Transporte e deposio de sedimentos por fluxos gravitacionais

Fluxo gravitacional

Definio: fluxo de sedimentos cujo movimento depende da ao direta da gravidade.

O que necessrio para gerar fluxo gravitacionais?

Fluido newtoniano e no-newtoniano

plstico

Deformao

Esforo

Pseudo

Fluxos laminar e turbulento

Fluxo laminar: movimento constante e linear dominado pelo atrito interno (viscosidade). Baixo nmero de Reynolds.

Fluxo turbulento: movimento instvel e catico dominado por foras inerciais. Alto nmero de Reynolds.

Nmero de Reynolds (Re):

! vL Re = u
4A L= P

: densidade do fluido (kg/m3) v: velocidade do fluxo (m/s) L: dimetro hidrulico (canal) u: viscosidade (kg/ms) A: rea da seo transversal do canal (m2) P: permetro da poro com fluido

(Re > 4000)

(Re < 2300)

Fluxo turbulento Fluxo laminar

Como so classificados os fluxos gravitacionais?

276

Fluxos gravitacionais
J.D. Parsons et al.

Table 1 Categorization of different types of sediment gravity ows: Re is the relevant Reynolds number
describing the overall layer thickness

Type of ow Submarine slide Debris ow Estuarine uid muds Wave-supported sediment gravity ow Turbidity current

Duration Minutes Minutes to hours > Hours Hours Minutes to days

Speed (m s1) > 1? 0.110 > 0.5 0.050.3 > 0.3

Concentration > 1000 kg m3 > 1000 kg m3 > 10 kg m3 > 10 kg m3 < 10 kg m3

Coarsest grain size Blocks (> 100 m3) Boulders (< 100 m3) Silty sand Sand Coarse sand

Rheology Non-Newtonian? Non-Newtonian Non-Newtonian Non-Newtonian? Newtonian

Re <1 < 100 < 100 1104 > 104

Parsons et al.
sediment record, marine stratigraphy is an important practical concern as the source for much of the worlds remaining petroleum reserves. Sediment gravity ows can be divided into ve broad categories. Each ow type has a range

while estuarine uid muds result from a con vergence of sediment transport within an estuar or sediment-rich shelf environment. Within th paper, estuarine uid muds are discussed in limited manner, but have been summarized i

Escorregamento (slide)

Mecanismo de sustentao: deslizamento por plano de ruptura

Fluxo de detritos

Mecanismo de sustentao: interao entre partculas e presso de fluido intersticial

Baixa capacidade de segregao granulomtrica

Conglomerados sustentados pela matriz e lamitos

Fluidificao

Mecanismo de sustentao: eliminao da frico intergranular e escape de fluido

Correntes de turbidez
-Rompimento de cabos de comunicao transatlntica (1929) por correntes com velocidade superior a 10 m/s, aps sismo.

Correntes de turbidez (Re > 104)

Baixa concentrao de partculas (<10kg/m3) Mecanismo de sustentao: turbulncia

Corrente de turbidez

Corrente de turbidez Grau de coeso

A
Argila 35% gua 40% Areia muito fina 20% Areia mdia 5%

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

B
Argila 25% gua 40% Areia muito fina 30% Areia mdia 5%

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

Fig. 15 Sandy gravity ows. (A) Head of a strongly coherent sandy gravity ow. The composition of the slurry by weight was 35% kaolinite, 40% water, 20% 110 m Argila 15% sand and 5% 500 m sand. (B) Head of a gua 40% moderately coherent sandy gravity ow. The composition of the Areia muito fina 40% slurry by weight was 25% kaolinite, Areia mdia 5% 40% water, 30% 110 m sand and 5% 500 m sand. (C) Head of a weakly coherent sandy gravity ow. The composition of the slurry by weight was 15% kaolinite, 40% water, 40% 110 m sand and 5% 500 m sand. Marr et al. (2001) (After Marr et al., 2001.)

322

Correntes de turbidez e fluxo de detritos pode ocorrer associados Parsons et al. J.D.

Turbidity current

a d o (
Mohrig & Marr (2003)

were enriched in the ner grain sizes relative to the

where a wave-in

Corrente de turbidez Textura dos depsitos sedimentares

The mechanics of marine sediment gravity ows

Failure

Sequncia de Bouma
Te - massive pelagic mud cap Td - thinly laminated fine-grain material Tc - cross-bedded, ripple lamination Tb - laminated coarse-grained Front Ta - massive, graded, coarse-grained

Kneller (1995) hematic of a sediment gravity ow generated from a failure such as the Grand Banks slide. Diagram turbidite) depicts the bedding (TaTe) left from such an event (Bouma, 1962; Kneller, 1995).

Corrente de turbidez

A
Erosion rate Deposition rate

Geometria dos depsitos

Depositional pattern (channel with levees)

(m) 10

20 0 0 0 500 1000 1500 1500 2000 2500 2000 500 1000

y (m)

x (m)

Fluxo gravitacional sustentado por ondas (wave-supported gravity flows) e fluxo de lama estuarino (estuarine fluid mud)

Fluxos de sedimentos derivados da ao combinada de ondas, correntes de mar e da gravidade. So sustentados por energia derivada das ondas ou correntes de mar. Fluxos de lama estuarinos ocorrem onde o aporte sedimentar supera a capacidade de transporte das correntes.

J.D. Parsons et al. Fluxo gravitacional sustentado por ondas

40

Sediment load Ls (kg m-2)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

boundary-layer equilibrium stratification limited

Wave orbital velocity Uw (m s-1)

on is derived assuming no net transport into or out of the wave boundary layer (Eq. B3.4). The stratication d solution is found using the expression proposed by Wright et al. (2001) (Eq. B3.7). The particular boundar brium solution shown here assumes fw = 0.04, 0 = 0.0024 (after Smith & McLean, 1977), n = 0.35 and cr = 0.1 the stratication-limited solution assumes Ricr = 0.25 (after Howard, 1961). Both solutions assume sed = 2650

2 Wave-velocity dependence on the predicted sediment load within a uid mud. The boundary-layer-equil

Ondas

Suspenso de sedimentos

Fluxo gravitacional

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 40 30 20 10 0 60 70 80 90 100 110

a Eel River discharge (m3 s-1)

b Orbital velocity at 60-m depth (cm s-1)

c Orbital velocity at 120-m depth (cm s-1)

Depth (m)

d ADCP backscatter

Sedimento em suspenso

100 80 60 40 20 0

e Camera
opacity

11 /1 /0 0

7/ 3/ 00 14 /3 /0 0

22 /2 /0 0

29 /2 /0 0

21 /3 /0 0

25 /1 /0 0

18 /1 /0 0

Sampling days

28 /3 /0 0

1/ 2/ 00

8/ 2/ 00

15 /2 /0

4/ 4/ 00

Ambientes propcios ocorrncia de fluxos gravitacionais

California

Schreiner et al. (2009)