Volume of a right circular cone with radius r and height h:

Lateral area of a right circular cone with circumference of the base c and slant height l:

Volume of a sphere with radius r: Surface area of a sphere with radius r:

Volume of a pyramid with base area B and height h:

Algebra

Whole Numbers. The set of counting numbers, including zero {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}. Natural Numbers. The set of all whole numbers except zero {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}. Integers. The set of all positive and negative whole numbers, including zero. Fractions and decimals are not included {. . . , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}. Rational Numbers. The set of all numbers that can be expressed as a quotient of integers. That is, any number that can be expressed in the form mn, where m and n are integers. The set of rational numbers includes all integers and all fractions that can be created using integers in the numerator and denominator. Irrational Numbers. The set of all numbers that cannot be expressed as a quotient of integers. Examples include , , 1.01001000100001000001 . . . . The sets of irrational numbers and rational numbers are mutually exclusive. Any given number must be either rational or irrational; no number can be both. Real Numbers. Every number on the number line. The set of real numbers includes all rational and irrational numbers. Imaginary Numbers. See the Miscellaneous Math chapter later in this book.

Distributive Property

Perfect Square of a Binomial

Difference of Two Squares

Quadratic Formula
In a quadratic equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a 0:

7. A train leaves the station traveling due east at a rate of 45 miles per hour. A second train leaves a different station an hour later, traveling due west on the same track, going 60 miles per hour. If the stations are 255 miles apart, how many miles from the halfway point between the stations will the trains collide? (A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 7.5 (D) 12.5 (D) 25

Geometry

Vertical Angles
When two lines or line segments intersect, two pairs of congruent (equal) angles are created. The angles in each pair of congruent angles created by the intersection of two lines are called vertical angles:

In this figure,

Supplementary and Complementary Angles

and

are vertical angles (and therefore congruent), as are

and

Supplementary angles are two angles that together add up to 180. Complementary angles are two angles that add up to 90.

Among the eight angles formed, three special angle relationships exist: 1. Alternate exterior angles are pairs of congruent angles on opposite sides of the transversal, outside of the space between the parallel lines. In the figure above, there are two pairs of alternate exterior angles: and , and and . 2. Alternate interior angles are pairs of congruent angles on opposite sides of the transversal in the region between the parallel lines. In the figure above, there are two pairs of alternate interior angles: and , and and . 3. Corresponding angles are congruent angles on the same side of the transversal. Of two corresponding angles, one will always be between the parallel lines, while the other will be outside the parallel lines. In the figure above, there are four pairs of corresponding angles: and , and , and , and and .

4. Scalene Triangles

5. A scalene triangle has no equal sides and no equal angles.

6. 7. In fact, the special property of scalene triangles is that they dont really have any special qualities. Scalene triangles almost never appear on the Math IC.

8. Isosceles Triangles

9. A triangle that contains two sides of equal length is called an isosceles triangle. In an isosceles triangle, the two angles opposite the sides of equal length are congruent. These

angles are usually referred to as base angles. In the isosceles triangle below, side a = b and :

10. 11. If you know the value of one of the base angles in an isosceles triangle, you can figure out all the angles. For example, if one base angle of an isosceles triangle is 35, then you know that the other base angle is also 35. Since the three angles in a triangle must add up to 180, you can figure out the value of the third angle: 180 35 35 = 110.

12. Equilateral Triangles

13. A triangle whose sides are all of equal length is called an equilateral triangle. All three angles in an equilateral triangle are congruent as well; the measure of each is 60.

15.

16. Two triangles are called similar if the ratio of the lengths of their corresponding sides is constant. In order for this to be true, the corresponding angles of each triangle must be congruent. In essence, similar triangles have exactly the same shape but not necessarily the same size. Take a look at a few similar triangles:

Similar Triangles

14.

17. 18. As you may have assumed from the above figure, the symbol for is similar to is ~. So if triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF, you will write ABC ~ DEF. 19. When you say that two triangles are similar, it is important to know which sides of each triangle correspond to each other. After all, the definition of similar triangles is that the ratio of the lengths of their corresponding sides is constant. So, considering that ABC ~ DEF, you know that the ratio of the short sides equal the ratio of the larger sides. AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD. 20. Just as similar triangles have corresponding sides, they also have corresponding angles. If ABC ~ DEF, then 21. Occasionally, the Math IC may present you with two separate triangles and tell you that the two are similar. More often, the Math IC will present you with a single triangle that contains a line segment parallel to one base. This line segment creates a second, smaller, similar triangle. In the figure below, for example, line segment DE is parallel to CB, and triangle ABC is similar to triangle AED.

22. 23. After presenting you with a diagram like the one above, the Math IC will test whether you understand similarity by asking a question like:

If

= 6 and

, what is

24. This question doesnt tell you outright that DE and CB are parallel, but it implicitly tells you that the two lines are parallel by indicating that both lines form the same angle, x, when they intersect with BA. Once you realize that ABC ~ AED, you know that the corresponding sides of the two triangles are in constant proportion. The question tells you what this proportion is when it tells you that AD = 23 AC. To solve for DE, you have to plug it into the proportion along with CB:

Polygons are enclosed geometric shapes that cannot have fewer than three sides. As this definition suggests, triangles are actually a type of polygon, but they are so important on the Math IIC that we gave them their own section. Polygons are named according to the number of sides they have, as you can see in the chart below.

All polygons, no matter the number of sides they possess, share certain characteristics:

The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides is (n 2) . So, for example, the sum of the interior angles of an octagon is (8 2) =6 = . The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is . The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides. The perimeter of the hexagon below, for example, is 35.

Central Angles and Inscribed Angles

An angle whose vertex is the center of the circle is called a central angle.

The degree of the circle (the slice of pie) cut by a central angle is equal to the measure of the angle. If a central angle is 25, then it cuts a 25 arc in the circle. An inscribed angle is an angle formed by two chords in a circle that originate from a single point.

An inscribed angle will always cut out an arc in the circle that is twice the size of the degree of the inscribed angle. If an inscribed angle has a degree of 40, it will cut an arc of 80 in the circle. If an inscribed angle and a central angle cut out the same arc in a circle, the central angle will be twice as large as the inscribed angle.

Arc Length
An arc is part of a circles circumference. An arc contains two endpoints and all the points on the circle between the endpoints. By picking any two points on a circle, two arcs are created: a major arc, which is by definition the longer arc, and a minor arc, which is the shorter one.

Circle D has radius 9. What is the length of arc AB?

In order to figure out the length of arc AB, you need to know the radius of the circle and the measure of , which is the inscribed angle that intercepts the endpoints ofAB. The question tells you the radius of the circle, but it throws you a little curveball by not providing you with the measure of .

Instead, the question puts in a triangle and tells you the measures of the other two angles in the triangle. Using this information you can figure out the measure of . Since the three angles of a triangle must add up to 180, you know that:

Since angle c is an inscribed angle, arc AB must be 120. Now you can plug these values into the formula for arc length

Solid geometry
Diagonal Length of a Rectangular Solid
The diagonal of a rectangular solid, d , is the line segment whose endpoints are opposite corners of the solid. Every rectangular solid has four diagonals, each with the same length, that connect each pair of opposite vertices. Heres one diagonal drawn in:

The formula for the length of a diagonal is:

Diagonal Length of a Cube

The same is true for measuring the diagonal length of a cube. The formula for the diagonal of a cube is simply adapted from the formula for the diagonal length of a rectangular solid, with s = l = w = h:

where s is the length of one edge of the cube.

Surface Area of a Cylinder

The surface area of a cylinder is the sum of the areas of the two bases and the lateral face of the cylinder. The bases are congruent circles, so their areas can be found easily. The lateral face is the tubing that connects the two bases. When unrolled, the lateral base is simply a rectangle whose length is the circumference of the base and whose width is the height of the cylinder. Therefore, the surface area of a cylinder is given by this formula:

where r is the radius and h is the height. As with finding the volume of a cylinder, finding the surface area involves plugging the height and radius of the base into the formula. To find the surface area of the cylinder in the practice example on volume,

Volume of a Cone
Since a cone is similar to a cylinder except that it is collapsed to a single point at one end, the formula for the volume of a cone is a fraction of the formula for the volume of a cylinder:

where r is the radius and h is the height. For practice, find the volume of the cone pictured below:

The total surface area is the sum of the base area and lateral surface area:

Volume of a Pyramid
The formula for calculating the volume of a pyramid is:

Spheres
A sphere is the collection of points in three-dimensional space that are equidistant from a fixed point, the center of the sphere. Essentially, a sphere is a 3-D circle. The main measurement of a sphere is its radius, r , the distance from the center to any point on the sphere.

If you know the radius of a sphere you can find both its volume and surface area. The equation for the volume of a sphere is:

The equation for the surface area of a sphere is:

Cylinder Inscribed in a Sphere

The diameter of the sphere is equal to the diagonal of the cylinders height and diameter.

Sphere Inscribed in a Cube

The diameter of the sphere is equal to the length of the cubes edge.

Sphere Inscribed in a Cylinder

Both the cylinder and the sphere have the same diameter and radius.

Key Formulas
d= =s

Length of a Diagonal of a Cube Length of a Diagonal of a Rectangular Solid

d=

where s is the length of one edge of the cube.

Surface Area of a Cube

, where l is the length, w is the width, and h is the height of the rectangular solid.

Surface Area = 6s 2, where s is the length of one edge.

Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid

Surface Area = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh , where l is the length, w is the width, and h is the height.

Surface Area of a Cylinder Surface Area of a Sphere

Surface Area = 2r 2 + 2rh , where r is the radius and h is the height. Surface Area = 4r 2, where r is the radius.

Lateral Surface Area of a Cone

Lateral Surface Area = rl , where r is the radius of the base and l is the cones lateral height.

Total Surface Area of a Cone Volume of a Cube

Surface Area = r 2 + rl , where r is the radius of the base, and l is the cones lateral height. Volume = s 3, where s is the length of one edge.

Volume of a Rectangular Solid

Volume = lwh , where l is the length, w is the width, and h is the height.

Volume of a Prism

Volume = Bh , where B is the area of the base, and h is the height.

Volume of a Cylinder Volume of a Cone

Volume = r 2 h , where r is the radius of the circular base and h is the cylinders height. Volume = r 2 h , where r is the radius and h is the height.

Volume of a Pyramid Volume of a Sphere

Volume = Bh , where B is the area of the base and h is the height. Volume = r 3 , where r is the radius.

3.

Cone A has volume 24. When its radius and height are multiplied by the same factor, the cones surface area doubles. What is Cone As new volume? (A) (B) (C) (D) (D) 96 Not enough information to tell 48

3.

The formula for a cones surface area is r2 + rl. A cones volume is 1 / 3 r2h. So if the dimensions of a cone are multiplied by the same factor, a ,

then its surface area multiplies by the square of that factor. If the dimensions of a cone are multiplied by the same factor, the volume becomes multiplied by the cube of that factor:

In general, for solids, if each dimension of a cone is multiplied by the same factor, the solids surface area is multiplied by the square of that factor, and its volume increases by the cube of that factor. If the surface area of Cone A doubles, its dimensions are multiplied by a factor of new volume is Thus, the cones volume is multiplied by a factor of Cone As

Coordinates
Finding Midpoints
The midpoint between two points in the coordinate plane can be calculated using a formula. If the endpoints of a line segment are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then the midpoint of the line segment is:

In other words, the x- and y-coordinates of the midpoint are the averages of the x-and y-coordinates of the endpoints. Heres a practice question:

What is the midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are (6, 0) and (3, 7)?

To solve, all you need to do is plug the points given into the midpoint formula. x1 = 6,y1 = 0, x2 = 3, and y2 = 7:

Slope-Intercept Form

The slope-intercept form of the equation of a line is:

Point-Slope Form
The point-slope form of the equation of a line is:

Graphing Linear Inequalities

The graph of an inequality is a graph of a region rather than a simple graph of a line. An inequality is actually the graph of all the points on the coordinate plane that are either greater or less than a particular line. For this reason, the graph of an inequality looks similar to the graph of a line but has two major differences. First, the region on one side of the line (which side depends on the inequality) is shaded. Second, the line itself is either dotted or solid depending on whether the inequality is inclusive.

Standard Form of the Equation of a Parabola

The standard form of the equation of a parabola is perhaps the most useful and will be the one most used on the Math IC test:

where a, h, and k are constants. From this formula, you can learn a few pieces of information: 1. The vertex of the parabola is (h , k ). 2. The axis of symmetry of the parabola is the line x = h . 3. The parabola opens upward if a > 0, and downward if a < 0.

For example, if you were given the parabola equation y = 3(x 5)2 + 8, you first need to pick out the values of the constants a , h , and k . Then you can derive information about the parabola. For this example, a = 3, h = 5, and k = 8. So the vertex is (5, 8), the axis of symmetry is the line x = 5, and since 3 < 0, the parabola opens downward.

General Form of the Equation of a Parabola

The general form of the equation of a parabola is:

where a, b, and c are constants. If a question presents you with a parabola equation in this form, you can find the following information about the parabola: 1. 2. 3. 4. The vertex of the parabola is (b /2a, c b /4a). The axis of symmetry of the parabola is the line x = b/ 2a. The parabola opens upward if a > 0, and downward if a < 0. The y-intercept is the point (0, c).

What is the equation of the circle pictured below?

The center is given in the image: (2, 1). All you need to finish the formula is the radius. We determine this by finding the distance from the center and the point, (2, 4), pictured on the circle:

The radius of the circle is 5, so the equation of the circle can be written as (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25.

Coordinate Space
When we add another dimension to the coordinate plane, creating a coordinate space, a new axis must be introduced. Meet the z-axis:

The z-axis is perpendicular to both the x- and y-axes. A point in three dimensions is specified by three coordinates: (x, y, z). The only questions youre likely to see that involve three-dimensional coordinate geometry will ask you to calculate the distance between two points in space. There is a general formula that allows you to make such a calculation. If the two points are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), then the distance between them is:

Key Formulas
Distance = (x2, y2).

Distance in the Coordinate Plane

if youre measuring the distance between the points (x1, y1) and

Distance in the Coordinate Space Distance

Distance = and (x2, y2, z2). if youre measuring the distance between the points (x1, y1, z1)

Midpoint between Two Points

Midpoint = (
,

Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line

) , where the endpoints of a line segment are (x1, y1) and (x2,y2).

y y 1 = m(x x 1 ) , where m is the slope of the line, and (x1, y1) is a point on the line.

Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line

constants.

y = mx + b , where m is the slope of the line, and b is the y-intercept of the line. Both mand b are

Slope of a Line
Slope =

Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle

, where two points on the line are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

(x h) 2 + (y k) 2 = r 2 , where (h, k) is the center of the circle, and r is the radius. When centered at the origin, the equation simplifies to x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .

Standard Form of the Equation of a Parabola

y = a(x h) 2 + k , where a, h, and k are constants.

1. In the line segment pictured below, AB + CD = between the midpoints of AD and BC? AD, and AB = BC. If AD = 15,what is the distance

Note: Figure may not be drawn to scale. (A) 0.5 (B) 1.5 (C) 3 (D) 4.5 (D) 7.5