Carbonate Reservoir Characterisation

CORE SEDIMENTOLOGY
Lithofacies Assoc.

PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Lithofacies

NMR FLOW UNIT CHARACTERISATION

Porosity T2 Distribution Echoes PC1 & PC2 Cluster Analysis Response Types

Along Hole Depth (ftRKB)

Stratigraphy

Fractures & Stylolites

Lithology

Trends & Surfaces

Cements

Samples

Porosity

Core Colour

Texture

Microbial bindstone Rudstone Conglomerate Ooid grainstone 1 Ooid grainstone 2 Peloidal pkstn/grnstn Skltl,ploid,ooid pkstn/gnstn Skeletal wackestone Skeletal mudstn/wackestn Skeletal mudstone Anhydrite

Grain Size & Sedimentary Structures

Very Coarse Very Fine Medium Coarse Clay Fine Silt

R F G P WM

xx030.0

grain fringing calcite occludes pore throats

cement lining to pore throats will reduce flow tortuosity solution enhanced biomoulds dominate secondary macropore network, but often isolated

py

py

xx035

drusy calcite spar partially occludes secondary macropores

Constrain textures and lithofacies defined in core Constrain allochem identification to enhance core-based environmental interpretation Expand description and interpretation of diagenetic overprint

T,M,C,P

xx040

T,M

ROUTINE AND SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS (SCAL)

xx045
?

ZONES A-C

T,M,P

xx050

xx055

Identification of key surfaces for correlation Calibration of lithofacies to openhole log responses Application of lithofacies to palaeoenvironmental interpretation Description of lithofacies focusing on: Textures Skeletal and nonskeletal allochems Trace fossils Sedimentary structures Pore types Diagenesis

Comparison of Permeability Data from Miniperm and Core Plugs Permeability (mD)
6000 1 10 100 1000

Kv Kh (90) Kh Kh
6002 6001

T,M

? ? ?

6003

xx060

T,M An ? T,M,C,P An An

Probe

6004

xx065

6005

Miniperm

An An T,M

Slabbed Core
6006

Plug

Definition of appropriate sampling and analytical techniques maximises data value Extending routine core analysis through special core analysis procedures including: capillary pressure, minipermeametry, relative permeability, wettability, saturation, etc. Integrating sedimentological and core analysis data to produce geologically realistic reservoir models Enhancing production through accurate prediction of reservoir characteristics

25000 T2 Amplitude
Integration with sedimentology, pore-scale and borehole image observations Calibration of flow unit properties in uncored intervals

20000
Type 3

Type 4

Depth (ft)

15000 10000 5000 0 0.01

Type 1 Type 2 Type 5

In conjunction with ResLab ART

0.10 1 10 100 1000 T2 Relaxation Time Distribution (ms)

10000

POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY ANALYSIS

well preserved primary interparticle macropores allochem replacive calcite destroys micropores pore throats narrowed by grainrimming cements intraparticle microporosity in ooids
10000 1000 Horizontal permeability (mD) 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Helium porosity (%)
0.1

FRACTURES FROM CORE AND BOREHOLE IMAGES

Oriented Whole Core
Plane Light UV Light

STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION
Well 'A' Well 'B' Well 'C'

macropore dominated pore network mixed pore network micropore dominated pore network

Dynamic-normalised FMI top of hole 0 180 360

Depth-shifted and orientated whole core image

Dip Tadpoles
true dips

180

360 0

90

1 3 5 7

2 4 6 8

2m

Normalised Pore Volume

Averaged MICP and T2 Distributions

MICP

T2 scaled to microns

0 0.001

0.01

0.1

10

Determine pore types in thin-section and SEM to evaluate controls on porosity and permeability Define pore throat geometries and understand connectivities Assess flow paths, tortuosity and pore-scale heterogeneities

Core and borehole images give different but complimentary information Core gives information on fracture fill (eg. cement, clay smear), but borehole image data can reveal if fractures are open (fluid pathways) or cemented (fluid barriers) Borehole images also reveal the relationship of fractures to stress fields
Condensation

S
boundar ence equ

Biostratigraphical data A6 Time lines A5 A4

A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1

Pro gra d

A3
ati on al

A2 A1 Aggradational
Cored interval

Pore-Throat Diameter (microns)

Features in whole-core image matched to equivalent features resolved by FMI data in deviated well

bedding open fractures

sealed fractures

Employing sequence stratigraphic and biostratigraphic techniques Calibrate core sedimentology and openhole logs Integrating key surfaces, lithofacies and geometries

OUTCROP STUDIES
Outcrop studies improve reservoir models Understanding lateral continuity improves reservoir management Mapping depositional geometries constrains reservoir architecture Constraining heterogeneities for realistic reservoir development

DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
An understanding of depositional environments: Predicts facies distributions thereby constraining reservoir architecture Improves reservoir prediction in terms of exploration and appraisal Identifies heterogeneities, allowing accurate reservoir development

RECENT ANALOGUES

SABK

HA

Anhydrite Gypsum Algae

INTER

TIDAL

INNE R RA

MP
MIDR

AMP

OUTE R
B FWW
SWW B

RAM P

Understanding modern analogues improves palaeoenvironmental reconstruction An appreciation of environmental geometries and heterogeneities refines reservoir models

DIAGENETIC ANALYSIS ROCK TYPING

15.00 10.00

FLUID CHARACTERISATION*

A
18 Water (SMOW)
5.00

B
Mean (Geomean) Mean (Geomean)

C
Mean (Geomean)

0.00

-5.00

18 calcite (SMOW)
-10.00

He (Hz; %) Kair (Hz, mD)

21 10

He (Hz; %) Kair (Hz, mD)

13 0.7

He (Hz; %) Kair (Hz, mD)

1 0.02

Hydrocarbon sources and migration and reservoir filling history Contributes to studies of rock-fluid interaction, diagenesis and fluid inclusion analysis Provides information on compartmentalisation through seal types and effectiveness Geochemical fingerprinting distinguishes oil families

-15.00

Temperature measured by fluid inclusion analysis

-20.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

normal isoprenoids alkanes

Oil Family 'A'

Temperature (Centigrade)
Age (million years)

Dolomite with intercrystalline and solution enhanced porosity

1 0.9 Pore size distribution 0.8 0.7 HFWL (ft) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Pore throat diameter (m) 300 250

Cemented oolitic grainstone with intraparticle microporosity

1 0.9 Pore size distribution 0.8 0.7 HFWL (ft) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 300 250

Tight anhydrite with interstitial dolomite and detrital clay

1 0.9 0.8
Pore size distribution

300 250 200

HFWL (ft)

Main Reservoir Regional Seal ? Main Reservoir 35 API Oil Production

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Saturation (%)

200 150 100 50 0 100 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Saturation (%) 0.8 1

200 150 100 50 0

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Regional Seal

150 100 50 0

Understanding diagenetic history for input to rocktyping scheme Calculate fluid compositions and model potential flow paths

50C

Depth (km)

60C 55C 70C

unidentified compounds

Oil Family 'B'

cement A
2

80C 90C

85C 100C

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Pore throat diameter (m)

100

0.2

0.4 0.6 Saturation (%)

0.8

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Pore throat diameter (m)

100

cement B

110C

3 115C

Identifies rock units with similar petrophysical properties from petrographic and core analysis data sets Applied to openhole logs to aid reservoir quality prediction in uncored intervals

Used to predict reservoir permeability architecture Upscaled for input into 3D reservoir models

* In conjunction with Geochemistry Associates

RESERVOIR LAYERING
Well 4 Well 1
0.2 0.2
Deep Lateralog (LLD) (ohmm) 2000 Shallow Lateralog (LLS) (ohmm) 2000

RESERVOIR MAPPING
Well 2
Deep Lateralog (LLD) Deep Lateralog (LLD)

Well 3
2000 2000
Deep Lateralog (LLD)

0.2 0.2

(ohmm)

2000 2000

Shallow Lateralog (LLS)

(ohmm)

Field A

0.2 0.2

(ohmm)

Shallow Lateralog (LLS)

(ohmm)

0.2 0.2

(ohmm)

2000 2000

Shallow Lateralog (LLS)

(ohmm)

XX200 XX900 XX600 XX900

XX300 XX000 XX700 XX000

XX400 XX100 XX800 XX100

XX500 XX200 XX900 XX200

XX600 XX300 XX000 XX300

XX700 XX400 XX100 XX400

Deep mid-ramp Transitional deep/ shallow mid-ramp Shallow mid-ramp

XX200 XX500

XX800 XX500

N
High-energy inner ramp

XX900

RT A RT B
XX600 XX300

Field B
2 3

Well locations
0 1 km

Badley Ashton & Associates Ltd Winceby House Winceby Horncastle, Lincolnshire, LN9 6PB United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1507 588 353 Fax: +44 (0)1507 588 345 email: enquiries@badley-ashton.co.uk www.badley-ashton.co.uk

XX000

RT C
XX700

RT D RT E

XX400

Correlation of flow units based on rock types Comparison with dynamic data; production figures, well tests, pressure data

Structural, isopach, fluid contacts, saturations, volumetrics Reservoir properties: net-to-gross, porosity, permeability
Designed this product.

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