Objectives
Trends in transit technology AVL and APC BDS system and data archiving Preliminary route level analysis Other examples Conclusions and future research
Source: APTS Deployment in the United States Year 2002 Update, USDOT, 2003.
Source: TCRP H-28, Uses of Archived AVL-APC Data to Improve Transit Performance and Management.
About TriMet
Serves 1.2 M population 575 mi2 62.8 M annual bus trips 206,600 daily bus boardings 95 bus routes 655 buses 8100 bus stops Also LRT, Paratransit
Performance measurement
Measuring system performance is the first step toward efficient and proactive management. Increasing attention to transit performance Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual
Quantitative/qualitative Passenger point of view Linked to agency operating decisions
Improve reliability
Reduce variability of system performance
Delay Travel time
Attract more riders Reduce operations costs Increase productivity Link to service standards
In the past
Data collection more difficult Low temporal and spatial resolution Many people to collect little data Focus on limited, general, aggregate measures for external reporting Natural air conditioning
Today
Unlimited coverage and continuous duration Design, extract and test specific measures Actual system performance Data management/processing challenges Need for generating relevant measures
GPS Antenna
Doors Lift APC (Automatic Passenger Counter) Overhead Signs Odometer Signal Priority Emitters
Radio
Garage PCs
Schedule deviation
GPS Antenna
Doors Lift APC (Automatic Passenger Counter) Overhead Signs Odometer Signal Priority Emitters
Radio
Garage PCs
Schedule Data
On-board Computer
GPS Location
Radio/Cellular Communications
90 sec Updates
Arrival Prediction
Archived Elements
Navstar GPS Satellites
Radio System
GPS Antenna
Doors Lift APC (Automatic Passenger Counter) Overhead Signs Odometer Signal Priority Emitters
Radio
Garage PCs
Archived Elements
Schedule Data
On-board Computer
GPS Location
APC/ Lift
PCMIA Card
Event Data [Operator] Pass up Overload Traffic Delay Train/Bridge Delay Fare Evasion Graffiti/Vandalism
Archived Elements
Schedule Data
On-board Computer
GPS Location
APC/ Lift
PCMIA Card
Stop Data
RS ETE 15 M S TER ME 30
ARRIVE TIME
TIME LINE
DWELL TIME
Stop Data
Arrive Time Location ID Leave Time Max Speed Stop Time Route No.
Est. Load
Direction
Pattern Distance
Trip No.
X Coor.
14 14 14
01NOV2001 8:53:32 8:49:15 8:53:28 01NOV2001 8:55:00 8:51:41 8:54:46 01NOV2001 8:56:22 8:52:00 8:55:08
0 0 0
0 4 36
0 0 3
0 0 0
0 0 6
0 1 0
21 20 26
41 50 34
Route Number Vehicle Number Service Date Actual Leave Time Scheduled Stop Time Actual Arrive Time Operator ID Direction Trip Number Bus Stop Location
Dwell Time Door Opened Lift Usage Ons & Offs (APCs) Passenger Load Maximum Speed on Previous Link Distance Longitude Latitude
Y Coor.
Service Date
Badge
Dwell
Door
Offs
Ons
Lift
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:0
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:0
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:0
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:0
7.0 6.0 Distance (miles) 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Time 0.0 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Trip 1290 Badge 996 (28 yrs exp) Median 1.2 min late
Trip 1295 Badge 2606 (4 yrs exp) Median 0.9 min late
0.0 8:30
8:45
9:00
9:15
9:30
7.0 6.0
40
35
Distance (miles)
5.0
30
25
20
15
10
8:45
9:00
9:15
9:30
Passenger Load
On-time Performance
5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 Frequency 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Late/Early (minutes) 100%
32% Early
On-time Performance
5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 Frequency 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Late/Early (minutes) 100%
TriMet Service Standard [-1 min +5 min] 85% On-time 11% Early 4% Late
20
Early/Late (minutes)
10
-10
-20
-30 5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
Time
500
400 Frequency
100
Median Early/Late
April 1, 2002 Stop No. 2606 Hawthorne/ 22nd Ave Mean Headway 11:02 min St. Dev. 7:10
0:25
Scheduled Headway
0:20
0:15
0:10
0:05
0:00 0:00
0:05
0:25
0:30
April 1, 2002 Stop No. 2606 Hawthorne/SE 22nd Ave Mean Headway 11:02 min St. Dev. 7:10
6:00 7:00 8:00 Time 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
T = T0 + aNd + bNa + cNb T0 = average nonstop trip time Nd = number of dwells Na = passengers alighting Nb = passengers boarding
Dwell Time
7,000 100% 90% 6,000
5,000
Frequency
4,000
Nonzero Dwells n = 34,456 Mean = 13.3 s SD = 20.3 s Lift use = 232 times
3,000
2,000
Dwell (sec)
On + Off 4%
None 7%
Boardings
12,000 100%
10,000
8,000 Frequency
6,000
50% 40%
4,000
2,000
0 Boardings
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0%
Alightings
16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 Frequency 8,000 6,000 4,000 20% 2,000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Alightings 20 10% 0% 100%
Dwell Time = 5.94 + 2.87Nb + 0.96Na n = 24,995 [non - zero, no lift, APC =" G" , no layover] Boarding Only : Dwell = 6.03 + 4.27Nb n = 15,357 Alighting Only : Dwell = 6.63 + 0.95Na n = 7,021
T = 1606 + 21.2Nd + 0.96Na + 2.87Nb Nd = number of dwells Na = passengers alighting Nb = passengers boarding
60
40
30
20
10
0 6:00
Arrive Time
50
30
20
10
0 1973
Hire Date
n=856 Mean SD
Veh-hrs 592
Other Applications
Other Applications
Reduce run time and schedule variability 180 intersections complete, 100 more in 2003 Emitter turned on if bus is >90 sec late Remains on until <30 sec late Green extension/red truncation
Cleveland Ave.
Birdsdale Ave.
Pkwy.
Walters Rd.
Hood Ave.
Ea stm
TriMet Route 9
Hogan Ave.
Towle Ave.
Main Ave.
an
14% Savings
Discussion
Other uses for the BDS data? Conclusions? Save all of your data! Ask for archiving capabilities
Acknowledgements
Steve Callas, TriMet Ahmed El-Geneidy, James Strathman, Thomas Kimpel, Kenneth Dueker, Center for Urban Studies Sutti Tantiyanugulchai, Civil & Environmental Engineering National Science Foundation Oregon Department of Transportation City of Portland Federal Transit Administration
More information
Email: bertini@pdx.edu Web: http://www.its.pdx.edu TriMet data readily available.