Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

pathology q's
Question What is apoptosis and what are the two pathways What is the energy requirement for apoptosis In which scenarios does apoptosis occur via the intrinsic pathway What changes occur, and what do they lead to Answer programmed cell death, intrinsic or extrinsic ATP embryogenesis, hormone induction (menstruation), atrophy (endometrial lining during menopause), result of injurious stimuli like radiation, toxins, hypoxia) levels of anti and pro apoptotic factors leading to inc mito permeability and release of cytochrome c

What are the signals for the extrinsic ligand receptor interactions -Fas ligand binding Fas (CD95) or killer T pathway cells What substances mediate the effects perforin and granzyme of the extrinsic pathway Both pathways activate which cytosolic enzymes that mediate cellular breakdown What are the characteristics of apoptosis caspases cell shrinkage, nuclear shrinkage and basophilia (pyknosis), membrane blebbing, pyknotic nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), nuclear fading (karyolysis), and formation of apoptotic bodies, which are phagocytosed - no inflammation

What is the term for enzymatic degradation and protein denaturation necrosis of a cell resulting from exogenous injury What happens to intracellular components in necrosis What kind of process is necrosis Where does coagulative necrosis occur Where does liquefactive necrosis occur When does caseous necrosis occur Where does fatty necrosis occur When does gangrenous necrosis occur What are the pro/anti apoptotic proteins and which is which extravasate inflammatory heart, liver, kidney brain, bacterial abscess, pleural effusion TB, systemic fungi pancreas (saponification) dry in ischemic coagulative, wet with bacteria: common in limbs and GI tract Bax is pro and Bcl-2 is anti

Where does fibrinoid necrosis occur blood vessels

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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

dec ATP synth, cellular swelling from a lack of ATP (no Na/K pump), What cell injuries are reversible with nuclear chromatin clumping, dec glycogen, fatty change, ribosomal O2 detachment (dec protein synthesis) What cell injuries are irreversible What kind of infarcts are red and where do they occur Where do pale infarcts occur What is reperfusion injury due to What is atrophy and what are the causes In which organs does atrophy occur because of a lack of hormones nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis; Ca2+ influx leading to caspase activation; plasma membrane damage; lysosomal rupture; mitochondrial permeability hemorrhagic, occur in loose tissues or with collaterals, such as liver, lungs intestine or following reperfusion solid tissues with single blood supply such as heart, kidney, and spleen damage by free radicals reduction in the size or number of cells - dec in hormones, dec innervation, dec blood flow, dec nutients, inc pressure, occlusion of secretory ducts uterus and vagina

In what scenario does atrophy occur motor neuron damage via dec innervation In which scenario does atrophy occur via inc pressure In which scenario does atrophy occur via occlusion of secretory ducts What are the characteristic findings in inflammation What aspects of the inflammatory process cause fluid exudation What aspects of the inflammatory process cause fibrosis What occurs in the resolution of an inflammatory process What is granulation tissue What is an abscess What is a fistula What is scarring What cells/substances mediate acute inflammation and what is the time of onset and how long does it last What cells mediate chronic inflammation and how is characterized What is a granuloma What is the first step of leukocyte extravasation what molecules nephrolithaisis CF rubor, dolor, calor, tumor and functio laesa inc vasc perm, vasodltn, endothelial injury fibroblast emigration and proliferation; deposition of extracellular matrix restoration of nl structure highly vascularized, fibrotic fibrosis surrounding pus abnl communication collagen deposition resulting in altered structure or fxn PMNs, eosinophils, antibody - rapid onset, lasts minutes to days

mononuclear cells, persistent destruction and repair, assocaited with blood vessel proliferation, fibrosis and granuloma nodular collections of epitheliod MACS and giant cells rolling, E/P selectin, sialyl lewisX

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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

mediate on the vasc/stroma and the leukocyte What is the second step of leukocyte extravasion and what molecules tight binding, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (integrin) mediate on the vasc/stroma and the leukocyte What is the 3rd step of leukocyte extravasation and what molecules mediate on vasc/stroma and the leukocyte What is diapedesis What is the 4th step of leukocyte extravasation and what molecules mediate on the vasc/stroma and leukocyte What happens in leukocyte migration How do free radical damage cells How are free radicals initiated How are free radical eliminated In what pathology of the eye is free radical injury the cause diapedesis, PECAM-1, PECAM-1 leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessels migration, bacterial products and CILK (C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein) and various leukocyte binders leukocyte travels through interstitium to site of injury or infection guided by chemotactic signals membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs in phase 1, redox reaction, nitric oxide, transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst enzymes Retinopathy of prematurity - O2 toxicity

In what pathology of the lungs is free bronchopulmonary dyslpasia radical injury the cause What free radical damage leads to liver necrosis What drug can cause free radical injury Overload of what metal can cause free radical injury Reperfusion free radical injury can occur after what scenario What are the 8 granulomatous diseases CCi4 leading to fatty change Acetominphen Iron anoxia, especially aftery thrombolytic therapy TB, fungal infnx, syphillis, leprosy, cat scratch fever, sarcoidosis, crohns, berylliosis

What substance do Th1 cells secrete to activate MACS and what do IFN-gamma, and TNF alpha MACS secrete to maintain granuloma formation What drugs can lead to disseminated disease in patients with granulomas Which is hyocelluar - transudate or exudate Which is protein rich - transudate or
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anti-TNF transudate

Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

exudate

exudate

Which has a specific gravity > 1.020 exudate What are the causes of a transudate inc hydrostatic pressure, dec oncotic pressure, Na retention What are the causes of an exudate What causes an elevated ESR What are the causes of elevated ESR lymphatic obstruction, inflammation products of inflammation coat RBCs and cause aggregation - when aggregated fall at a faster rate within the test tube infections, inflammation (temporal arteritis), cancer, pregs, SLE

What are the causes of e decreased sickle cell, polycythemia (too many), CHF (unknown) ESR What is a leading cause of fatality from toxilogic agents in children and iron poisoning, cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids what is the MOI What are the symptoms of iron poisoning in acute and chronic acute - gastric bleeding, chronic - metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction

beta pleated sheets demonstratable by apple green birefringence of amyloidosis Congo red stain under polarized light How does the affected tissue appear waxy in amyloidosis What is the protein in primary amyloidosis and where is it derived from What is the protein in secondary amyloidosis and where is it derived from What is the protein in senile cardiac amyloidosis What is the protein in amyloidosis with DM type 2 What is the protein in amyloidosis with medullary carcimona of the thyroid and what is it derived from What is the protein in amyloidosis with alzheimers and what is it derived from ligh chain, Ig light chains (multiple myeloma) acute phase reactant, serum amyloid-associated protein (chronic inflammatory disease) transthyretin amylin A-CAL, calcitonin

beta amyloid, amyloid precursor protein

What is the protein in dialysis associated amyloidosis and what is it beta2 microglobulin, MHC class 1 proteins derived from What are the findings in hypovolemic/cadiogeneic shock in terms of ouput, TPR, CO, skin temp low-output TPR, inc TPR, low CO, cold clammy

What are the findings in septic shock high output failure, dec TPR, dilated arterioles, high venous return, hot in terms of output, TPR, venous pt
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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

return skin temp What are the hallmarks of cancer What is it called when cells have increased in number evading apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, tissue invasion and metastasis hyperplasia

abnl proliferation of cells with lozz of dysplasia size, shape and orientation Have neoplastic cells invaded the BM in carcinoma in situ What is the N/C ration in neoplastic changes no - preinvasive high

In carcinoma in situ, what amount of thickness do neoplastic cells entire thickness, monoclonal represent and are the cells polyconal or monoclonal What do cells use to invade the BM in invasive carcinoma At what point are invasive carcinomas able to metastasize What is the seed and soil theory of metastasis What changes in cadherin, integrin, and integrin receptors occur in metastatic disease Is hyperplasia reversible or irreversible collagenases and hydrolases once they reach a lymph or blood vessel seed dec cadherin, inc laminin, inc integrin receptors reversible

one adult cell type is replaced by another, often 2ndary to irritation What happens in metaplasia and is it and/or environmental exposure like sqamous metaplasia in trachea reversible and bronchi of smokers; reversible What happens in dysplasia and is it reversible What happens in anaplasia and is it reversible What happens in neoplasia and is it reversible abnl growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to nl tissue; commonly perneoplastic; reversible abnl cells lacking differentiation; primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undiff malignant neoplasms - little or no resemblence to tissue of origin; irreversible clonal differentiation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive; irreversible

What happens in desmoplasia and is fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm; irreversible it reversible What is the tumor grade How are tumors graded What is tumor stage degree of cellular differentiation based on histologic appearance of the tumor I-IV; degree of differntiation and number of mitoses per high power field, character of tumor itself degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases; spread of

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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

tumor in a specific patient Which usually has more prognostic value, grade or stage What neoplasm is associated with Down syndrome What neoplasm is associated with XP, albinism What neoplasm is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants What neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibromas, seizures, mental retardation) What neoplasm is associated with actinic keratosis What neoplasm is associated with Barrets esophagus stage - usually ALL, AML melanoma, basal cell carcinoma - esp sqaumous cells carcinoma of the skin gastric adenocarcinoma

astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin Esophageal carcinoma

What neoplasm is associated with plummer-vinson syndrome (atrophic squamous cell carcinama of esophagus glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia due to iron def) What neoplasm is associated with cirrhosis (EtOH, HBV, HCV) What neoplasm is associated with ulcerative colitis What neoplasm is associated with pagets diease of bone What neoplasm is associated with being immunoCised What neoplasm is associated with AIDS What neoplasm is associated with autoimmune disease What neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans What neoplasm is associated with dysplastic nevus What neoplasm is associated with radiation exposure HCC colonic adenocarcinoma 2ndary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma malignant lymphoma aggressive malignant lymphomas (non Hodgkins) and KS lymphoma visceral neoplasm - stomach, lung, breast, uterus malignant melanoma sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer

With oncogenes and gain of function, how many alleles need to be one damaged to cause cancer What tumor is associated with abl,
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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

and what gene product does it code for

CML, tyrosine kinase

What tumor is associated with c-myc burkitts lymphoma, transcription factor gene and what does it code for What tumor is associated with bcl-2 and what does it code for follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas, anti apoptotic molecule

What tumor is erb-2 associated with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas, tyrosine kinase and what does it code for What tumor is assocaited with ras and what does it code for colon carcinoma, GTPase

What tumor is associated with L-myc lung, transcription factor and what does it code for What tumor is associated with Nmyc and what does it code for What tumor is associated with ret and what does it code for What tumor is c-kit associated with and what does it code for With tumor suppressor genes and loss of function how many alleles must be lost to cause cancer What tumor is Rb (13q) associated with and what does it do What tumor is p53 (17p) associated with and does it do What tumor is BRCA1 (17q) associated with and what does it do What tumor is BRCA2 (13q) associated with and what does it do What tumor is associated with p16 (9p) What tumor is associated with APC (5q) What tumor is associated with WT1 (11p) What tumor is associated with NF1 (17q) What tumor is associated with NF2 (22q) Wht tumor is associated with DPC (18q) What tumor is associated with DCC (18q) What is PSA used for neuroblastoma, transcription factor MEN types II and III, tyrosine kinase gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), cytokine receptor two retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, blocks G1 to S phase of cell cycle most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni, blocks G1 to S breast, ovarian, DNA repair protein breast, DNA repair protein melanoma colorectal cancer, esp in FAP wilms tumor neurofibromatosis type 1 neurofibromatosis type 2 pancreatic cancer colon cancer Prostate specific antigen, used to screen for prostate carcinoma, can

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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

be elevated in BPH and prostatitis What is prostatic acid phosphatase used for What is CEA used for What cancer is alpha fetoprotein used to screen for What cancer does hCG used to screen for What cancer is CA-125 used to screen for prostate cancer carcinoembryonic antigen - non specific, produced by around 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers, also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas HCC, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (yolk sac tumor) hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas and gestational trophoblastic tumors ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors

What cancer is S100 used to screen melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas for What cancer is alk phos used to screen for What cancer is bombesin used to screen for metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, pagets disease of bone neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

What cancer is TRAP used to screen tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, Hairy cell leukemia - a B cell for neoplasm What cancer is A-19-9 used to screen for What cancer is calcitonin used to screen for What are tumor markes used for What cancer does HTLV-1 cause What cancer does HBC/HCV cause What cancer does EBV cause What cancer does HPV cause What cancer doe HHV-8 cause What cancer does HIV cause What cancer does H. pylori cause What cancer does schistosoma cause What cancer is caused by alftoxins and what fungus produces them What cancer does vinyle chloride cause What cancer does CCl4 cause What cancer does nitrosamines cause and where do you find it What cancer does cigarrette smoke pancreatic adenocarcinoma thyroid medullary carcinoma confirm diagonsis, monitor tumor recurrence, monitor response to therapy adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma HCC butkitts, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma kaposi's sarcoma body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma primary CNS lymphoma gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma squamous cell carcinoma of transitional epitheliam in the bladder HCC, aspergillus - in peanuts liver (angiosarcoma) liver (centrolobular necrosis, fatty change) esophagus, stomach, smoked foods larynx (squamous cell carcinoma, lung (squamous and small cell

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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

cause What cancer does asbestos cause What cancer does arsenic cause What cancer does napthalene dyes cause What cancer do alkylating agents cause

carcinoma), kidney (RCC), and bladder (TCC) lung mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma skin (SCC) and liver (angiocarcinoma) bladder cancer (TCC) blood (leukemia)

What paraneoplastic affects of small ACTH or ACTH like peptide creating cushings cell carcinoma What is the paraneoplastic effect of small cell lung carcinoam AND intracranial neoplasms ADH creating SIADH

What is the paraneoplasitc effect of squamous cell carcinoma, RCC and PTH related peptide, TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1 causing hypercalcemia breast carcinoma What is the paraneoplastic effect of RCC and hemangioblastoma What is the paraneoplastic effect of thymoma and small cell lung carcinoma What is the pareneoplastic effect of leukemias and lymphomas EPO causing polycythemia antibodies against Ca channels at NMG - Lambert Eaton hyperuricemia due excess nucleic acid production, gout urate neuropathy

Under what cirumstances do you see papillary adencarcinoma, serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma, psammoma bodies meningioma, malignant mesothelioma What is a psammoma body laminated, concentric, calcific spherules What are the top 3 cancers in men prostate, lung, CRC incidence What are the top 3 cancers in women - incidence breast, lung, CRC

What are the top 2 cancers in men lung, prostate mortality What are the top 2 cancers in women - mortality What is the trend in lung cancer deaths among men and women How high is cancer in the causes of death in the US What are the primary tumors that mestasize to the brain lung, breast plateaued in men, rising in women 2nd lung, breast, kidney, skin, GI

What percentage of brain tumors are from metastases and how do they 50, multiple well-circumscribed tumors at grey-white jxn appear on imaging Which primary tumors met to the lung colon > stomach > pancrease > breast > lung

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Study Stack - pathology q's Table Review

What are the primary tumors that met to bone

prostate, thyroid, testes, breast, lung, kidney - breast and prostate most common

Which bone mets are lytic and which lung are blastic

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