KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala limpahan rahmat, taufik serta hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan paper untu. Buku ini berisi tuntunan bagi mahasiswa terutama bagi mereka yang menginjak tahapan penulisan skripsi. Disamping itu buku ini juga sebagai pegangan Dosen pembimbing untuk memberikan pengarahan kepada mahasiswa yang dibimbing.

Buku panduan ini dibuat sesuai dengan ruang lingkup Fakultas Ekonomi dengan tetap mengacu pada kaidah-kaidah penulisan skripsi. Namun demikian tidak tertutup kemungkinan masih adanya beberapa kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, segala saran dan masukan dari semua pihak selalu diharapkan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaannya.

Kepada semua pihak yang ikut berpartisipasi demi terwujudnya Buku Pedoman ini kami ucapkan terima kasih.

Denpasar, 9 Maret 2011

Penulis

A. Kehadiran spermatogonia pada membran basal dalam tiga jenis tikus yang hampir semua spermatogonia A. Seperti dalam foto ini, densitas dari spermatogonia A (bintang) kadangkadang sangat tinggi, sehingga mustahil untuk membedakan klon terpisah, kecuali untuk 4 sel telophasic (panah) yang merupakan rantai dari 4 spermatogonium Aal hanya terbentuk dari pembagian April spermatogonia. Semua inti ditandai dalam foto ini adalah sel-sel Sertoli B. kadang-kadang terisolasi klon sel dibedakan lebih banyak ditemui, menunjukkan adalah tiruan dari spermatosit pakiten awal (panah) C Clone dari 8 membagi spermatogonium (panah), yang dapat dibedakan dari tetangga dibedakan spermatogonia A (bintang) dengan traversal sinkron mereka dari siklus sel D Clone dari 4 spermatogonium Aal di profase mitosis (panah); tiga sel klon ini mengelompok bersama-sama dalam sitoplasma yang sama. Untuk kiri adalah spermatogonia dibeda-bedakan interfase, dua di antaranya membentuk suatu rumpun. Untuk sebelah kanan adalah spermatogonia berdiferensiasi kecil telophasic (bintang). E) rumpun 4 spermatogonium Aal (mata panah). F) Tiga gumpalan spermatogonia A, dua terdiri dari 2 dan salah satu dari 3 inti. G) apoptosis klon spermatogonia. Para tokoh apoptosis bervariasi morfologi mereka. Di sini ada tokoh apoptosis besar yang mungkin berasal dari sebuah gumpalan yang pergi ke apoptosis (panah), yang sangat kecil yang tampaknya di ambang menjadi sulit dibedakan (panah), dan tokoh-tokoh apoptosis menengah Click on image to view larger version.

FIG. 1. Photographs of whole mounts of seminiferous tubules from cryptorchid mice and jsd/jsd and Sl17/Sl17H mutant mice. No qualitative differences between the three mice were observed, and the photographs were taken at random from the mice. A) The spermatogonia present on the basal membrane in the three types of mice were virtually all A spermatogonia. As in this photograph, the density of the A spermatogonia (stars) was sometimes very high, making it impossible to distinguish separate clones, except for the 4 telophasic cells (arrowheads) that represent a chain of 4 Aal spermatogonia just formed from a division of Apr spermatogonia. All unmarked nuclei in this photograph are of Sertoli cells. B) In cryptorchid and jsd/jsd mice, sometimes isolated clones of more differentiated cells were encountered; indicated is a clone of early pachytene spermatocytes (arrows). C) Clone of 8 dividing spermatogonia (arrows), which can be distinguished from neighboring undifferentiated A spermatogonia (stars) by their synchronous traversal of the cell cycle. D) Clone of 4 Aal spermatogonia in prophase of mitosis (arrows); three cells of this clone are clumped together in the same cytoplasm. To the left are interphase undifferentiated spermatogonia, two of which form a clump. To the right are small telophasic undifferentiated spermatogonia (stars). E) Clump of 4 Aal spermatogonia (arrowhead). F) Three clumps of A spermatogonia, two consisting of 2 and one of 3 nuclei. G) Apoptotic clone of spermatogonia. The apoptotic figures varied considerably in their morphology. Here there are large apoptotic figures that may have originated from a clump that went into apoptosis (arrows), very small ones that seem on the verge of becoming indistinguishable (arrowheads), and medium-sized apoptotic figures (stars). AG, 750 (published at 48%).

Keadaan sperma criptorchid Transplantation of eGFP-labeled p53(+/+), p53(+/), and p53(/) germ cells into the seminiferous tubules of cryptorchid testes. Almost all of the transplanted germ cells were undifferentiated spermatogonia 3 mo after the transplantation of eGFP-labeled p53(+/+) germ cells into cryptorchid testes (A, B). CF) Numerous spermatocytes (arrowheads) and differentiated transplanted germ cells are observed 3 mo after the transplantation of eGFPlabeled p53(+/) (C, D) or p53(/) (E, F) germ cells into cryptorchid testes. Fluorescencemicroscopic photographs (A, C, E) and photomicroscopic photographs of the same sections stained with hematoxylin (B, D, F, respectively). Bars = 50 m (AF)

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Morphological analysis of testes postnatally in rats exposed in utero to either corn oil (control) or DBP. At Days 25 and 90, cryptorchid and contralateral scrotal testes from DBP-exposed animals were assessed separately. Values are means SEM for n = 5 animals from a minimum of three litters. A) Percentage of seminiferous tubules with normal structure and germ cell complement for age. B) Percentage incidence of SCO tubules. C) Percentage of testes exhibiting one or more focal dysgenetic areas. Panels to the right (immunostained for AR) provide illustrative examples (*) of the morphological features evaluated in A through C, respectively. Arrows indicate Sertoli cell nuclei that are abnormally positioned adjacent to the lumen. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 in comparison to respective control value. Bars = 100 m.