1 Notes on 1.63 Advanced Environmental Fluid Mechanics Instructor: C. C. Mei, 2002 ccmei@mit.

edu, 1 617 253 2994 October 25, 2002 4-4 buoyplum.tex

4.4

Buoyant plume from a steady heat source

[Reference]: Gebhart, et. al. (Jalluria, Maharjan, Saammakia), Buoyancy-induced Flows and Transport, 1988, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation Let T = T T = temperature variation where Ti nf ty is a constant (no ambient stratication). For a strong enough heat source, we expect boundary layer behavior, p , u v, =0 r x r The boundary layer equations are (ru) (rv) + =0 x r u u u +v = g(T T ) + u r x r r r r T k T T +v = u r x r r r r The centerline r = 0 is an axis of symmetry, v= Far outside the plume r u 0 and T T , (T 0) Rewrite (4.4.3) as (ruT ) (rv T ) (ru) + (rv) + T x r x r ! (ruT ) (rv T ) T = + =k r x r r r
! ! !

(4.4.1) (4.4.2) (4.4.3)

u T = =0 r r

(4.4.4)

(4.4.5)

(4.4.6)

2 after using continuity. Now integrating the last equation from r = 0 to r =

Z Z (rv T ) dr 2ruT dr + 2 x 0 r 0 ! Z T = k2 dr r r r 0

therefore

Using the boundary conditions, we get or

Z

Z dr + 2rv T = 2k r T 2ruT x 0 r 0

!r=
r=0

(4.4.7)

2ruT dr = constant

Note that
Z

2rdr uC T = rate of buoyancy ux = rate of heat ux = Q(given rate of heat release at x = 0)

Z

therefore, Q=

2rdruC T

(4.4.8)

This is a boundary condition. Let the stream function be dened by ru = , r

!

rv =

x
" !#

(4.4.9)

(4.4.1) is automatically satised. From the momentum equation:

1 r r

1 2 1 r xr r x r

1 r r

r = g T + r r r

1 r r

(4.4.10)

From the energy equation 1 T 1 T k T = r r r x r x r r r r and from the buoyancy ux condition Q = 2C

Z

(4.4.11)

1 rdr T r r

(4.4.12)

3 Try a similarity solution with the one-parameter transformation x a x , From (4.4.10), 2c4ba = 2c4ba = d = c4b from (4.4.11) c+d2ba = d2b and from (4.4.12) c+d = 1 From these three equations we get c b 1 d = 1, = , = 1. a a 2 a We leave it as an exercise to show that the similarity variable can be taken to be = and the similarity solutions to be = xF (), and T = x1 G() After much algebra, and noting 1 1 r 1 r 1 = 1/2 , = 3/2 = 1/2 = r x x 2x 2x x 2x we get from (4.4.10)
000

r = b r ,

= c ,

T = d T

(4.4.13) (4.4.14) (4.4.15)

r x1/2

(4.4.16)

(4.4.17)

F0 F + and from (4.4.11)

!0

(F ) + gG = 0

(4.4.18)

k(G0 )0 + (F G)0 = 0 . Before integrating, let us normalize : = , F = F , G = G. It follows from (4.4.18) that 000 F + 3 3

(4.4.19)

(4.4.20)

F0

!0

( F ) + gG = 0

(4.4.21)

4 where prime denotes d/d. Setting = and 2 = g 3 which relates and , = we get F0 F 000 + Similar normalization of (4.4.19) gives k 0 0 0 (F G) = 0 (G ) + 2 . which can be simplied to (G0 )0 + P r(F G)0 = 0 . where Pr = (4.4.25) (4.4.24)
!0

2 g4

(4.4.22)

(F 1) + G = 0

(4.4.23)

= Prandtl Number (4.4.26) k For water = 102 cm2 /s, k = 1.42cm2 /s, hence P r = 7. For air = 0.145cm2 /s, k = 0.202cm2 /s, hence P r = 0.75. We now integrate (4.4.25)to give G0 + Pr F G = constant Since (x, 0) = 0, we must have F (0) = 0 ; the constant above is zero. G0 + Pr F G = 0 Equation (4.4.27) can be written F F G0 d ln G = Pr , or = Pr G d F d + constant 0 Z ! F G() = G(0) exp Pr d 0 ln G = Pr

(4.4.27)

(4.4.28)

Substituting Eqn. (4.4.28) into Eqn. (4.4.23), the resulting equation for F must be integrated numerically. Now let us nd the boundary condtions for F or F .

5 Eqn. (4.4.8 ) becomes

Z Q 1 dr r = 2C r r 0 ! Z G() Z r 1/2 0 G Z 0 dr x F d(F G) = d(F 0 G) = = x r x 0 0 0 (4.4.29) Z

Therefore,

d F 0 G =

Q 2C

(4.4.30)

Let us choose

Q =1 2C
Z

(4.4.31) (4.4.32)

so that

d F 0 G = 1

is the boundary condition for F and G. Now (4.4.31) denes , the scale of G. Note that larger Q implies larger and smaller . Thus a stronger heat source leads to a greater centerline temperature and a thinner plume. Also, u 0 as r 1 F0 F0 u = r = = 2 0, as r The radial velocity is, in general 1 F0 1 F v = x = r r 2 Since v0 we must have, F (0) = 0. Clearly F () = 0 as 0 (4.4.33) The numerical results by Mollendorf & Gelhart, 1974, are shown in Figs. 4.4.1, for various Prandtl numbers. A schlierian photograph due to Gebhart (copied from Van Dyke An Album of Fluid Motion) is hown in Figure g:plumeVD. Remark: 1 x 0 1 F0 = F 1/2 u= = r r r x Along the centerline u(x, 0) = F = constant depending on Pr . Why? Buoyancy acceler 0 ation is counteracted by entrainment.

hence

as 0,

6 Remark: Let the radius of the plume be a which varies as a x1/2 This is consistent with the behavior that u x0 , and T x1 , since a2 uT = Q On the other hand the mass ux rate is ua2 x and the momentum ux rate is u2 a2 x hence both approach zero at the source. Thus a plume is the result of energy source, not of mass or momentum.

Figure 4.4.1: Velocity and temperature proles in a thermal plume

Figure 4.4.2: A 2D thermal plume from a line heat source. From Van Dyke, photo by Gebhart, Pera and Schoor 1970,