Node-voltage analysis
Using the voltages of the each node relative to a ground node, write down a set of consistent linear equations for these voltages Solve this set of equations using, say, Cramers Rule
This introduces us to procedures for systematically describing circuit variables and solving for them
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Nodal Analysis
Node voltages
Pick one node as the ground node Label all other nodes and assign voltages vA, vB, , vN B vB and currents with each branch i1, , iM + Recognize that the voltage across a branch v1 v5 + is the difference between the end node + v3 A vA voltages + + Thus v3=vB-vC with the direction v4 v2 as indicated C vC Write down the KCL relations at each node Write down the branch i-v relations to express branch currents in terms of node voltages Accommodate current sources Obtain a set of linear equations for the node voltages
MAE140 Linear Circuits
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vA
R1 i5 R3 i1 iS2
i2 R2
vB
i3 R4
i4
vC
Reference node
Solve for vA, vB, vC then i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5
MAE140 Linear Circuits
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vA
i5 R3 i1 iS2
i2 R2
vB
i3 R4
i4
vC
Reference node Note that the matrix equation looks just like Gv=i for matrix G and vector v and i G is symmetric (and non-negative definite)
Diagonal (i,i) elements: sum of all conductances connected to node i Off-diagonal (i,j) elements: -conductance between nodes i and j Right-hand side: current sources entering node i There is no equation for the ground node the column sums give the conductance to ground
MAE140 Linear Circuits
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Node A:
Conductances G/2B+2GC=2.5G Source currents entering= iS
iS
vA
2R
2R
vC R
Node B:
Conductances G/2A+G/2C+2Gground=3G Source currents entering= 0
Node C:
Conductances 2GA+G/2B+Gground=3.5G Source currents entering= 0
& 2.5G ' 0.5G ' 2G #& v A # & iS # $ !$ ! $ ! 3G ' 0.5G !$ vB ! = $ 0 ! $ ' 0.5G $ ' 2G ' 0.5G 3.5G !$ v ! $ 0 ! % "% C " % " MAE140 Linear Circuits
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2. If in doubt about the sign of the current source, go back to this basic KCL formulation 3. This formulation works for independent current source
For dependent current sources (introduced later) use your wits
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iS1
1K
iS2 500
vO _
' 0.5 (10 '3 #& v A # & iS1 # !$ ! = $ ! '3 ! v 2.5 (10 "% B " % ' iS 2 "
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vA
vS RS
RS
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vB
This removes the vB variable simpler analysis But can be done once per circuit
MAE140 Linear Circuits
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vB
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vS 1 R1
R1
vS 2 R2
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_ vS +
Solve
2.75vS 6.25vS , vC = 10.25 10.25 v !v v !v 11.75vS iin = S B + S C = 2R R / 2 10.25 R 10.25 R Rin = = 0.872 R 11.75 vB =
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G1v A + G2 (v A ! v B ) + G3 (vC ! v B ) + G4 vC = 0
Now use v B = vS 2
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=5( 7"8!( !3)"( !2) )+5( ( !2)"8!( !3)"( !3) )!3( ( !2)"( !2) !7"( !3) ) = 250 ! 125 ! 75 = 50 4 ! 2 !3 7 !2 ! 2 !3 ! 2 !3 #1 = !10 7 ! 2 = 4 ! ( !10) +6 !3 8 !3 8 7 !2 6 !3 8 = 4( 7"8!( !3)"( !2) )+10( ( !2)"8!( !3)"( !3) )+ 6( ( !2)"( !2) !7"( !3) ) = 200 ! 250 + 150 = 100
MAE140 Linear Circuits
!1 100 x1 = = =2 ! 50
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!3 84 x3 = = = 1.68 ! 50
Notes:
This Cramer is not as much fun as Cosmo Kramer in Seinfeld I do not know of any tricks for symmetric matrices
MAE140 Linear Circuits
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!$ x ! $ "% 3 " %
! "
row35
row2+row1 row3+row13/5 & # $ 5 ' 2 '3 4 ! $ 0 5 '5 ' 6 ! $ ' 21 31 42 ! $0 ! % 5 5 5" row310
& # $ 5 ' 2 '3 4 ! $ 0 5 '5 ' 6 ! $ 84 ! $0 0 1 ! % 50 "
MAE140 Linear Circuits
B=[4;-10;6]
v0=vS1 v4=vS2
(R1+R3)iA-R3iB=vS1 -R3iA+(R2+R3)iB=-vS2
MAE140 Linear Circuits
& R1 + R3 ' R3 #& i A # = & vS1 # $ 'R !$ ! $ ! R2 + R3 "% iB " % 'vS 2 " % 3
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Vector of currents i
As defined by you on your mesh diagram
& R1 + R2 $ $ 0 v0 $ 'R % 2
0 R3 + R4 ' R3
' R2 #& i A # & ' vS 2 # !$ ! $ ! ' R3 !$ iB ! = $ vS 2 ! R2 + R3 !$ iC ! $ ' vS1 ! "% " % "
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2mA
& 6000 ' 2000 #& i A # & 5 # $ !$ ! = $ ! % ' 2000 11000 "% iB " % ' 8 "
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Same example
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Excluded branch
+ vO
i A = iS1
iB !iC =iS 2
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R4
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Superposition
Turning off sources
Voltage source Turned off when a short circuit
vS + _
i + v i + v
i v
i v
+ v -
i v
i + v -
i v
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Where to now?
Active ccts with resistive elements transistors, op-amps Life starts to get interesting design introduced Capacitance and inductance dynamic ccts Frequency response s-domain analysis Filters
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