Presantation file Cells

Differences between plant and animal cell

2.Plant cells have chloroplasts unlike animal cells 3.Plant cells have a cell wall unlike animal cells. 4.Animal cells have a lot of lysosomes unlike plant cells. 5.Animal cells have a centrosome unlike plant cells 6.Plant cells have plasticids unlike animal cells 7.Vacuoles are conspicuous in plant cells than animal cells i.e. large central vacuole in plant cells 8. Animal cells can be phagocytic (engulf other cells) unlike plant cells 9.Cells of Higher plants lack centrioles unlike animal cells. 10.Plant cells have plasmodesmata which links pores in the cell wall allow and communication between adjacent cells unlike animal cells.

Tissues
Group of similar cells- similar embryological function, specialised for a particular function Cells separated by a matrix- non-living, inter-cellular material produced by cells Histology- tissue studyGroup of similar cells- similar embryological function, specialised for a particular function

Types of Tissue
Epithelial Nervous Muscle Connective

Presantation file Organs

The human body is very organized. Specialized groups of cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. An organ is a structural part of a body system that is composed of tissues that enable it to perform a particular function.

Examples of organs include: The brain is the micro-neuro center of the body. The heart circulates blood. The lungs inhale oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. The stomach helps to digest food. The gallbladder assists the stomach. an organ is a part of your body

Organ system
An organ system in biology is a group of organs that work together for one purpose. If any one of these organs were to fail, it would cause a substantial amount of stress on the other organs, and may even cause an entire system to shut down, with the ultimate result often proving to be fatal. The interdependency of these organs on one another are critical for normal life functions. For example, the digestion that takes place in the stomach, part of the digestive organ system, would be useless if the intestines failed to operate adequately. The human body has ten organ systems. These systems are classified according to what they do. These systems are: digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, skeletal, nervous, muscular, reproductive, endocrine and integumentary. There are ailments that are often associated with each that take different skills to heal. Some doctors specialize in the treatment of conditions affecting certain organ systems. For example, a urologist is likely to treat those having problems with the urinary portion of the excretory system, or those who need treatment for a reproductive system problem.

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Muscles
Did you know you have more than 600 muscles in your body? They do everything from pumping blood throughout your body to helping you lift your heavy backpack. You control some of your muscles, while others like your heart do their jobs without you thinking about them at all.

Muscles are all made of the same material, a type of elastic tissue (sort of like the material in a rubber band). Thousands, or even tens of thousands, of small fibers make up each muscle.

You have three different types of muscles in your body: smoothmuscle, cardiac (say: kar-dee-ak) muscle, and skeletal (say:skel-uh-tul) muscle.

Smooth Muscles
Smooth muscles sometimes also called involuntary muscles are usually in sheets, or layers, with one layer of muscle behind the other. You can't control this type of muscle. Your brain and body tell these muscles what to do without you even thinking about it. You can't use your smooth muscles to make a muscle in your arm or jump into the air.

But smooth muscles are at work all over your body. In your stomach and digestive system, they contract (tighten up) and relax to allow food to make its journey through the body. Your smooth muscles come in handy if you're sick and you need to throw up. The muscles push the food back out of the stomach so it comes up through the esophagus (say: ih-sah-fuh-gus) and out of the mouth. Smooth muscles are also found in your bladder. When they're relaxed, they allow you to hold in urine (pee) until you can get to the bathroom. Then they contract so that you can push the urine out. These muscles are also in a woman's uterus, which is where a baby develops. There they help to push the baby out of the mother's body when it's time to be born. You'll find smooth muscles at work behind the scenes in your eyes, too. These muscles keep the eyes focused.

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Skeleton
1. An internal or external framework of bone, cartilage, or other rigid material supporting or containing the body of an animal or plant. 2. Used in exaggerated reference to a very thin or emaciated person or animal.

Musculoskeletal system
A musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals (including humans) the ability to move using themuscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital [2] organs. The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system [3] for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system. This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide the stability to a body in analogy to iron rods in concrete construction. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in movement of the bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on to each other. Muscles contract (bunch up) to move the bone attached at the joint. There are, however, diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system. These diseases can be difficult todiagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems. The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position. Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system are usually handled by a physiatrist (specialist in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) or an orthopaedic surgeon.
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Presantation file Muscular system

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system invertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous

Joints
Definition: Human joints are formed when the ends of two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. Ball and Socket Joint: This type of joint allows for a wide range of rotation and movement. The shoulderand hip are ball and socket joints. Condyloid Joint: This type of joint allows movement but no rotation. There are condyloid joints in the jaw and fingers. Gliding Joint: This type of joint allows bones to glide past each other. There are gliding joints in your ankles, wrists and spine. Hinge Joint: This type of joint allows for movement much like that of a door hinge. The kneeand ulna part of the elbow are hinge joints. Pivot Joint: This type of joint allows bones to spin and twist around other bones. There are pivot joints in the neck and the radius part of the elbow. Saddle Joint: This type of joint allows for back and forth and side to side motion but limited rotation. There is a saddle joint in the thumb.