humanitarian organizations generate own fund or seek grants from local philanthropies, and do not wait for large funds to undertake SIPs. Management Support: Operation, maintenance, monitoring of housing and utility services and credit management of a large number of beneficiaries is a huge task. Among these are operation and maintenance of water supply, sanitation, drainage and garbage collection services, collection of fees, bills and maintenance expenditure, collection of technicians and management staffs' salary, collection and deposition of loan repayment, dealing with banks and filling up of documents, etc. Several NGOs and CBOs have undertaken such responsibilities for the implementing housing agencies. Advocacy: Some NGOs and CBOs render legal aids to the poor facing eviction. They fight evictions without rehabilitation, as in the National Housing Policy, in the appropriate court of law. There are organizations, coalitions, and non-profit research bodies, which undertake advocacy programs like seminars, workshops, gatherings, street processions, celebration of important days, group meetings,

training and symposium, exhibition of building materials and demonstration houses. These target both the urban poor and policymakers, and cover housing and environmental rights, role of savings and micro-credit, human rights and gender issue, etc. Khanam further stresses that housing program in the rural and peri-urban areas of various organizations have made significant impact on the lives of the dwellers in terms of skills enhancement, income generation, increased security, health, selfconfidence and human dignity. NGOs are endeavoring to alleviate poverty by way of making the credit a powerful instrument for socioeconomic change so that the poor can fight their ways out of the vicious circle of poverty and the human dignity does not get lost in the wilderness 2.2 CONTRIBUTION OF NGOS TOWARDS THE HEALTH STANDARDS OF THE POOR COMMUNITIES It has been noted that Since the 1980s, HIV/AIDS has become a global problem. In Uganda HIV/AIDS is considered as one of the major problems. Since its first identification in Uganda in 1982, it has had a devastating impact on the countrys economy. It has greatly increased households poverty, death toll, and social impacts such as stigma and social exclusion, has weakened social unity among different communities. The Uganda Aids Commission (UAC) (http://www.aidsuganda.org) notes that, it is a severe health burden, a grave development problem and a potential security crisis. In spite of the above, Uganda is often cited as one of the most successful countries in controlling HIV/AIDS in the world. The prevalence rate has been declining from 18.5 % in 1995 to 6.1% in 2000 (http://www.aidsuganda.org/analysis_2002.htm). By the year 2004, estimates were put to 5% according to the daily Monitor (15/04/04: 14). With these estimates, Uganda has registered a success story in HIV/AIDS prevention and control. Fighting HIV/AIDS in Uganda involves the

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government and International non governmental organizations (NGOs) particularly established by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). NGOs such as The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) have focused on tackling HIV/AIDS from all fronts; social, economic, cultural and medical. Creating networks and linkages (social capital) takes precedence in NGO approaches to mitigate HIV/AIDS challenges Jamil and Muriisa (2004). Further more he sighted that In Uganda almost all NGOs have included fighting HIV/AIDS on the list of their activities. As such, Community HIV/AIDS Initiative (CHAI) programme, has gained ground on NGOs agenda. Because of the initiative a number of NGOs and CBOs have been formed strategically to address the challenges of HIV/AIDS. From the Uganda health policy, Syngellakis & Arudo (2006) stresses that numerous vertical programmes were created by various donors to fill the policy vacuum. For most of the late 1980s and 1990s UNICEF was seen as the alternative Ministry of Health, due to the amount of national heath policy driven by the UNICEF director. At the time UNICEFs contribution was seen as very positive as it was supportive of staff development in the MoH while also contributing to much needed public health policy development and implementation.

2.3

NGOS EFFORTS TOWARDS FOOD SECURITY AMONG THE POOR Food security is about adequate food production by the agricultural sector. In fact, as Lesothos food security policy makes clear, the concept spans the availability of enough food for the nation; access for all to that food; stability of access over time; and effective use of the food so that proper nutrition is assured (GOL, 2005a: 7) in Turner (2009)

2.4

NGOS CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS INCOME GENERATION AMONG THE POOR

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CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the research design used, study area, study population, sampling techniques, data collection methods, procedure of data collection, data analysis among others. 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 12

A case study design will be used in order to enable the researcher to carry out on indepth investigation about the contributions of NGOs in uplifting peoples livelihood with particular reference to world vision. The research design is majorly qualitative though some bet of it will be quantitative concerning the phenomena under study. 3.2 POPULATION SIZE The population to be interviewed and answer questionnaires will include the staff of world vision right from the top administrators to the field staffs, the executive of the existing CBOs, groups, local council and the general community. This will constitute 20 employed staffs of world vision, at least 5 members of each CBO, local council and relevant groups, and 50 community members from each sub county making the study population of 200. 3.3 SAMPLE SIZE The researcher will take into consideration of target sample of the study of 200 respondents bringing the sample size to 132 respondents and these will comprise the world vision staff, CBOs, local council, groups, the community and other stake holders. These will be used to elicit responses for data analysis. 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES The researcher will employ non probabilistic sampling techniques that is to say purposive and convenience sampling technique. This is because the study is topically qualitative. 3.4.1 Purposive Sampling Purposive sampling technique will be employed when collecting data from the world vision staff and the executive members of other stake holders partnering with

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world vision in the implementation process.

This is because there are direct

implementers of activities directed towards uplifting peoples livelihood. 3.4.2 Convenience Sampling The researcher will also apply convenience sampling on the general community members because all activities implemented are directed towards transforming their livelihood, that is why the researcher has chosen them assuming that they also hold equal information like other respondents concerning the NGOs contribution in uplifting peoples livelihood. 3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS The researcher will mainly use four data collection tools that is to say interview, questionnaire, observation and documentations. 3.5.1 Interview The researcher will use oral direct face to face interviews will the main administrators of world vision and the executive members of the stakeholders to ensure accuracy of the data collected and also to obtain the primary data. The researcher has chosen to use the interview data collection tool because it is cheap, it ensures accuracy in data collection and it is simple to analysis data. 3.5.2 Questionnaire The researcher will use questionnaires in collecting the primary data. This tool will also be administered to the general staffs (field staff) and other community members who will be able to write or answer questions in the questionnaires. The researcher has chosen to use this tool to minimize on the costs of transport to the field because the questionnaires will be dropped to the field and picked at

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leisure. This tool also is advantageous in that it covers a wide area in the short time. 3.5.3 Observation The researcher will take an initiative to spend some time in the field that is say at the micro level (villages) and analysis the impact in order to draw a conclusion when analyzing the data. 3.5.4 Documentation The researcher will use documentation from journals, university libraries, public libraries, existing research papers, internet, general articles in newspapers and magazines in the collection of the secondary data and the literatures. 3.6 DATA ANALYSIS The researcher will analysis data through the following; After the process of interview and completing the collection of questionnaires, data coding, editing, classification and tabulation will done. Information will be cross examined with the use of questions put in the questionnaires for purposes of verifying the authenticity and correctness of the responses given and several categories will be formed to analysis data. Above all most of the data will be analyzed using tables, pie charts and graphs. This is to enhance easy analysis and interpretation of the findings. 3.7 Procedure of Study The researcher will begin by deciding on the topic to conduct a study, after being approved by the supervisor, the researcher will write a proposal to that topic approved and will be presented to the supervisor for approval. After the proposal is approved the researcher will develop research tools that is to say, questionnaires and interview guides.

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The researcher will get an introductory letter from the department( social sciences) introducing him to the organization to permit him carry out research and acquire the relevant information to the study. Data from the field will analyzed, interpreted and recommendations given according to the research guide line.

REFERENCES Turner S.D. (2009) Promoting food security ,Priority issues and options Support Programme Lesotho http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/Document/0907/PSP%20FS%20final %20review%20low%20res%201.pdf Ishtiaq Jamil and Roberts Muriisa (2004) Building social capital in Uganda: The role of NGOs in mitigating HIV/AIDS challenges, International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR), Toronto, http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-30-0-000-10-Web/JHE-30-2-

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000-2010-Abst-PDF/JHE-30-2-085-10-2023-Nikkhah-H-A/JHE-30-2-085-10-2023Nikkhah-H-A-Tt.pdf Rahman M. GBER (2004) Role of the NGOs in Urban Housing for the Poor, Vol. 5 Dhaka, Bangladesh http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/gber/pdf/vol5/issue1/Commentary2.pdf Sanzida Khanam,(2004) Increasing access to housing for low income People in Bangladesh through income and employment generation, World Urban Forum,Barcelona

http://practicalaction.org/http:/shelter/docs/shelter/wuf04_bangladesh_housing.pdf Dhaka et al (2002)The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Improvement of Livelihood, Doctoral Dissertation, Nepal http://URN.fi/URN:ISBN:951-44-5347-6

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