1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Certificate Chapter 1 Introduction Objective Summary Methodology Scope and Limitations Chapter 2 Water Occurrence of Water on Earth Significance of Water in Human Beings Life Facts related Water Targets for the Access Of Safe Water Chapter 3 Delhi and Water Water Supply Water Problem Facing Areas Adequate Management of Water Chapter 4

5-6

8-11

13-17

Water Supply in Houses, Rohini Future population of the community Total water requirement for Houses Source of supply

19-37

Physical, chemical & Biological Characteristic of Available water Specification for water supply Domestic Water Chart

Drinking Water Chart Minimum Acceptable Specification General Conditions Water supply plumbing system Estimation of storage capacity Underground Storage

Chapter 5

Conclusion References List of Plates

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present work would not have been possible without the guidance of my Guide Mr. Vinod Kumar Wadhwa, he has been kind to go through the innumerable drafts and spared time out of his busy schedule to encourage me to work on my dissertation entitled Design of water supply Housing Scheme. I would be failing in my duty if I do not record my gratitude to Mr. Vinod Kumar Wadhwa who helped me a lot and gave me their precious time and bestowed me with their benedictions. My special thanks to my parents for the love and active support, both morally and financially to whom I owe my existence.

(SHILPI KOHLI)

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

A compound that occurs in all the three states is called WATER. It is transparent, odourless and tasteless amazingly. The earth is endowed with 70% of water in its gigantic body. It surrogates water and water nourishes it with delicate natural cycles. Water is the basic prerequisite to every organisms life. Every living being is driven by water which occurs in the large quantity in its body. Human being is one of the creatures on the earth that is grown up with the intake of water at every moment in her life. Not only this, she also learns the humanity, mankind, and tidiness with the proceedings of the works with the assistance of water. Thus, water is the only childhood friend of human being. Once water befriends human life, does it really arrive to its friend at the time of need? Does it assist human being in an emergency? These are the aspects and points which will be studied in the dissertation ahead.

OBJECTIVES
Water Distribution to the consumer of LIG Houses in Rohini as per their Domestic and Drinking water Demand Requirements.

SUMMARY
Water Supply Project from the source to the Distribution of the treated water to the consumers essentially consists of (a) works for collection (b) works for conveyance of water (c) work for treatment and purification of water and (d) work for distribution of water to the consumers. Before the actual construction of these works is taken up, it is necessary to plan and prepare the full scheme and also to design the various components of the project.

METHODOLOGY
a) Estimate the future population of the community and study the local conditions, as to determine the quantity of water which is required to be provided by the project, b) Locate a reliable source or sources of adequate quality water, so as to fulfill the needs and requirements of the community. c) Make provision for the necessary storage of water, if needed, and design the various works required to deliver the water from its source to the consumer. d) Determine the Physical, Chemical and biological characteristics of the available water.

e) Design the distribution system including the storage facilities, pumping stations, layout and size of pipe networks and locations of fire hydrant and other valves. f) Design the water treatment facilities required, if any, for bringing the quality of water to the required potable standards. g) Execution of Approved water supply scheme that is execution, Laying of pipeline, Disinfecting/ Testing of water and construction of U.G.R. and pumps.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:

This study shall be focusing on the politics of the water supply in unauthorized sites taken, but it does not mean that this study will make us able to proclaim the politics of water supply in the whole Delhi. We may opine at this. We may also suggest the politics of water supply in distant future in Delhi, but we cannot justify and give acute data of the prevalent conditions and water supply in Delhi with confidence. This study will be capable of making conclusions and justifications to the sites taken only. This study will be taking these aspects in order to examine water supply in the sites taken; --INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE --THE FACTS AND FIGURES RELATED TO THE WATER SUPPLY: Area of the sites. Population and Density Monthly Household Income Monthly Water Bill Water Requirement Per Month Monthly Water Bill vs. Monthly Water Income.

With the help of these aspects, we will be able to justify our examination of the politics of water supply in these sites.

Chapter Two
WATER

OCCURRENCE OF WATER ON THE EARTH

Water is available on the earth in three forms, ice, liquid and gaseous form. The earth occupies 70 percent water in all these forms. 97.3 percent of earths water is saline and 2.7 percent is fresh water. 70 percent of water is found in the ice form, glaciers, and icebergs mostly in Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1 percent of all the water on the earth is used by people. This water is abounded in the lakes, rivers etc. The ground water occurs in two forms. It may be evaporated from the plants leaves or the earths surface. It may flow in the water courses along the earth surface and reaches the ocean or it flow through the crevices of the rocks. Sometimes, it is trapped under an impervious layer of earth surface. It is used at those places, where wells and streams are constructed. It can also be used with the help of pumping. The former occurrence of ground water evaporates and proceeds with water cycle. It rains and the rivers get filled the river water is infiltrated by jal boards and further sent to the homes, locales, industries, institutions and other places. Water resources are abundant on earth, in earth. However, we lack proper sanitation and sufficient water supply to the homes. This happens because of the lack of management, financial cuts, inefficient education etc. If these obstacles are visualized properly by us, then we wont have a dry month anymore, as it is true that Perservance overcomes obstacles.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER IN HUMAN BEINGs LIFE

Nature is abounded in with several creatures. These creatures require the basic things to survive air, fire, soil, and water. Water is one of these things which occupy 70% of the earth. It is the basic and indispensable requisite for all the creatures on the earth. Human being is one of them. If talking about human beings, his body contains 75% water. Yet, he requires 120 gallons of water a day on average basis. Human being drinks a very few gallons but uses it for various purposes without which, he can hardly survive like showering and baths, washing dishes, in laundry, cleaning home and lawns, brushing and watering plants, for sanitary purposes, for disaster-risk minimization and removals, for agriculture etc. It is also used in the construction work. And a major source for industrial productions.

Water is critical in every humans life. Yet millions of people suffer with the water shortage for their daily needs. They do not get sufficient water for days, for weeks or for months. Due to the water shortage, many people get affected with weird water borne diseases. In some areas, there is a scarcity of water which shows the repercussion that is drought. It elevates famine and malnutrition. It also deceases the production of food, milk, and other basic necessities. Since water is critical for human life, has any significant work been done so far in providing people clean and sanitized water? Yes, it is being done, but many villages, rural areas are still afflicted with a scarcity of water. Still we find the productive workouts by the government, private organizations, and international agencies for better supply of water. The whole earth including rural and urban locals, will get sanitized and sufficient water by 2015, according to the target of the government. The international target for Action, Water for Life, is endeavoring ahead in order to ensure the sustainable use of water for our successors. Making water as target to save human life is not the only objective. There are some other Millenium Development Goals like reducing child mortality, imparting education and knowledge at every corner, bringing environmental safe earth, increasing gender equality, decreasing pollution, erasing poverty, etc. These goals are enhancive products which increase the human beings intensity to serve better and valuable in the nature. He comprehends the judicious utilization of natural resources like water. We wish that every man will use every precious molecule of the natures bestowed, judiciously. So that they do not get unfortunate chance to use corsairs.

FACTS RELATED WATER

Lots of facts are there, which we rely upon. In brief, we have some facts like a person cant live without water for a few days. A person needs 4 to 5 gallons of water per day for his survival. If a person gets thirsty, his body looses over 1% of its total water amount. In medieval times, a person used only 5 gallons per day, but in this era, the average person in USA uses 80 -100 gallons per day. Most of the percentage of water occurs in the ice form, thus the fresh water is beyond our reach. Water use is increasingly used in industries and agriculture as compare to domestic use.

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According to water life cycle, water molecule once evaporated, it spends ten days in the air. The worlds driest place is Desierto de Atacama, near Calma, Chile. No rain occurred for about 400 years at that place. Nearly 2% of US homes lack running water. These are certain water facts which account on the need of water supplys necessity. Besides these facts, there are some other water facts too, based on the water borne disasters and diseases. Based on study and experiences, water related disasters like floods, tsunamis, droughts are the pathetic natural disasters. Between, 1999-2000, over 665,000 people deceased in 2,557 natural disasters. These disasters give birth to the devastating progenies like Malaria, Diarrhea, Schistosomiasic (bilharzias), insanitation, poor hygiene, etc. it is even a fact that in every 15 seconds, a child dies from a water borne disease. 1.8 million children die every year from diarrhea. Lack of water, demoisturises skin and decreases cellular growth. Constipation takes place in the lack of ample water. Drought, a major water risk disaster signifies certain study based facts. By 2025, two third of the worlds population will be facing water stress. Then demand of water supply will be increased by 40%. Some other facts are also underlying, in the books on hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity is the upcoming major source of producing electricity. It supplies at least 50 percent of electricity in 66 countries, 19 percent in 24 countries. It is expected to grow 60 percent by 2010 in transboundary basins one hundred and forty five nations have territory within one transboundary basin and 21 territories lie within one transboundary basin. In fact, in the last half century, about 200 treaties have been signed for transboundary water basins. Besides these facts, there is one more fact, which every man aware of, is Water is the Driver of Nature as said by Leonardo de Vinci. It is used in every sphere, profession and work of human life for their own benefits and for the maintenance of the nature likely.

TARGETS FOR THE ACCESS OF THE SAFE WATER

Many targets have been set up to initialize and proceed with the access of safe water. The Millennium Development Goals at the millennium summit in 2000, including 191 United Nations Member States, have decided to reduce poverty, hunger, illiteracy, diseases, the risk of disasters, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women and sanitized and safe water by 2015. It is the year which will also define the end of the International

11

Decade for Action. Water for Life. The goal approaches to the duty of the people of judicial and sustainable use of water resources. Government had a revised declaration on the same at Johannesburg Summit in 2002 to develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency plans by 2005. Women and girls are at the sensitive issue of using water resources at extremely large scale. It is estimated that the national cost of women using water is 150 million women workdays per year. It is highly staggering that this amount is equivalent to a national loss of income of 10 billion rupees. This shows a non-judicial and unprocurative use of water by female genders. So, Governments have also been acting upon the sufficient education to women, in order to make them comprehensible and aware of the judicious use of precious resources like Water. They will get employment opportunities and good income opportunities as well. The water Science and Technology Board at National Research Council has released the first report of the committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems Assessing and Reducing Risks. Its first report by EPA (an agency) requests for the potential new requirements in order to integrate the distribution system of safe water. The second report requests for the safe water for the reduction of the risks posed by low quality water. These reports have considered approached time of 18 months for persuasion of the tasks. India has also been endeavoring hard to supply clean and safe water in order to relieve Indias states of insipid contaminated and unsafe water. The Central Ground Water Authority at New Delhi has recently brought Artificial Recharging of ground water. It helps in protecting water resources and bringing safe water to the homes. We all know that earth is endowed with the excess of water but it needs proper and skilled management and technologies for the access of safe water.

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Chapter Three

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DELHI AND WATER

DELHI AND WATER

Though Delhi is a urban city, it lacks ample water supply. The central ground water authority at New Delhi finds that the city needs 800 mega gallons per day (mgd) of water while it gets only 600 mgd. To compete with extra mgd, it borrows 200 mgd from neighboring lands like Haryana, Punjab. The water which is supplied across premises is in insanitary and unsafe state. It is prone to the germination of several diseases. Delhi gets contaminated, stale odoured water. In fact, tube wells yield brackish and toxic water. It proves that the fresh water which we receive in the tap might have become intoxicated as well. The toxicities water has increased rate of fluoride, nitrate and some other poisonous gases, in it. The Delhi Jal Board, nonetheless releases fresh water from the reserves. But it is of no use, unfill the most advanced technologies rise up in the cities in order to culminate the deadly water and ensure the best quality and entrusted water supply.

WATER SUPPLY
At present, Delhi receives raw water from a perennial river Yamuna. Delhi gets 4.6% share of it according to the agreements of inter states. It also gets water

14

supply from ground water. It is used through the constructed bore wells and tube wells. Rainwater is obviously a natural source that raises the hope for better water supply. Luckily, Delhi receives a normal rainfall of 611.8 mmin 27 rainy days. The Bhakra dam and the Upper Ganga Canal provide water storage for efficient water regulation. Private water tankers deviate the existing sensitive statistics of water supply, upto certain extent. Packaged water is also stocked in the various markets to enhance the suited water-supply to the people in the extreme hot. The existing statistics has worsened effects on the city which is leading the problem into the most worst condition in the distant future if the management of water supply is not taken care of. The present withdrawal of ground water is 312 MCM, but it is assessable upto 292 MCM only. Even groundwater available at shallow depths have saline and brackish contents. It is commonly found in Kanjhawla and Najafgarh blocks Alipur etc.

THE WATER PROBLEM FACING AREAS

With the increasing population of Delhi, the pressure is increasing on the utilization of water resources. Commercial and industrial set up are also increasing in Delhi, these commercial growths also demand large amount of water resources. According to the study, the commercial and industrial demands have grown from 567 Kl in 1992-93 to 1478 Kl in 1996-97. Thus it demands much better water supply systems. It is also noticed that over exploitation, salinity, inadequate supply of piped water affects the availability of groundwater in many areas. For example groundwater levels in Alipur and Kanjhawla blocks 2-6m, it is declined by 10 m in Najafgarh block and by 20 m in Mehrauli. Water scarcity has become so oftenly occurred problem in Delhi nowadays. A recent news on Monday, May 5, 2008 at New Delhi, to report by NDTV mentioned the problems of water scarcity by Delhites. It says Delhi is not getting water for last 10 days. Nearly one out of every six people in Delhi is suffering with water crisis Since Yamuna river has not been filled this summer. People at civil lines, New Rajinder Nagar, Paharganj, other areas of Central

15

Delhi are using bottled water for drinking purpose, disposable plates, cups for food. Local residents are complaining that their homes have gone BPL (Below Poverty Line) because of the absence of the basic amenities. Gurgaon, New Delhi areas are suffering with water shortage problems. Despite these problems, faced by Delhites, they are not able to avail themselves with government tankers. Geeta Gupta in her report in Express India on May, 06, 08, records Aggarwal, the secretary of the Delhi RWA Joint Action Front says There are no government tankers available. Private tankers, which cost Rs. 1000 before, now cost Rs. 3000 per tanker. The whole Delhi is waiting of water. It facing the major water crisis. The major parts of Delhi like Samaipur Badli, Ashok Vihar, Shalimar Bagh, Rohini, Pitam Pura, Vikaas Puri, Uttam Nagar, Janak Puri, Mohan Garden, Palam, Nasir Pur, Mahipal Pur, Vasant Kunj, Tughlakabad, Saket , Sangam Vihar, Dauli Village, Najafgarh regions are the worst hit by acute water shortage. These areas are taken into the considerations on the basis of The Hindu newspaper dated 23 April, 2005. Still the DJB officials are ensuring for the solution of this delicate problem. They are availing tankers to the locales at every corner in Delhi. They might be adapting a relieved solution for the people in order to remove the major water crisis.

ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF WATER

Since, we already have come across the Delhis scenario of water supply. Its inadequacy and quality have also been discussed. Its improper supply has brought people to suffer exhaustively has also been discussed back. Every aspect has been taken into the notice except one important aspect which is none other than the adequate management of water. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had addressed on 30 November, 2005 at National Conference of Irrigation and Water Resources, at New Delhi, on the management of water. He said,

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Water is blessing for human kind. It is the life blood of farming. Nations, cities, and civilization have grown near rivers. Our scriptures have praised the life giving quality of water. At the same time, having an excess of water or its complete absence can be a curse too. Last year, many parts of our country were affected by drought.. Our water management practices need considerable improvement. (http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/prel2_301105.pdf) Though addressed specifically on irrigation water management, he had a wide intention of water management besides irrigation. First of all, the demand supply gap projections for water have been visualized in the figure 1. New raw water resources have been identified accordingly, which is showed in the table below. Table 1 Status of new raw water sources and expected supplies Expected Identified source quantity of supplies Tehri dam Channel from Munak to Haiderpur Additional water from BBMB Renukal Dam on the Giri River 300 cusecs

Current status Availability expected by March 2002

Loss of 720 MLD owing to leakage Construction delayed due to disputes and seepage over the cost estimates expected 180 MLD 500 cusecs Delays in construction of the Yamuna Satluj Link canal Long-term proposal Long-term proposal Long-term proposal

Kishau Dam on the 500 cusecs Tons River Lakhawar Dam on 500 cusecs the Tons River

The new raw water resources are the mines of raw water which aim to provide supplies to treatment plants at Sonia Vihar, Nangloi, Bawana, Okhla and Dwarka. Since, these resources require tough up gradation, certain managing skills have been put into the task in order to upgrade the raw water resources. It is being done with the help of constructing new STPs. Two small STPs with tertiary level already have been completed under Yamuna Action Plan.

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Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) are proposed to be constructed in three of the twenty eight industrial estates, but seven of these estates will be upgraded only at the STPs (GHK International LTD. 2000). This water can be used for the supply in institutions, industries etc. Some other alternative actions have been set up too:1) Rain water harvesting:- 193 MCM of runoff generated in Delhi is stored

in the regenerated quarries/lakes. It is stored with 282 MCM runoff of the Yamuna river and the non committed flow that means 475 MCM. This reserved water is used for small regions.
2) Comprehensive auditing of water flow from intake to the consumer:-

Replacing the old pipes, corroded pipelines, mains, some other leakages are the mandate managing water supply. It saves every precious drop of water.
3) Recycling of water:- It is very important orientation because water can

be recycled and reused again. Besides this, a wise use of water resources is also important. It can be done in the industrial areas, slum areas etc.
4) Public-Private partnerships:- For the operation of water management, it

is necessary to pursue the management of water resources on public or private partnership basis.
5) Private consultancy for better water supply management:- Vibhuti Patel

on 16 April, 2008 in the article Political Economy of water and peoples protest has highlighted a very good step taken by BMC (Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation) has appointed a private consultant company named Castalia from France, to manage water supply problems, bill payments, collection of dues, water cleanliness etc. It has been fluctuated in Andheri (K-East Ward). Thus procedure can be implemented in Delhi as well in to sort out every Delhites problem of water deficits. These management skills are the prevalent managing skills. There may be other managing procedures which are not mentioned here. But, overall the management workout for better and clean water supply are benefactors for the generations what so ever generation born to the earth, it requires water.

And, it is already proved by Vibhuti Patel in the article that:-

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Water is Our Common Present and Future : We plan our cities near water ; we bathe in water ; we play in water ; we work with water. Our economies are built on the strength of water transportation - and the products we buy and sell are all partly water, in one way or another. Our daily lives are built on water, and shaped by it. Without the water that surrounds us - the humidity of the air, the roughness of the rivers current, the flow from the kitchen tap - our lives would be impossible. In recent decades, water has fallen in our esteem. No longer an element to be revered and protected, it is a consumer product that we have shamefully neglected. Eighty percent of our bodies are formed of water, and two thirds of the planets surface is covered by water : water is our culture, our life.
(http://www.cetri.be/spip.php?article563&lang=fr)

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Chapter Four
DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLYFOR HOUSING SCHEME- ROHINI

METHODOLOGY:A) FUTURE POPULATION OF THE COMMUNITY

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B)

TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT

The annual average daily draft in litres/day required by the LIG houses can be worked out by multiplying the probable number of the persons who are going to use the facilities provided by the scheme, and the annual average daily consumption of each person (for all uses) call per capita demand.

DOMESTIC / DRINKING WATER DEMAND

This include the water required in private buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn, sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purpose etc. the amount of domestic water consumption per person shall vary according to the living conditions of the consumers. As per IS: 1172-1993 the minimum domestic consumption for LIG colonies should be taken at 200 l/h/d. MINIMUM DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION (ANNUAL AVERAGE) FOR LIG COLONY

Use

Consumptions in litres per head per day (l/h/d)

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Drinking Cooking Bathing Washing of cloths Washing of utensils Washing and cleaning of houses Lawn watering and gardening Flushing of water closets, etc Total

5 5 75 25 15 15 15 45 200

Total no. of DUs = 1640 Total Demand= 16405225= 18, 45,000 LPD Demand for Domestic Purpose:Total water demand for domestic purpose = 16405150= 12, 30,000 LPD Capacity of UGR for domestic purpose = 6, 15,000 litres Demand for drinking Purpose:Total water demand for drinking purpose = 1640575 = 6, 15,000 LPD Capacity of UGR for drinking purpose = 3, 07,500 litres Total nos of stories proposed = G+ 4 Total Head required:1. For Domestic Purpose Demand = 854.16 LPM Head = 33mts Head of the pump = 854.1633 = 8.81 HP Say 45000.7 2. For Drinking Purpose Demand = 427.08 LPM Head = 33mts Head of the pump = 427.0833 = 4.47HP Say 5 HP 45000.7

IMPORTANT NOTES:1. All levels are in meter corresponds to GTS Benchmark. 2. All pipes are C.I. class LA with Rubber Ring Joints. 3. We shall use tube well as source of water till DJB water is available in the area. 4. Permission of tube well if required shall be taken from C.G.W.A/ C.G.W.B. by Us.

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Figure 4.5 Showing water requirement per family

Analysis:As it is clearly shown in fig 4.5 that the water requirement per family is 92.64 KL per month, we can find out that, In Rohini Area the average requirement of water per head is around 2.81 KL per month which is lesser than the standard requirement of 4.8 KL (by taking 160 lt. per head per day) per head per month. a) Monthly Water Bill vs. Monthly Water Income:The average monthly expenditure on water is around 3.8%

Analysis On comparing the both factors, I arrive at a very critical point that the people of are paying 3.8% or 764.40 of their monthly income which is

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too much. But, when I consider the number of people (33) per family and their water requirement per month then I reach to the point that their monthly water bill is neither less nor more. That should be easily payable by the people.

SOURCES OF SUPPLY
1. Total water requirement of the area will be restricted to 18, 45,900 litres per day. 2. As per proposed water demand and layout plan the height of construction i.e no. of stories shall be restricted to 6+4 3. Two separate underground reservoir of 307500 litres capacity for drinking purpose and 61500 litres capacity for other domestic purposes will be constructed at a safe distance from each other to cater to the two supplies. Workable arrangements shall be provided to inter connect the two when sufficient potable water from Delhi Jal Board is available. Their top water level (T.W.L) will be kept below the ground level but top of under ground reservoir should be at least 30 cm. above the normal ground level (G.L). 4. Pumps of adequate capacity and head shall be provided with 100% standby arrangement so that water may reach up to the desired head. In addition alternate arrangement of diesel pump may also be made so that the same can be used at the time of electricity failure. a) Only one pump house shall be constructed in such a way that it can cater to both the water supply network. b) The water for drinking and cooking will be supplied in the morning and evening. The pump shall be designed in such a way that the drinking water is made available for one and half hour in the evening. c) The domestic water will be supplied in WC and baths through overhead tank/separate overhead tank at the roof. The pump for the domestic will supply the water three hours in the morning and three hours in the evening. 5. The water supply services including underground reservoirs and boosting arrangements shall be maintained by the developing agency and will not be taken over by this department. 6. There is acute shortage of filtered water in the area and as such will not be possible to provide the same as present. The developing agency shall not claim/demand water till such time the raw water is made available to this deptt. By the neighboring states and construction of water treatment plant, transmissions water lines, reservoirs etc. is completed and the same are commissioned, for the area. The developing agency shall construct tubewell and install motors and pumps of required capacity to meet their remaining water demand at their own cost, if filtered water supplied by D.J.B is not sufficient to meet sanctioned demand. Quality of tubewell water shall be got tested from the director, treatment and quality control of this deppt. To ascertain the suitability of tubewell water for drinking purposes. All the development works be carried out only after the

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ensuring the availability of potable water, in required quantity, to avid drinking water problems at a later stage. Permission is required from C.G.W.A/C.G.W.B. shall be taken by developing agency at its own and D.J.B. shall not be responsible for the same. When drinking water is made available in the area by the deppt. the developing agency shall apply for getting the approval of water connection from office of Executive Engineer (Planning) water. 7. A suitable dia bulk water meter shall be installed near the tapping point in consultation with Executive Engineer of concerned Zone at the cost of the developing agency. 8. The connection and communication pipe will be laid by the developing agency at their own cost. 9. Only C.I .pipes of class LA and DI pipe of class K7 shall be laid as per relevant IS code with rubber ring joints. 10. No overhead tank is required to be placed on the terrace for supplying of drinking water. Water for drinking and cooking will be supplied in kitchen and pantry. This water can be stored individually as required by the consumers. 11. The water for drinking and cooking purposes will confirm to the desired limit specified in IS Code; 10500. The domestic water supply shall be trough tube well/bore well and shall confirm to extended limit of IS code: 10500. The testing of the water from the tube well/bore well shall be mandatory. 12. Where the quality of ground water is beyond the extended limit of the IS: 10500 than this water can be used only for the flushing when there is no other alternatives source of water. 13. No identification will be required for the peripheral water supply line if the pipes for different material are used for drinking and domestic purpose. In the case same type of pipe is used for drinking as well as domestic water than colour band shall be marked at every 3 mtr. In all buried and exposed pipes and this purpose the drinking water line will be marked with blue colour and domestic pipe line with green colour. 14. The D.D.A. is to get affected the necessary amendments in BIS/NBC at their own. 15. As the saline water may corrode the pipeline. The following piping material may be considered for domestic/drinking water supply in place of G.I. pipes (for service connection and internal fittings). a) Polyvinylchloride (unplasticized) b) HDPE c) Poly Propylene (Random Copolymer) d) Chlorinate Poly Vinyl Chloride e) Multilayered piping (Aluminum sandwiched between layers of poly Ethylene) All the materials shall be rated for potable water and for designed working pressure and temperature as per relevant IS Code. 16. Developing agency shall install Rain water harvesting system for recharging the ground water as per D.J.B. norms.

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PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AVAILABLE WATER

To ensure safety to public health, economy it, therefore becomes imperative upon the planners and designers of the public water supply schemes, to thoroughly check, analyses, and treat the raw available water to safe and permissible limits, before supplying to the public. These is more true and strictly adhere to, when water is supplied for municipal uses, such as drinking, bathing, washing, etc. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Physical analysis of water is carried out in order to determine the physical characteristics of water. This includes tests for determining turbidity, colour, taste, and odour. I) TURBIDITY- If a large amount of suspended matter such as clay, silt or some other finely divided organic materials are present in water, it will appear to be muddy or cloudy or turbid in appearance. The turbidity depends upon the fineness and concentration of particles present in water. Although the clay or other inert suspended particles may not be harmful to health, yet they are to be removed or reduced for aesthetic and psychological reasons. Since people do not like turbid water, the turbidity of raw water must be measured, and then reduced by treatment of permissible values, so as to make it almost invisible under naked eye. The Turbidity is measured by a turbidity rod or by a turbidity meter with optical observations and expressed in NTU (Naphelometric Turbidity Units) II) TASTE & ODOUR- The Dissolved organic materials or the inorganic salts, or the dissolved gases may impart tastes and odours to the water, which generally occur together. Taste and odour may be caused by the presence of: dissolved gases such as H2S, CH4, CO2, O2 etc., combined with organic matter; mineral substances like NaCl, iron compound, carbonates and sulphates of other elements; and phenols & other tarry or oil matter, especially after chlorination. Some tastes, such as those imparted by dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide are generally desirable. Evidently, for drinking purposes, the water must not contain any undesirable or objectionable taste & odour. In order to remove the taste & odour from the raw water, the chemical composition of water must first be ascertained, so as to determine as to what treatment, if any, is required to make its taste and odour acceptable for domestic use. The extent of taste or odour present in a particular sample of water is measured by a term called odour intensity, which is related with the threshold odour. The threshold or threshold odour number, as it is generally called, represents the dilution ratio at which the odour is hardly detectable.

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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS:- Chemical analysis of water is carried out in order to determine the chemical characteristics of water. These involves for determining the Ph value, hardness, chloride content, Total Dissolved, chloride content, iron and other metal contents. 1. Total solids and suspended solids. The total amount of solids (suspended as well as dissolved solids) present in water can be determined by evaporating a sample of water and weighing the drying residue left. The suspended solids can be found by filtering the water sample and weighing the residue left on filter paper. The difference between the total solids and the suspended solids will then represent nothing but the dissolved solids. The permissible amount of solids in water is generally limited to 500 ppm, although higher amounts up to 1000 ppm are also sometimes permitted, but are likely to produce certain psychological effects on human system. 2. pH value of water. The pH value of water indicates the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present in water. It is thus an indicator of the acidity or the alkalinity of the water. 3. Hardness of water. Hardness in water is that characteristic which prevents the formation of sufficient leather or form, when such hard waters are mixed with soap. It is usually caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts present in water, which form scum by reaction with soap. 4. Chloride content. Chlorides are generally present in water in the form of sodium chloride (common salt) and may be due to: leaching of marine sedimentary deposits, pollution from sea water, brine or industrial and domestics wastes, etc. their concentration above 250 mg/l produce a noticeable salty taste in drinking water and are thus objectionable.

BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS. Bacteria are the minute single cell organisms possessing no defined nucleous and having no green material (chlorophyll) to help them manufacture their own food. 1. Total Coliform group is widely used as the indicator organism of choice for drinking waters. The major criticism of this group as an indicator is that some of its member (such as Enterobacter aerogenes) are widely distributed in the environment. However, when it is assumed that all of its members originated in feces, a safety factor is provided. This approach is reasonable when applied to provision of safe drinking water but suffers when fecal contamination of a water is suspected. 2. The E.Coli is the most abundant Coliform, and is further subdivided into biotype and serotype. Unlike other coliforms, E.Coli is a parasite living only in the human and animal intestines. Voided in feces, it remains visible in the environment only for some days. Detection of E- Coli in drinking water therefore is taken as evidence of recent pollution with human and animal feces.

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METALS AND OTHER CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Tests are carried out to determine the amount of various metals and other substances, such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, barium, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, fluorine, etc., present in water. The amounts of these minerals or metals in potable waters are then limited to their permissible standard values so as to avoid their harmful effect on human life.

SUMMARY OF HARMFUL EFFECTS CAUSED BY VARIOUS TOXIC ELEMENTS AND COMPONDS S.No 1. 2. 3. Substance Antimony, Sb Arsenic, As Barium, Ba Harmful effects Accumulates in liver and is detrimental to the heart in humans. Can be accumulated be marine organisms Acute or chronic toxicity to humans. Toxic to all life. By product of smelting ores and used in other industries. Ingested Ba salts are highly toxic to humans. Usually found in trace amounts in natural water but surface water concentrations are sometimes as high as 0.3 mg/l. May be toxic to plants if present above trace amounts. Extremely toxic to all life. Usually, naturally present in concentrations less than 0.0001 gm/l in surface waters. Oxides and hydroxides are insoluble within normal Ph ranges. Cumulative, highly toxic in humans and livestock. Affect all life. Protects other metal against oxidation; also used in other industries. Natural Cr is rare. Cr (VI) is the toxic form to humans. Cr (III) is slowly oxidized to Cr (VI) in water. Toxic to plants. Varying tolerance to Cr salts in aquatic life. Essential to humans in small daily amounts (2.0 mg). Upper limits not determined but water is very distasteful at 1-5 mg/l Cu. Essential to life but is toxic at differing levels to plants and aquatic life. Cyanide renders tissues incapable of oxygen exchange. It is not cumulative and it is biodegradable in streams. CN behaves like halides. Fluoride has been shown to reduce dental caries. Above concentration guidelines there is no further reduction in caries but molting increases. Natural F concentrations are generally low but wide fluctuations

4.

Boron, B

5.

Cadmium, Cd

6.

Chromium, Cr

7.

Copper, Cu

8. 9.

Cyanide, CN Fluoride, F

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Lead, Pb Mercury, Hg Nickel, Ni Nitrate, NO3 Nitrite, NO2 Phenol Selenium, Se Sodium, Na Sulfide, H2S Zinc, Zn

occur. Cumulative in humans and livestock. Human absorption of ingested lead is small; single large does are not a problem. Toxic to all forms of life. Mercury is very slowly exerted from the human body. Methyl mercury is 50 times more toxic than inorganic mercury. Low oral toxic to humans. Toxic to plants and marine life. Toxic to infants at high concentrations. More toxic than nitrate but less chemically stable than nitrate and generally found in low concentrations. Taste and odour from these compounds are more significant than their toxicity. They exhibit direct toxicity to fish. Cumulative poison in humans and animals. Moderately toxic to plants. Harmful to some persons with cardiac problems. Destructive to soils. Undissociated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the toxic entity. Also toxic to aquatic life. Relatively non toxic to plants and animals. Essential nutrient for life. Only at high concentrations has it been found toxic to plants. However, zinc is acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic organisms

SPECIFICATION FOR WATER SUPPLY

SCOPE It include excavation for pipes, laying of centrifugally cast iron S & S pipes (spun) class- LA with necessary fittings, sluice valves, fire hydrants, air valves with necessary brick chambers, jointing of pipes and fittings, accessories, refilling of trenches and testing for leakage disinfection etc. complete to the satisfaction of Engineerin- charge as per approved scheme in the specified boundary/area. The water line system shall be paid as per the scheme approved by Delhi Jal Board. The sluice valves, fire- hydrants and air valves shall be ISI marked. Any modification in this scheme approved by Engineer-in-charge shall be violate terms of the contract. The work shall be executed as per CPWD Specification 1996 1 to 6 with up to date correction slips and the relevant, ISI codes shall be followed. EXCAVATION The work include excavation in all types of strata. For proper jointing of pipes and fittings the bottom of the trench and sides at the relevant

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places should be sufficient for doing proper lead caulking of joints. The top of the pipes would have at least cushion of 60 cms. From the finished surface under road berms and 1.2 m under as per direction of Engineer-in-charge. S&S Centrifugally cast (spun) Iron pipes class LA duly approved by the Engineer-in-charge shall be used in the work. All collar joints/flanged/socketed fittings shall be of heavy class. LAYING the cast iron pipes shall be laid as site as per alignment shown in the approved drawing. In the case it is considered necessary by the Engineer in-charge to alter the alignment as per site situations so as to accommodate laying of other services viz storm water drain, sewerage, horticulture pipes and electric cables, no extra claims for the same would be entertained. While laying the pipes, it may be ensured that these water supply pipes have a horizontal and vertical separation of 3mtrs and 0.50 mtr. Respectively from the sewer pipes. The water line should in no case run below sewer line. JOINTING Water supply pipes, fittings and specials shall be jointed together with pig lead or flanged joints where necessary as per direction of Engineer-in-charge. The pig lead brought at site shall be tested from DDA approved Laboratory and only after the results are found to be satisfactory the same would br allowed tobe used in the work and shall remain in joint custody. The day to day consumption of lead shall be maintained by the Jr. Engineer and the same would be signed by the contractor as well. The quantity of lead to be used in joints of pipes, fittings and specials would be as per CPWD specifications/ISI codes. CHAMBER- Suitable brick chambers for housing the fire hydrants and sluice valves shall be constructed in brick masonary with bricks of class designation 75 in cement mortar 1:5 (1 cement : 5 coarse sand) the brick chamber shall have leveling course of CC-1:5:10, the chamber shall be plastered with cement mortar1:3 (1 cement :3 coarse sand) 12mm thick with a floating coat of neat cement. The chambers shall have RCC slab on top with required opening for operation of valves as per specifications, indicating M.S. Plate showing the position of fire hydrants and sluice valves shall also be provided. Cement concrete 1:2:4, thrust blocks shall be provided as per CPWD specifications for the various fittings/accessories. DISINFECTION/TESTING- After the work is completed the lines shall be flushed as per CPWD Specifications with water containing bleaching powder @ 0.5 gms.per.lts of water and cleaned with fresh water and the operation repeated 3 times till the sample of water is approved by municipal Laboratory. Pipes laid shall be tested at twice the maximum allowable pressure to check water tightness to the joints and to detect hair cracks in the pipes. After satisfactory completion of the work, 5 sets of completion plans showing the alignment of lines, location of air valves, sluice valves, fire hydrants along

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with, the service plan (in original) approved by D.J.B. along with its forwarding letter to the Engineer-in-charge shall be submitted to the Engineer-in-charge by the contractor. The work may be inspected by officials of MCD, DJB or any other agency during excecution. U.G.R Of required capacity with boosting arrangement and pump house including installation for supply of water in the house as per approval accorded by DJB and engineer-in-charge.

Title: Housing (Domestic Water Chart)

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NO. OF PIPES: 25 NO OF NODES: 20 PEAK FACTOR: 3 MAX HEAD LOSS/km: 10 MAX UNBAL (LPS): 0.006
PIP E NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 R) FROM NODE 100(UG 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 3 1 11 11 10 12 20 13 20 13 9 19 14 8 18 7 15 TO NOD E 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 14 19 11 10 12 20 13 19 14 9 9 8 18 7 7 8 15 16 LENG TH(M) 5.00 12.00 85.00 30.00 150.0 0 35.00 75.00 80.00 80.00 40.00 20.00 35.00 30.00 30.00 60.00 40.00 45.00 60.00 55.00 80.00 80.00 0.00 75.00 55.00 150.0 DIA (MM 250 200 200 150 150 150 100 100 100 200 200 150 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 HW C 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 W ) 42.5 6 3 2 18.3 12.7 6.38 4.30 1.71 3.53 3.16 4.27 22.1 10.1 9.39 10.1 9.39 4.06 4.08 4.04 2.71 4.67 3.14 4.65 3.14 1.06 5.71 3.63 0.87 0.58 0.40 0.36 0.24 0.10 0.45 0.40 0.54 0.71 0.32 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.35 0.59 0.40 0.59 0.40 0.13 0.73 0.46 5.28 3.29 1.68 1.90 0.92 0.17 4.57 3.73 6.50 4.68 1.11 3.88 4.50 3.88 5.93 5.99 5.86 2.81 7.69 3.68 7.61 3.68 0.49 11.1 4.83 0.0 3 4 4 6 4 1 4 0 2 9 2 4 4 2 6 4 6 7 2 9 1 6 4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 FLO (LPS TY VILOCI (MPS) HEADLOSS (M/Km) (M)

6 7 7

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0.6 1 2 0.7

NODE NO. 100 R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FLOW (LPS) 42.558 -2.076 -2.076 -2.076 -2.076 -2.595 -2.076 -2.076

ELEVATION (M) 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00

HGL (M) 245.00 244.97 244.93 244.79 244.73 244.60 244.59 243.68

PRESSURE (M) 33.00 32.97 32.93 32.79 32.73 32.60 32.59 31.68

33
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 -2.595 -2.076 0.000 -2.595 0.000 -2.595 -2.595 -2.076 -3.633 -2.076 -5.190 -2.076 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 243.94 244.37 244.76 244.79 244.65 244.53 244.29 243.07 242.35 243.98 244.27 244.63 31.94 32.37 32.76 32.79 32.65 32.53 32.29 31.07 30.35 31.98 32.27 32.63

Title: Housing (Drinking Water Chart)

NO. OF PIPES: 25 NO OF NODES: 20 PEAK FACTOR: 3 MAX HEAD LOSS/km: 10 MAX UNBAL (LPS): 0.006
E PIP NO. FROM NODE TO NOD E LENG TH(M) ) DIA (MM C HW W ) FLO (LPS TY VILOCI (MPS) HEADLOSS (M/Km) (M)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 100 1 2 3 4 6 2 6 3 1 11 11 10 12 20 13 20 13 9 19 14 8 18 7 15 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 14 19 11 10 12 20 13 19 14 9 9 8 18 7 7 8 15 16 5.00 12.00 85.00 30.00 150.0 0 35.00 75.00 80.00 80.00 40.00 20.00 35.00 30.00 30.00 60.00 40.00 45.00 60.00 55.00 80.00 80.00 70.00 75.00 55.00 150.0 250 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 21.1 6 9 10.7 6.38 2.24 1.21 0.08 3.37 3.11 9.34 4.21 3.84 4.21 3.84 1.25 1.36 4.08 1.93 1.19 2.09 1.78 2.33 1.54 0.75 2.84 1.81 0.67 0.61 0.36 0.28 0.15 0.01 0.43 0.29 0.40 0.53 0.54 0.49 0.54 0.49 0.16 0.17 0.25 0.15 0.27 0.23 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.36 0.23 4.30 5.02 1.90 1.97 0.63 0.00 4.20 2.00 3.63 3.84 6.34 5.35 6.34 5.35 0.67 0.79 1.50 0.61 1.73 1.29 2.12 0.99 0.26 3.06 1.32 0.0 2 6 6 6 9 0 2 6 9 5 3 9 9 6 4 3 7 4 0 0 7 7 2 7 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

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NODE NO. 100 R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20

FLOW (LPS) 21.156 -1.032 -1.032 -1.032 -1.032 -1.290 -1.032 -1.032 -1.290 -1.032 0.000 -1.290 0.000 -1.290 -1.290 -1.032 -1.806 -1.032 -2.580 -1.032

ELEVATION (M) 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00 212.00

HGL (M) 245.00 244.98 244.92 244.76 244.70 244.60 244.60 243.27 244.34 244.44 244.70 244.82 244.64 244.48 244.44 243.11 243.91 244.36 244.47 244.51

PRESSURE (M) 33.00 32.98 32.92 32.76 32.70 32.60 32.60 32.27 32.34 32.44 32.70 32.82 32.64 32.48 32.44 32.11 31.91 32.36 32.47 32.51

MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE SPECIFICATION

S.No 1. 2. 3.

Item of work Fittings Pig Lead a) Sluice valve

Specification S & S C.I. Standard fittings (heavy class) ISI marked Pig Lead of approved quality C.I Sluice valve (with cap)ISI mark complete with bolts and nuts, rubber insertion etc.100mm/150mm as per specification/ requirement ISI marked or as approved by the

b) Fire hydrant

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4.

Chambers for; Sluice valve and fire hydrant Thrust blocks Dis- Infection

5. 6.

Engineer Incharge Brick masonry chambers 6o6075 cms with bricks of designation 75 in cement mortar 1:5 (1 cement : 5 coarse sand ) with C.I surface box complete as per specification CC 1:2:4 as per specification Dis- Infection to be done using bleaching powder @ 0.5 gm/litre of water and cleaned with fresh water with minimum three times operation as per DJB conditions R.C.C, U.G.R of required capacity with boosting arrangement including necessary installation for supply of water as per DJB norms including stand by D.G set. This is to be provided as per approved scheme, which is to be got approved by the agency. In case a common U.G.R. with boosting arrangement is provided, the proportionate cost as per the number of houses shall be shared.

7.

U.G.R/pump house

GENERAL CONDITIONS
1. The pipes used in the distribution system shall confirms to ISI Specifications for water pipes. C.I. Pipes shall be of class L.A. and D.I. pipes shall be of classs K9 having rubber ring joints. 2. Pipes shall be laid with a minimum cushion of 0.60 m under the berms and 1.25 m under the roads. 3. Special care should be taken to ensure an adequate horizontal and vertical separation between water and sewer pipes. As far as practicable, the lateral separation should be 3 meters and vertical separations should be half meters. A water main should not be laid or passed through the manhole of sewer pipe line and without housing pipe through open sullage/storm water drains. 4. All water distribution mains shall be tested at twice the maximum working pressure of pipes. All joints should be absolutely water tight under test. 5. Except where stated otherwise, the latest Indian standard code of practices with up to date revisions shall be adopted for laying water pipes, constructing of under ground reservoirs and for internal fittings in buildings.

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6. HDPE(High Density Polytehylene Line) Pipes conforming to IS specification shall be used for individuals water connections. 7. Sluice valves used shall be I.S.I. marked. 8. Proper indicating plates shall be providing at prominent place to indicate the location of sluice valves, fire hydrants etc. 9. The fire hydrant shall confirm to IS: 905-1975 with up to date revisions. 10. The water meter of each DU shall be of class B, Multijet, magnetically coupled, inferential type having dry dial ISI marked conforming to IS:779-1994 with up to date amendments shall be provided at the ground floor in such way so as to be easily accessible to the staff for taking readings. 11. Plumbing for each DU shall be so carried out that separate ferrule connections can be provided from the distribution water line. 12. Slice valves will be provided for regulation of water supply system. 13. Plumbing work shall be carried but as per National Building Code and Building bye Laws as applicable to high rise buildings. 14. The domestic water tank may not be connected with the static water tank meant for firefighting storage or gardening. 15. The underground reservoirs shall not be located in the mandatory areas as per directives of D.U.A.C/DDA. 16. The developing agency shall intimate to the executive engineer of the concerned zone regarding the actual date of start of laying and jointing of water mains at site and will have the work inspected during execution. 17. Water mains shall be disinfected by flushing with water containing bleaching powder @ 0.5gm/litre of water and cleaning the same with fresh water. Operation to be repeated three times including getting the samples of water from the disinfected main tested and approved from director, treatment and quality control. 18. Three sets of completion plans showing spot levels, locations and size of water mains, fire hydrants, sluice valves, air valves etc shall be supplied at the time of handling over the distribution system 19. The developing agency shall connect their internal distribution system with corporation/DDA peripheral main at theirown cost.

WATER SUPPLY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Plumbing in general term which indicates the practice, materials and fixtures used in the installation or maintenance of all pipings, fixtures, appliances and other appurtenances used in connection with both public and private water supply systems as well as sanitary or drainage system within or adjacent to any building or its connection with any point of public disposal The entire system of pipings, fixtures, appliances etc used in providing water supply and drainage to a building is therefore, called a plumbing system. Hence , a plumbing water system in a building consist of supply and

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distributions pipes, connections, domestic storage tanks, flushing storage tanks. The house water connection In installing a water supply plumbing system in a building, the first and main step, obviously a , water connection from the municipal water main, because the water supply to a house or a building can start only from this point.

1. Ferrule. A ferrule is a right angle sleeve made of brass or gun metal and is joined to a hole drilled in the water main, to which it is screwed down with a plug. Its size usually varies between 10 to 50 mm dia. 2. Goose Neck- goose neck is a small sized curved pipe made of a flexible material (usually lead) and is about 75 cm in length forming connection between the water main and the service pipe. 3. Service pipe- service pipe is a galvanized iron pipe of size less than 50 mm dia. It should be underground in a trench in which no sewer or drainage pipe is laid. The service pipe which supplies water to the building through which the municipal main is thus connected to the main through the goose neck and ferrule. 4. Stop cock- the stop cock is provided before the water enters the water meter in the house. It is housed in a suitable masonry chamber with the removable cover, and is fixed in the street close to the boundary wall in an accessible position. Sometimes, it is provided just before the water meter inside the house, keeping both of them in one chamber. 5. Water meter- water meter measures and records the quantity of water consumed in the house. The domestic type water meter generally employed for houses is fitted into the service pipe with unions, which enables the meter to be changed where necessary. The water meter is generally fixed in an iron box fitted in an opening or cavity made in the boundary wall of the house, and is covered with a movable iron cover.

STORAGE OF WATER IN BUILDING

Storage of water within the premises of a building is usually necessary, because the municipal supplies are usually not available round the clock. Such storage may also help in meeting static fire demand; and to provide uninterrupted water supply in the building in case the main municipal or ground water is shut off for repairs, or if there is a power failure. Storage may also help in supplement the direct municipal supply in case of excess or peak demand.

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ESTIMATING STORAGE CAPACITY

The water storage capacity for a building will depend on the following factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. Hours of supply Rate of supply, governed by the pressure in the mains Demand pattern in the given building; and Fire storage required

UNDERGROUND STORAGE
Underground Storage tanks (or tanks at ground level) are necessarily required to collect water from municipal supply lines, if the water pressure in the main is insufficient to reach the overhead tank. The water collected in the underground tank is then pumped up to the overhead tank. Direct use of pumps on the municipal is always but the municipal authorities, as it reduces the water pressure in the adjoining houses or buildings. The capacity of an underground storage tank should be the net difference between the daily peak demand and the flow during hours of supply. Provisions should be added for non-supply due to power failures or other causes. For normal buildings with a dependable water supply, underground storage capacity is taken at 12 24 hours of average daily demand.

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Chapter Five
CONCLUSION

41

The project examines the water scenario in three sites namely Mashi Garh, Taimoor Nagar and Zakir Nagar in New Delhi. It investigates the regularity or irregularity of water supply from Delhi Jal Board in the sites. During investigation, it was found that all the given areas suffered with the irregularity of water supply three years ago. The localities in these areas would get only one time water in a day for two hours daily. It would not satisfy their basic requisites. In fact, they would store water from other sources like water tanks, nearby locales etc. They would rely on these sources for all their needs. It would make them needy. After a long suffering, they requested for sufficient water supply in their areas. Their oration was accepted by the government. Now, they are getting sufficient and ample water in their homes by the direct supply of Delhi Jal Board. These areas get water from 3:00 to 7:30 in the morning and from 4:00 to 7:30 in the evening. This development has given them a huge sense of relief. They get enough supply of water in their homes. Despite this, they always store water in their homes in order to cope up with an emergency. If we compare the water consumption in the given areas, we find Zakir Nagar has maximum population as compared to Taimoor Nagar and Mashi Garh. The numbers of houses are highest in Zakir Nagar that shows the maximum usage

42

of water in this region. Thus, the water bills are found to be the highest paid in Zakir Nagar. The case studies taken in the dissertation have found the conclusion above. On the scores of this conclusion, we can suggest about the scenario of water supply in Delhi but we cannot give our declaration on the condition of water supply in the whole Delhi since the project is concerned with only Mashi Garh, Taimoor Nagar and Zakir Nagar.

SECTION XIII

REFERENCES
13.1. World Wide Web:-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

www.earthday.net www.nap.edu www.djb.nic.in www.waterinslums.com www.waterandmilleniumdevelopmentgoals.com

13.2. Books:-

1. Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution and Profit By Vandana Shiva 2. Public Water Supply Distribution System By Committee on Public Water Supply
Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks, National Research Council

3. The Law of Waters and Water Rights By Henry Philip Farnham 4. Slum Health: Diseases of neglected Populations 5. Valuation of Clean Water Supply By Willingness to Pay Method in a Developing Nation: A Case Study In Calcutta, India By Shion Guha 6. The Facts and Figures:- Slum areas: the major challenge for the next decades 7. Bringing Water to the Poor 8. Water Supply Engineering, Santosh Kumar Garg

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